Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Application of control methods

  • Chapter
A Technical Manual for Parasitic Weed Research and Extension

  • 176 Accesses

Abstract

Parasitic weeds have not yet infested all potential areas from the ecological point of view. Therefore, further spread has to be avoided. The seed of Striga, Orobanche, Cuscuta and Alectra are disseminated by wind, water, cattle, machinery and contaminated crop seed. One can distinguish between short distance movement and long distance movement. Without intention of doing so, dissemination is greatly supported by man. This holds true especially in the case of Cuscuta. Due to the high reproductive capacity of most parasitic weeds and the difficulties of their control the threshold level is set to <1 plant/field.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literature

Literature

  • Berner DK, KF Cardwell, BO Faturoti, FO Ikie & OA Williams 1994. Relative roles of wind, crop seeds, and cattle in the dispersal of Striga species. Plant Disease 78: 402–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eplee R & R Norris 1996. Prevention: a management strategy for parasitic weeds. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 757–759.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess DE & BIG Haussmann 1999. Status quo of Striga control: Prevention, mechanical and biological control methods and host plant resistance. In: J Kroschel, H Mercer- Quarshie, J Sauerborn (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Weed Control at On-farm Level. Vol. I. Joint Action to Control Striga in Africa. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany, 75–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH 1999. Status quo of Orobanche management: Preventive, cultural, and physical control. In: J Kroschel, M Abderabihi, H Betz (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Weed Control at On-farm Level. Vol. II. Joint Action to Control Orobanche in the WANA Region. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany, 107–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sand PF 1987. The American witchweed quarantine and eradication program. In: LJ Musselman (ed.), Parasitic weeds in Agriculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 207–223

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Bebawi FF & GA Elhag 1983. Nutritive value of the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica. Tropical Agriculture 60: 44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farquhar HH 1937. Witchweed - new light on the means by which it is spread. Rhodesian Journal of Agriculture 34: 563.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsohn R, D Ben-Ghedalia & K Marton 1987. Effect of the animal’s digestive system on the infectivity of Orobanche seeds. Weed Research 27: 87–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell D 1985. Goats in land and pasture. In: J.W. Copland (ed.), Goat production and research in the Tropics. Canberra, Australia, ACIAR 115–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker C & CR Riches 1993. Parasitic Weeds of the World - Biology and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 332 pp.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Berner DK, KF Cardwell, BO Faturoti, FO Ikie & OA Williams 1994. Relative roles of wind, crop seeds, and cattle in the dispersal of Striga species. Plant Disease 78: 402–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlista AD 1981. Why hasn’t witchweed spread in the United States? - Weeds Today 12(1): 16–19.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Kroschel J & Sauerborn J 1996. Farming systems and the problems of applying Striga control methods - a comparison of case studies from northern Ghana, Tanzania and Malawi. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research. Proceedings 6th Parasitic Weed Symposium. Cordoba, Spain, 843–853.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langston MA & TJ English 1990. Depletion of witchweed (Striga asiatica) in the soil. In: PF Sand, RE Eplee & RG Westbrooks (eds.), Witchweed Research and Control in the United States of America. Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, 114–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Last FT 1961. Direct and residual effects of Striga control treatments on sorghum yields. Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad 38: 49–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson V, Y Efron, L Bello & K Dashiell 1987. Trap crops as a cultural measure in Striga control in Africa. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 35: 51–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson EL & CC Dowler 1966. Investigations of catch and trap crops to eradicate witchweed (Striga asiatica). Weeds 14: 275–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauerborn J, H Sprich & H Mercer-Quarshie 1999. Parasitic weed infestation of maize and sorghum as influenced by crop rotation. In: J Kroschel, H Mercer-Quarshie & J Sauerborn (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Weed Control at On-farm Level. Vol. I. Joint Action to Control Striga in Africa. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany, 161–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnell H 1993. Aspekte zur Kontrolle von Orobanche crenata Forsk. in Nordsyrien durch Fruchtfolgemaßnahmen unter Berücksichtigung der Dynamik der Orobanche-Samenpopulation im Boden. PLITS 11(2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprich H 1994. Bedeutung der Fruchtfolge zur Ertragssicherung in getreidebetonten Produktionssystemen der Guinea-Savanne unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des parasitischen Unkrauts Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. PLITS 12(3).

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Andrews FW 1945. The parasitism of Striga hermonthica Benth. on Sorghum spp. under irrigation. Applied Biology 32: 193–200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bebawi FF 1987. Cultural practices in witch- weed management. In: LJ Musselman (ed.), Parasitic Weeds in Agriculture, Vol. I Striga, CRC Press, Florida, USA, 159–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson JH 1987. Cuscuta and it’s control. In: HChr Weber & W Forstreuter (eds.), Proceedings,. 4th Int. Symposium on Parasitic Flowering Plants, Marburg, Germany, 137–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hezewijk van MJ, AH Pieterse, MC Saxena & SJ ter Borg 1987. Relationship between sowing date and Orobanche development on faba been (Vicia faba L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) in Syria. In: HChr Weber & W Forstreuter (eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Parasitic Flowering Plants, Marburg, Germany, 377–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH & MC Saxena 1991. Towards an integrated Control of Orobanche spp. in some legume crops. In: K Wegmann & LJ Musselman (eds.), Progress in Orobanche Research, Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany, 248–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH 1991. Orobanche studies. In: Food legume improvement program - Annual report for 1990. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, 216–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker C & CR Riches 1993. Parasitic Weeds of the World - Biology and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 332 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauerborn J 1989. The influence of temperature on germination and attachment of the parasitic weed Orobanche spp. on lentil and sunflower. Angewandte Botanik 63: 543–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toure M, A Olivier, BR Ntare & CA St-Pierre 1996. The influence of sowing date and irrigation of cowpea on Striga gesnerioides emergence. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 787–794.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Farina MPW, PEL Thomas & P Channon 1985. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium effects on the incidence of Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze in maize. Weed Research 25: 443–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geipert S 1997. Potentiale und Grenzen der Bekämpfung von Orobanche crenata Forsk. im Ackerbohnenanbau (Vicia faba L.) Marokkos. PLITS 15(5).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter J & JH Visser 1986. The nitrate reductase activity (NRA) of cultivated Scrophulariacean root parasites. South African Journal of Botany 52(3): 246–248.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain R & CL Foy 1987. Influence of various nutrients and growth regulators on germination and parasitism of Orobanche aegyptiaca. In: HChr Weber & W Forstreuter (eds.), Parasitic Flowering Plants. Marburg, Germany, 427–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranz B 1997. Die Entwicklung der parasitischen Blütenpflanze Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. unter dem Einfluß von organischer Düngung. Supra-regional GTZ- project “Ecology and Management of Parasitic Weeds”, Internal Report, University of Hohenheim, Germany, 110pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranz B, D Fugger, J Kroschel & J Sauerborn 1998. The influence of organic manure on Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. infestation in northern Ghana. Advances in Geo Ecology 31: 615–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroschel J 1995. The influence of different nitrogen sources on the development of Striga hermonthica and studies into the ecological behaviour of parasitic flowering plants. International Workshop on Parasitic Plants - Biology and Resistance. 30 May - 2 June 1995. Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol, UK, Book of Abstracts, 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroschel J 1989. Der Einfluß von Stickstoff auf phanerogame Wurzelparasiten und ihre Wirtspflanzen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. (Scrophulariaceae). PLITS 7(3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroschel J 1998. Striga - How will it affect African agriculture in the future? An ecological perspective. In: K Martin, J Müther & A Auffarth (eds.), Agroecology, Plant Protection and the Human Environment: Views and Concepts. PLITS 16(2): 137–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Last FT 1960. Incidence of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. on two varieties of irrigated sorghum differently manured, spaced and thinned. Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad 37: 309–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH 1987. Untersuchungen über Keimung und Jugendentwicklung von Striga und Orobanche. PLITS 5(3), 95 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker C 1984. The influence of Striga species on sorghum under varying nitrogen fertilization. In: Parker et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Parasitic Weeds, ICARDA/ISPRG, Aleppo, Syria, 90–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pieterse AH 1996. The effect of nitrogen on Orobanche and Striga - State of the art. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 273–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pieterse AH 1991. The effect of nitrogenous fertilisers on the germination of seeds of Striga hermonthica and Orobanche crenata. In: K Wegmann & LJ Musselman (eds.), Progress in Orobanche Research, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Orobanche Research, Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany, 115–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Hezewijk MJ, KH Linke, JAC Verkleij & AH Pieterse 1991. The effect of ammonium and urea fertilizer in combination with nitrification inhibitors on Orobanche crenata infestation in faba bean and lentil - field experiments. In: JK Ransom, LJ Musselman, AD Worsham & C Parker (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium of Parasitic weeds, June 1991, Nairobi, Kenya, 470–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogt W 1993. Entwicklung der Wirt/Parasit- Beziehung Sorghum bicolor/Striga hermonthica unter dem Einfluß verschiedener Stickstofformen und Standortfaktoren. PLITS 11(3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson-Jones K 1953. Relation of witchweed (Striga) to fertility in tropical soils. Nature 172: 128.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Bebawi FF 1987. Cultural practices in witch- weed management. In: LJ Musselmann (ed.), Parasitic Weeds in Agriculture, Volume I Striga. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 159–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oswald A, H Frost, JK Ransom, J Kroschel, K Shepherd & J Sauerborn 1996. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 795–800.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portères R 1952. Linear cultural sequences in primitive systems of agriculture in Africa and their significance. Sols Africains 2: 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprich H 1994. Bedeutung der Fruchtfolge zur Ertragssicherung in getreidebetonten Produktionssystemen der Guinea-Savanne unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des parasitischen Unkrauts Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. PLITS 12(3).

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Dawoud DA & J Sauerborn 1994. Impact of drought stress and temperature on Striga hermonthica and Alectra vogelii at early growth stages. Experimental Agriculture 30: 249–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH & W Vogt 1987. A method and its application for observing germination and early development of Striga (Scrophulariaceae) and Orobanche (Orobanchaceae). In: HChr Weber & W Forstreuter (eds.), Proceedings, 4th Int. Symposium on Parasitic Flowering Plants, Marburg, Germany, 501–509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel BE & MR Kaufmann 1973. The potential use of polyethylene glycol 6000. Plant Physiology 51: 914–916.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pieterse AH 1979. The broomrapes (Orobanchaceae) - a review. Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture 5(3): 9–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallance K 1950. Studies on the germination of seeds of Striga hermonthica. I. The influence of moisture treatment, stimulant dilution and after-ripening on germination. Annals of Botany 14: 347.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Berner DK, JG Kling & BB Singh 1995. Striga research and control, a perspective from Africa. Plant Disease 79: 652–660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cubero JI, AH Pieterse, SA Khalil & J Sauer- born 1994. Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angio- sperms. Euphytica 73: 51–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doggett H 1988. Sorghum. 2nd edition. John Wiley, New York. 392–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ejeta G & LG Butler 1993. Host plant resistance to Striga. In: International Crop Science I. 1993. Crop Science Society of America, 677 pp. Segoe Rd, Madison, WI53711, USA. 561–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ejeta G, LG Butler & AG Babiker 1992. New approaches to the control of Striga. Striga Research at Purdue University. Research Bulletin RB-991. Agricultural Experiment Station. Purdue University. West Lafayette, IN.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Antonova TS 1994. Biochemical aspects of the development of new virulent forms in the Moldavian population (race C) of Orobanche cumana Wallr. against the background of resistant sunflower cultivars. In: AH Pieterse, JAC Verkleij & SJ ter Borg (eds.), Biology and Management of Orobanche. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga research. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Royal Tropical Institute, 442–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attawi F 1977. Morphologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen an den Haustorien einiger Orobanche-Arten. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 90: 173–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang M, DH Netzly, LG Butler & DG Lynn 1986. Chemical regulation of distance: Characterisation of the first natural host germination stimulant for Striga asiatica. Journal of the American Chemistry Society 108: 7858–7860.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dörr I, A Staack & R Kollmann 1994. Resistance of Helianthus to Orobanche - histological and cytological studies. In: AH Pieterse, JAC Verkleij & SJ ter Borg (eds.), Biology and Management of Orobanche. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga research. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Royal Tropical Institute, 276–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess DE, G Ejeta & LG Butler 1992. Selecting sorghum genotypes expressing a quantitative biosynthetic trait that confers resistance to Striga. Phytochemistry 31: 493–497.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Netzly DH, JL Riopel, G Ejeta & LG Butler 1988. Germination stimulants of witchweed (Striga asiatica) from hydrophobic root exudate of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Weed Science 36: 441–446.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luft JH 1961. Improvement in epoxy resin embedding methods. Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology 9: 409–414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olivier A, N Benhamou & GD Leroux 1991. Cell surface interactions between sorghum root and the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica: cytochemical aspects of cellulose distribution in resistant and susceptible host tissues. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 1679–1690.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olivier A, JC Glaszmann, C Lanaud, G Salle & GD Leroux 1996. An insight into the population structure and genetic diversity of Striga hermonthica in West Africa. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 113–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petzoldt K, Y Nemli & J Sneyd 1994. Integrated control of Orobanche cumana in sunflower. In: AH Pieterse, JAC Verkleij & SJ ter Borg (eds.), Biology and Management of Orobanche. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga research. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Royal Tropical Institute, 442–449.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Antonova TS 1994. Biochemical aspects of the development of new virulent forms in the Moldavian population (race C) of Orobanche cumana Wallr. against the background of resistant sunflower cultivars. In: AH Pieterse, JAC Verkleij & SJ ter Borg (eds.), Biology and Management of Orobanche. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga research. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Royal Tropical Institute, 290–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cubero JI & A Martinez 1980. The genetics of the resistance of faba beans to Orobanche crenata. FABIS 2: 19–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cubero JI 1986. Breeding for resistance to Orobanche and Striga: a review. In: SJ ter Borg (ed.), Proceedings of a workshop on biology and control of Orobanche. LH/VPO, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 127–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cubero JI 1991. Breeding for resistance to Orobanche species: a review. In: K Wegmann & LJ Musselman (eds.), Progress in Orobanche research. Eberhard-Karls- Universitát, Tübingen, Germany, 257–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cubero JI, AH Pieterse, SA Khalil & J Sauer- born 1994. Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angio- sperms. Euphytica 73: 51–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorr I, A Staack & R Kollmann 1994. Resistance of Helianthus to Orobanche - histological and cytological studies. In: AH Pieterse, JAC Verkleij & SJ ter Borg (eds.), Biology and Management of Orobanche. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga research. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Royal Tropical Institute, 276–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gil J, LM Martin & JI Cubero 1987. Genetics of resistance in Vicia sativa L. to Orobanche crenata Forsk. Plant Breeding 99: 134–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH 1991. Orobanche studies. In: Food legume improvement program - Annual report for 1990. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, 222–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH, A Abdel-Moneim & MC Saxena 1992. Inter- and intra-specific variation in susceptibility of forage legumes to the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata Forsk. Field Crops Research 32: 277–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH, KB Singh & MC Saxena 1991. Screening technique for resistance to Orobanche crenata Forsk. in chickpea. Chickpea Newsletter 24: 32–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nassib, AM, AA Ibrahim & SA Khalil 1982. Breeding for resistance to Orobanche. In: G Hawtin & C Webb (eds.), Faba Bean Improvement. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 199–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker C & CR Riches 1993. Parasitic Weeds of the World - Biology and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 332 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petzoldt K, Y Nemli & J Sneyd 1994. Integrated control of Orobanche cumana in sunflower. In: AH Pieterse, JAC Verkleij & SJ ter Borg (eds.), Biology and Management of Orobanche. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga research. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Royal Tropical Institute, 442–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raju CA 1996. Variability in tobacco germplasm towards Orobanche infection. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th international Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 609–613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sillero JC, D Rubiales & JI Cubero 1996. Risks of Orobanche resistance screenings based only on number of emerged shoots per plant. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 651–657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snelder Y, MT Moreno, A Martin & J Gil 1995. Screening for resistance to Orobanche crenata Forsk. in Vicia faba L.: a comparison between methods. In: Anonymous, 2nd European Conference of Grain Legumes. Copenhagen, 230–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sukno S, J Rusao, J Melero-Varo & J Fernandez-Martinez 1996. Evaluation of wild Helianthus germplasm for resistance to highly virulent races of Orobanche cernua Loefl. and transfer to cultivated sunflower. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 625–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vranceanu AV, N Pirvu, FM Stonescu & M Pacureanu 1986. Some aspects of the interaction Helianthus annuus L./Orobanche cumana Wallr. and it’s implications in sunflower breeding. In: SJ ter Borg (ed.), Proceedings of a workshop on biology and control of Orobanche. LH/VPO, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 181–189.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Abdeev Y & BM Sherbinin 1978. [Investigating tomato resistance to broomrape and the inheritance of this trait]. Weed Abstracts 27: 3074.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cubero JI 1986. Breeding for resistance to Orobanche and Striga: a review. In: SJ ter Borg (ed.), Proceedings of a workshop on biology and control of Orobanche. LH/VPO, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 127–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gil JT 1986. Variacion intraespecifica en Vicia sativa. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Cordoba, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez L, MT Moreno & JI Cubero 1984. Studies on the resistance of Vicia faba to Orobanche crenata Forskall. In: Parker C, LJ Musselman, RM Polhill & AK Wilson (eds.), Proceedings 3rd International Symposium on Parasitic Weeds, Aleppo, Syria, 210–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musselman LJ, C Parker & N Dixon 1982. Notes on autogamy and flower structure in agronomically important species of Striga (Scrophulariaceae) and Orobanche (Orobanchaceae). Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 56: 329–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pogorletsky BK & EE Geshele 1976. Sunflower immunity to broomrape, downy mildew and rust. Proceedings of the 7th International Sunflower Conference, 238–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sukno S, J Rusao, J Melero-Varo & J Fernandez-Martinez 1996. Evaluation of wild Helianthus germplasm for resistance to highly virulent races of Orobanche cernua Loefl. and transfer to cultivated sunflower. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 625–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vranceanu AV, N Pirvu, FM Stoenescu & M Pacureanu 1986. Some aspects of the interaction Helianthus annuus L./Orobanche cumana Wallr. and its implications on sunflower breeding. In: SJ ter Borg (ed.), Proceedings of a workshop on biology and control of Orobanche. LH/VPO, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 181–189.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Cubero JI 1986. Breeding for resistance to Orobanche and Striga: a review. In: SJ ter Borg (ed.), Proceedings of a workshop on Biology and Control of Orobanche. LH/VPO, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 127–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez L, MT Moreno & JI Cubero 1984. Studies on the resistance of Vicia faba to Orobanche crenata Forskall. In: Parker C, LJ Musselman, RM Polhill & AK Wilson (eds.), Proceedings 3fd International Symposium on Parasitic Weeds, Aleppo, Syria, 210–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vranceanu AV, N Pirvu, FM Stoenescu & M Pacureanu 1986. Some aspects of the interaction Helianthus annuus bJOrobanche cumana Wallr. and it’s implications on sunflower breeding. In: SJ ter Borg (ed.), Proceedings of a workshop on biology and control of Orobanche. LH/VPO, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 181–189.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Cubero JI 1986. Breeding for resistance to Orobanche and Striga: a review. In: SJ ter Borg (ed.), Proceedings of a workshop on Biology and Control of Orobanche. LH/VPO, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 127–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez L, MT Moreno & JI Cubero 1984. Studies on the resistance of Vicia faba to Orobanche crenata Forskall. In: Parker C, LJ Musselman, RM Polhill & AK Wilson (eds.), Proceedings 3fd International Symposium on Parasitic Weeds, Aleppo, Syria, 210–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vranceanu AV, N Pirvu, FM Stoenescu & M Pacureanu 1986. Some aspects of the interaction Helianthus annuus bJOrobanche cumana Wallr. and it’s implications on sunflower breeding. In: SJ ter Borg (ed.), Proceedings of a workshop on biology and control of Orobanche. LH/VPO, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 181–189.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Berner DK, JG Kling & BB Singh 1995. Striga research and control, a perspective from Africa. Plant Disease 79: 652–660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berner DK, MD Winslow, AE Awad, KF Cardwell & DR Mohan Raj 1993. Striga Research Methods - A manual (Draft Edition). IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 71 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Efron Y 1993. Screening maize for tolerance to Striga hermonthica. Plant Breeding 110: 192–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ejeta G, LG Butler & AG Babiker 1992. New approaches to the control of Striga. Striga Research at Purdue University. Research Bulletin RB-991. Agricultural Experiment Station. Purdue University. West Lafayette, IN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess DE, G Ejeta & LG Butler 1992. Selecting sorghum genotypes expressing a quantitative biosynthetic trait that confers resistance to Striga. Phytochemistry 31: 493–497.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SK 1991. Breeding for tolerance and general resistance in maize: a novel approach to combating Striga in Africa. In: Improving Striga management in Africa, Proceedings, 2nd General Workshop of the Pan-African Striga Control Network (PASCON), 23–29 June 1991, Nairobi, Kenya. 168–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim SK 1994. Genetics of maize tolerance of Striga hermonthica. Crop Science 34: 900 - 907.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane JA, JA Bailey & PJ Terry 1991a. An in vitro growth system for studying the parasitism of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) by Striga gesnerioides. Weed Research 31: 211–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane JA, MJ Kershaw, THM Moore, DV Child, PJ Terry & JA Bailey 1991b. An in vitro system to investigate the parasitism of cereals by Striga species and resistance of cowpea to Alectra vogelii. In: JK Ransom, LJ Musselman, AD Worsham & C Parker (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium of Parasitic weeds, June 1991, Nairobi, Kenya. 37–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH & W Vogt 1987. A method and its application for observing germination and early development of Striga (Scrophulariaceae) and Orobanche (Orobanchaceae). In: HChr Weber & W Forstreuter (eds.), Proceedings, 4th Int Symposium on Parasitic Flowering Plants, Marburg, Germany, 501–509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasudeva Rao MJ 1985. Techniques for screening sorghums for resistance to Striga. ICRISAT Information Bulletin No. 20, Andhra Pradesh, India.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Ejeta G, LG Butler & AG Babiker 1992. New approaches to the control of Striga. Striga Research at Purdue University. Research Bulletin RB-991. Agricultural Experiment Station. Purdue University. West Lafayette, IN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freitag J, DE Hess, HG Welz & HH Geiger 1996. Pearl millet and sorghum specific races of Striga hermonthica in Niger. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research. Proceedings of the 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, April 16–18, 1996, Cordoba, Spain, 472–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim SK, AY Akintunde & P Walker 1994. Responses of maize, sorghum and millet host plants to infestation by Striga hermonthica. Crop Protection 13(8): 582–589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaiah KV 1987. Breeding cereal grains for resistance to witchweed. In: LJ Musselmann (ed.), Parasitic Weeds in Agriculture, Volume I Striga. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 227–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasudeva Rao MJ & LJ Musselman 1987. Host specificity in Striga spp. and physiological “strains”. In: LJ Musselmann (ed.), Parasitic weeds in Agriculture, Volume I Striga. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 13–25.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Berner DK, JG Kling & BB Singh 1995. Striga research and control, a perspective from Africa. Plant Disease 79: 652–660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim SK 1991. Breeding for tolerance and general resistance in maize: a novel approach to combating Striga in Africa. In: Improving Striga management in Africa, Proceedings, 2nd General Workshop of the Pan-African Striga Control Network (PASCON), 23–29 June 1991, Nairobi, Kenya, 168–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim SK 1994. Genetics of maize tolerance of Striga hermonthica. Crop Science 34: 900–907.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane JA, DV Child, THM Moore & JA Bailey 1995. Wild relatives of cereals as new sources of resistance to Striga. In: Parasitic Plants: Biology and Resistance. International Workshop, 30 May - 2 June 1995, IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol, UK, 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker C & CR Riches 1993. Parasitic Weeds of the World - Biology and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 332 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaiah KV 1987. Breeding cereal grains for resistance to witchweed. In: LJ Musselmann (ed.), Parasitic Weeds in Agriculture, Volume I Striga. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 227–242.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Berner DK, JG Kling & BB Singh 1995. Striga research and control, a perspective from Africa. Plant Disease 79: 652–660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haussmann BIG, DE Hess, BVS Reddy, HG Welz & HH Geiger 1996a. Quantitativegenetic parameters for resistance to Striga hermonthica in sorghum. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research. Proceedings of the 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, April 16–18, 1996, Cordoba, Spain, 681–688.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haussmann BIG, DE Hess, BVS Reddy, HG Welz & HH Geiger 1996b. Analysis of resistance to Striga hermonthica in diallel crosses of sorghum. Proceedings of the 4th General Workshop of the Pan-African Striga Control Network (PASCON), October 28 - November 1, 1996, Bamako, Mali (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess DE & G Ejeta 1992. Inheritance of resistance to Striga in sorghum genotype SRN 39. Plant Breeding 109: 233–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess DE, G Ejeta & LG Butler 1992. Selecting sorghum genotypes expressing a quantitative biosynthetic trait that confers resistance to Striga. Phytochemistry 31: 493–497.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SK 1994. Genetics of maize tolerance of Striga hermonthica. Crop Science 34: 900 - 907.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaiah KV 1984. Patterns of Striga resistance in sorghum and millets with special emphasis on Africa. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Biology and Control of Striga, held at Dakar, Senegal, 14 - 17 November 1983. ICSU Press, France, 71–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaiah KV 1987. Breeding cereal grains for resistance to witchweed. In: Musselmann LJ (ed.), Parasitic Weeds in Agriculture, Volume I Striga. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 227–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaiah KV, VL Chidley & LR House 1990. Inheritance of Striga seed germination stimulant in sorghum. Euphytica 45: 33–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinde VK & N Kulkarni 1982. Genetics of resistance to Striga asiatica in sorghum. In: Proceedings, ICRISAT-AICSIP (ICAR) Working Group Meeting on Striga Control. ICRISAT Center 30 Sept. - 1 Oct. 1982. ICRISAT, Patancheru PO, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India. 134–140.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Berner DK, JG Kling & BB Singh 1995. Striga research and control, a perspective from Africa. Plant Disease 79: 652–660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Efron Y 1993. Screening maize for tolerance to Striga hermonthica. Plant Breeding 110: 192–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ejeta G & LG Butler 1993. Host Plant Resistance to Striga. In: International Crop Science I. 1993. Crop Science Society of America, Segoe Rd, Madison, WI53711, USA, 561–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ejeta G, LG Butler & AG Babiker 1992. New approaches to the control of Striga. Striga Research at Purdue University. Research Bulletin RB-991. Agricultural Experiment Station. Purdue University. West Lafayette, IN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess DE, G Ejeta & LG Butler 1992. Selecting sorghum genotypes expressing a quantitative biosynthetic trait that confers resistance to Striga. Phytochemistry 31: 493–497.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramaiah KV 1987. Breeding cereal grains for resistance to witchweed. In: LJ Musselmann (ed.), Parasitic Weeds in Agriculture, Volume I Striga. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 227–242.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Aggarwal VD, N Muleba, I Drabo, J Souma & M Mbewe 1984. Inheritance of Striga gesnerioides resistance in cowpea. In: C Parker, LJ Musselman, RM Polhill & AK Wilson (eds.), Proceedings 3rd International Symposium on Parasitic Weeds, ICARDA/International Parasitic Seed Plant Research Groupe, 7–9 May 1984, Aleppo, Syria. ICARDA, P.O.Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria, 143–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane JA, MJ Kershaw, THM Moore, DV Child, PS Terry & JA Bailey 1991b. An in vitro system to investigate the parasitism of cereals by Striga species and resistance of cowpea to Alectra vogelii. In: JK Ransom, LJ Musselman, AD Worsham & C Parker (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium of Parasitic Weeds. CIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya, 237–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polniaszek TI, C Parker & CR Riches 1991. Variation in the virulence of Alectra vogelii populations on cowpea. Tropical Pest Management 37: 152–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riches CR 1989. The biology and control of Alectra vogelii Benth., (Scrophulariaceae) in Botswana. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Reading, UK, 208 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riches CR, KA Hamilton & C Parker 1992. Parasitism of Alectra species by grain legumes. Annals of Applied Biology 121, 361–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh BB & AM Emechebe 1991. Breeding for resistance to Striga and Alectra in cowpea. In: JK Ransom, LJ Musselman, AD Worsham & C Parker (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium of Parasitic Weeds. CIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya, 303–305.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Al-Menoufi OA & FM Ashton 1991. Studies on the parasitism of Cuscuta spp. Series 8: susceptibility and resistance of some Lycopersicon species to Cuscuta campestris infection. In: JK Ransom, LJ Musselman, AD Worsham & C Parker (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium of Parasitic Weeds. CIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya, 293–297. Capdepon M, A Fer & P Ozenda 1985. Sur un système inédit rejet d’un parasite: exemple de la Cuscuta sur cotonnier (C. lupuliformis Krock. sur Gossypium hirsutum L.). Comptes Rendues de l’Académie des Sciences III. Sciences de la vie 300(6): 227–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ihl B & I Miersch 1996. Susceptibility and resistance of Lycopersicon to infection by Cuscuta. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th international Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 599–607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagar N & GC Sanwal 1984. Biochemical aspects of parasitism in Cuscuta reflexa: Inhibition of cell wall degrading enzymes of Cuscuta by non-susceptible plants. In: C Parker et al (eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Parasitic Weeds, ICARDA/ISPRG, Aleppo, Syria, 175–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker C & CR Riches 1993. Parasitic Weeds of the World - Biology and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 332 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao KN & RSN Rao 1991.Studies on tolerance of black gram and green gram varieties to dodder (Cuscuta chinensis Lam.). In: JK Ransom, LJ Musselman, AD Worsham & C Parker (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium of Parasitic Weeds. CIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya, 170–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsivion Y 1979. Morphogenetic sequences in the formation of the haustorium of Cuscuta campestris. In: Musselman LJ, AD Worsham & RE Eplee (eds.), Proceedings of the 2rd International Symposium on Parasitic Weeds. Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, 174–181.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Joel DM, V Portnoy, G Tzuri, R Greenberg & N Katzir 1996. Molecular markers for the identification of Orobanche species. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 151–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melchinger AE 1990. Use of molecular markers in breeding for oligogenic disease resistance. Plant Breeding 104: 1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson AH, SD Tanksley & ME Sorrells 1991. DNA markers in plant improvement. Advanced Agronomy 46: 39–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sax K 1923. The association of size differences with seed coat pattern and pigmentation in Phaseolus vulgaris. Genetics 8: 552–560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuber CW 1990. Biochemical and molecular markers in plant breeding. Plant Breeding Review 9: 37–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanksley SD, ND Young, AH Paterson & MW Bonierbale 1989. RFLP mapping in plant breeding: new tools for an old science. Biotechnology 7: 257–264.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Abayo GO, JK Ransom, J Gressel & GD Odhiambo 1996. Striga hermonthica control with acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides seed-dressed to maize with target site resistance. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 761–768.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gressel J, L Segel & JK Ransom 1996. Managing the delay of evolution of herbicide resistance in parasitic weeds. International Journal of Pest Management 42(2): 113–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gressel J 1995. The potential role of herbicide resistant crops in world agriculture. In: SO Duke (ed.), Herbicide Resistant crops. Lewis Publishers, Boca-Raton, USA, 231–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gressel J, Y Kleifeld & DM Joel 1994. Genetic engineering can help control parasitic weeds. In: AH Pieterse, JAC Verkleij & SJ ter Borg (eds.), Biology and Management of Orobanche, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche and Related Striga Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 406–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joel DM, Y Kleifeld, Y Losner-Goshen, Y Herzlinger & J Gressel 1995. Transgenic crops against parasites. Nature 374: 220–221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marx JL 1985. Plant gene transfer becomes a fertile field. Science 230: 1148–1150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Egley GH & JE Dale 1970. Ethylene, 2- chloroethylphosphonic acid and witchweed germination. Weed Science 18: 586.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsohn R, Y Kleifeld, FP Agrawal, PJ & K Marton 1991. Soil fumigation with Telone II for broomrape (Orobanche spp.) control. In: K Wegmann & LJ Musselman (eds.), Progress in Orobanche research. Eberhard- Karls-Universität, Tübingen, Germany, 185–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egley GH, Eplee RE & Norris RS 1990. Discovery and development of ethylene as a witchweed seed germination stimulant. In: PF Sand, RE Eplee & RG Westbrooks (eds.), Witchweed research and control in the United States. Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, IL, USA. 56–66.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Abayo GO, JK Ransom, J Gressel & GD Odhiambo 1996. Striga hermonthica control with acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides applied to maize seed with target-site resistance. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 761–768.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. Guidelines for the safe and effective use of pesticides. G.I.F.A.P. Brussels, Belgium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berner DK, AE Awad & EI Aigbokhan 1994. Potential of imazaquin seed treatment for controls of Striga gesnerioides and Alectra vogelii in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Plant Disease 78: 18–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutts HH 1984. The application of pesticides. - Assessment techniques for spray pattern analysis. GTZ, Eschborn, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson JH, FM Ashton, WV Welker, JR Frank & GA Buchanan 1984. Dodder and its control. USDA, Farmer Bulletin No. 2276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eplee RE & RS Norris 1987. Chemical control of Striga. In: LJ Musselman (ed.), Parasitic Weeds in Agriculture, Vol. I, Striga. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 173–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Torres L, M Jurado-Esposito, M Castejon-Munoz & F Lopez-Granados 1996. Herbicide treated crop seeds for control of Orobanche spp. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 700–705.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleifeld Y, Y Goldwasser, G Herzlinger, S Golan, T Blumenfeld & H Buxbaum 1995. Selective control of Orobanche in tomatoes with rimsulfruron (DPXE-9636). In: AH Pieterse, JAC Verkleij & SJ ter Borg (eds.), Biology and Management of Orobanche. Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 561–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Z, A Fer & FM Lecoq 1991. L’imazaquine: un herbicide prometteur pour la lutte curative contre la cuscute (Cuscuta spp.) dans les cultures de soja (Glycine max). Weed Research 31: 33–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nir E, B Rubin & SW Zharasov 1996. On the biology and selective control of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris). In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 809–816.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH 1990. Orobanche studies. In: Food legume improvement program—Annual report for 1989. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, 243–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH 1989. Orobanche studies. In:. Food legume improvement program—Annual report for 1988. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, 214–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker C & CR Riches 1993. Parasitic Weeds of the World—Biology and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 332 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohrmoser, K 1985. Handbook for field trials in technical cooperation. GTZ, TZ- Verlagsgesellschafit, Roßdorf, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauerborn J, H Masri, MC Saxena & KH Linke 1987. Control of Orobanche with Scepter. FABIS Newsletter 19: 14–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauerborn J, MC Saxena & A Mayer 1989. Broomrape control in faba bean (Vidafaba L.) with glyphosate and imazaquin. Weed Research 29: 97–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Babiker AGT & AM Hamdoun 1983. Factors affecting the activity of ethephon in stimulating seed germination of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. Weed Research 23: 125–131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bebawi FF & RE Eplee 1986. Efficacy of ethylene gas as a germination stimulant for Striga hermonthica seed. Weed Science 34: 694–698.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egley GH & JE Dale 1970. Ethylene, 2- chloroethylphosphonic acid and witchweed germination. Weed Science 18: 586.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egley GH, Eplee RE & Norris RS 1990. Discovery and development of ethylene as a witchweed seed germination stimulant. In: PF Sand, RE Eplee & RG Westbrooks (eds.), Witchweed research and control in the United States. Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, IL, USA, 56–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eplee RE & RS Norris 1987. Chemical control of Striga. In: LJ Musselman (ed.), Parasitic Weeds in Agriculture. Vol. I, Striga. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 173–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eplee RE 1975. Ethylene: a witchweed seed germination stimulant. Weed Science 23: 433.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Babiker AGT, AM Hamdoun, A Rudwan, NG Mansi & HH Faki 1987. Influence of soil moisture on activity and persistence of the strigol analogue GR24. Weed Research 27: 173–178.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babiker AGT, NE Ibrahim & WG Edward 1988. Persistence of GR7 and Striga germination stimulant(s) from Euphorbia aegyptiaca Boiss. in soils and in solutions. Weed Research 28: 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mangnus E & B Zwanenburg 1991. Design and synthesis of germination stimulants for seeds of Striga and Orobanche spp. In: K Wegmann & LJ Musselman (eds.), Progress in Orobanche research. Eberhard- Karls-Universität, Tübingen, Germany, 157–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller S, C Hauck & H Schildknecht 1992. Germination stimulants produced by Vigna unguiculata Walp cv. Saunders Upright. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 11: 77–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saghir AB 1986. Dormancy and germination of Orobanche seeds in relation to control methods. In: SJ ter Borg (ed.), Proceedings of a workshop on biology and control of Orobanche. LH/VPO, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 25–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thuring JWJF 1996. Synthesis and bioactivity of germination stimulants for the seeds of parasitic weeds—a molecular study. PhD- Thesis, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Berner DK, KF Cardwell, BO Faturoti, FO Ikie & OA Williams 1994. Relative roles of wind, crop seeds, and cattle in the dispersal of Striga species. Plant Disease 78: 402–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH 1999. Status quo of Orobanche management: Preventive, cultural, and physical control. In: J Kroschel, M Abderabihi, H Betz (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Weed Control at On-farm Level. Vol. II. Joint Action to Control Orobanche in the WANA Region. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany, 107–133.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Carson AG 1986. Research and development strategies for the control of Striga hermonthica in the Gambia. In: Proceedings of the FAO/OAU All-African Government Consultation on Striga control, 20–24 October 1986, Maroua, Cameroon, 100–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geipert S 1997. Potentiale und Grenzen der Bekämpfung von Orobanche crenata Forsk. im Ackerbohnenanbau (Vicia faba L.) Marokkos. PLITS 15(5).

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH 1990. Orobanche studies. In: Food legume improvement program—annual report for 1989. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, 243–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogborn JEA 1984. Research priorities in agronomy. In: ES Ayensu, H Doggett, RD Keynes, J. Marton-Lefevre, LJ Musselman, C Parker & A Pickering (eds.), Striga, Biology and Control. IRL Press Ltd Oxford, UK, 195–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaiah KV 1985. Hand-pulling of Striga hermonthica on pearl millet. Tropical Pest Management 31(4): 326–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ransom JK & GD Odhiambo 1994. Long-term effects of fertility and hand-weeding on Striga in maize. In: AH Pieterse, JAC Verkleij & SJ ter Borg (eds.), Biology and Management of Orobanche. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga research. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Royal Tropical Institute, 513–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vyas BP 1966. Control of Orobanche (on tobacco). Indian Farming 16(2): 51.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Dawson JH, FM Ashton, WV Welker, JR Frank & GA Buchanan 1984. Dodder and its control. USDA, Farmer Bulletin No. 2276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH, H Schnell & MC Saxena 1991. Factors affecting the seed bank of Orobanche crenata in fields under lentil based cropping systems in Northern Syria. In: JK Ransom, LJ Musselman, AD Worsham & C Parker (eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium of Parasitic Weeds. CIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya, 321–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprich H 1994. Bedeutung der Fruchtfolge zur Ertragssicherung in getreidebetonten Produktionssystemen der Guinea- Savanne unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des parasitischen Unkrauts Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. PLITS 12(3).

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Aleksiev A 1967. Trench ploughing as a control measure against broomrape on tobacco. B’lgarski Tyutyun (Bulgaria), 12(3): 13–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konate A 1986. Striga in Mali. In: Proceedings of the FAO/OAU All-African Government Consultation on Striga control, 20–24 October 1986, Maroua, Cameroon, 58–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kukula ST & H Masri 1984. Integrated control practices and chemical control of Orobanche crenata in faba bean. In: C Parker, LJ Musselman, RM Polhill & AK Wilson (eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Parasitic Weeds, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, 1984. 256–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathews LJ 1989. Improved package for Striga control for the small-scale farmer. In: TO Robinson & HR Broad (eds.), Striga-lmproved Management in Africa. Proceedings FAO/OAU All-Africa Government Consultation on Striga control, Maroua, 1986. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 96, 183–186.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Braun M, W Koch & M Stiefvater 1987. Solarisation for soil sanitation. - Possibilities and limitations. Gesunde Pflanzen 7: 301–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsohn R, A Greenberger, J Katan, M Levi & H Alon 1980. Control of Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) and other weeds by means of solar heating of the soil by polyethylene mulching. Weed Science 28: 312–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH, MC Saxena, J Sauerborn & H Masri 1991. Effect of soil solarization on the yield of food legumes and on pest control. In: J DeVay, JJ Stapleton & CE Elmore (eds.), Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Soil Solarization,

    Google Scholar 

  • Amman, Jordan. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 109: 139–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauerborn J 1991. Parasitic flowering plants—Ecology and Management. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany, 127 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauerborn J, KH Linke, MC Saxena & W Koch 1989. Solarization; a physical control method for weeds and parasitic plants (Orobanche spp.) in Mediterranean agriculture. Weed Research, Volume 29: 391–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH 1990. Orobanche studies. In: Food legume improvement program—Annual report for 1989. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, 243–266.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Anderson DM 1974. Some species of Smicronyx (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) associated with Cuscuta species (Convolvulaceae) in Pakistan. In: Proceedings of the Entomological Society Washington 76, 359–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson DM & ML Cox 1997. Smicronyx species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), economically important seed predators of witchweeds (Striga spp.) (Scrophulariceae) in sub-saharan Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research 87, 3–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bashir MO & LJ Musselman 1984. Some natural enemies of Striga hermonthica in the Sudan. Tropical Pest Management 30, 211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson A 1963. Insects attacking Striga in Kenya. Nature 197, 923.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greathead DJ & JED Milner 1971. A survey of Striga spp. (Scrophulariacaea) and their natural enemies in East Africa with a discussion on the possibilities of biological control. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 48, 111–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greathead DJ 1984. The natural enemies of Striga spp. and their utlization as biological control agents. In: ES Ayensu, H Doggett, RD Keynes, J Marton-Lefèvre, LJ Musselman, C Parker & A Pickering (eds.), Striga Biology and Control. IRL Press Ltd Oxford, UK, 133–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapralov SI 1974. [Phytomyza against broomrape]. Zernovoe Chozjajstvo, Moskva 13(7), 43–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapralov SI 1975. [Phytomyza Einsatz im Gebiet Rostov]. Zascita Rastenij 20(6), 22–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan MQ & DV Murthy 1955. Smicronyx albovariegatus Faust (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) on Striga spp. Indian Journal of Entomology 17, 362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroschel J, AA Abbasher & J Sauerborn 1995. Herbivores of Striga hermonthica in northern Ghana and approaches to their use as biocontrol agents. Biocontrol Science and Technology 5, 163–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroschel J, A Jost & J Sauerborn 1999. Insects for Striga control—Possibilities and constraints. In: J Kroschel, H Mercer-Quarshie & J Sauerborn (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Weed Control at On-farm Level. Vol. I. Joint Action to Control Striga in Africa. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany, 117–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroschel J & O Klein 1999. Biological control of Orobanche spp. with Phytomyza orobanchia Kalt., a review. In: J Kroschel, M Abderabihi & H Betz (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Weed Control at On-farm Level. Vol. II. Joint Action to Control Orobanche in the WANA Region. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany, 135–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lekic MB 1970c. The role of the dipteran Phytomyza orobanchia Kalt. (Agromyzidae) in reducing parasitic phanerogam populations of the Orobanche genus in Vojvodina. Contemporary Agriculture 18(7/8), 59–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lekic MB 1974. [Investigations of the dipteran Phytomyza orobanchia Kalt, as a controler of parasitic phanerogams of the genus Orobanche]. Savremena Poljoprivreda, Novi Sad 22(1–2), 93–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH, C Vorländer, MC Saxena 1990. Occurence and impact of Phytomyza orobanchia (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on Orobanche crenata (Orobanchaceae) in Syria. Entomophaga 35(4), 633–639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murthy DV & AS Rao 1949. Precis orithya feeding on Striga spp. Current Science 9 (18), 342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murthy DV 1960. Insects attacking Striga. Nature 187, 959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musselman LJ, PC Matteson & S Fortune 1983. Potential pollen vectors of Striga hermonthica (Scrophulariaceae) in West Africa. Annals of Botany 51, 859–862.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norambuena H, J Kroschel, O Klein 1998. Introduction of Phytomyza orobanchia for biocontrol of Orobanche spp. in Chile. In: J Kroschel, H Betz, M Abderahibi (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Weed Control at Onfarm level. Joint Action to control Orobanche in the WANA region. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany, 197–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sankaran T & VP Rao 1966. Insects attacking witchweed (Striga) in India. Commonwealth Institute Biological Control, Technical Bulletin 7, 63–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sankaran T, MK Rajendran & Y Ranganath Bhat 1969. The biology of Eulocastra argentisparsa Hampson (Lep.: Noctuidae) with special reference to the occurrence of dimorphism. Commonwealth Instiute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin 11, 31–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith MC, J Holt & M Webb 1993. Population model of the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Srophulariaceae) to investigate the potential of Smicronyx umbrinus (Coleóptera: Curculionidae) for biological control in Mali. Crop Protection 12 (6), 470–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traoré D 1995. Bionomics of Smicronyx guineanus Voss and S. umbrinus Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), potential agents of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. PhD thesis, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Quebec, Canada, (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Traoré D, C Vincent & RK Stewart 1995. Life history of Smicronyx guineanus and S. umbrinus (Col.:) on Strigahermonthica (Scrophulariceae). Entomophage Bulletin 7, 63–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traore D, C Vincent & RK Stewart 1996. Association and synchrony of Smicronyx guineanus Voss, S. umbrinus Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. (Scrophulariceae). Biological Control 7, 307–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams CN & GH Caswell 1959. An insect attacking Striga. Nature 184, 1668.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zermane N, G Sallé, J Kroschel & Z Bouznad 1998. Prospects for biological control of the parasitic weed Orobanche in Algeria. In: J Kroschel, M Abderabihi & H Betz (eds.), Advances in parasitic weed control at on-farm level. Volume II. Joint action to control Orobanche in the WANA region. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany, 173–184.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Bondarenko NV 1986. [Biologische Bekämpfung von Orobanche]. Biologiceskaja Zascita Rasrenij, Moskva, 226–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruckner G, F Flindt & T Kunsch 1979. Biologische Feldmethoden. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman JA & JM Kinghorn 1955. Window flight traps for insects. Canadian Entomologist 87: 46–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammad S, H El-Arosi & O Al-Menoufi 1967. Phytomyza orobanchia Kalt (Diptera: Agromyzidae) feeding on Orobanche crenata Forsk. in Egypt. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d’Egypte 51: 141–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janetschek H 1982. Ökologische Feldmethoden. Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jost A, J Kroschel & J Sauerborn 1996. Studies on Smicronyx Spp. and Junonia orithya and their potential for biological control of Striga hermonthica in northern Ghana. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research. Proceedings 6th Parasitic Weed Symposium. Cordoba, Spain, 888–897.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jost A 1997. Integrierter Getreideanbau in Nord-Ghana unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Sfrzga-Problematik. PLITS 15(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein O, J Kroschel & J Sauerborn 1999. Efficacite de lachers supplementaires de Phytomyza orobanchia Kalt. [Diptera: Agromyzidae] pour la lutte biologique contre 1’ Orobanche au Maroc. In: J Kroschel, M Abderabihi & H Betz (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Weed Control at On-farm Level. Vol. II. Joint Action to Control Orobanche in the WANA Region. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany, 161–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klyueva MP & GV Pamikchi 1982. [Technologie des Phytomyza Einsatzes]. Zascita Rastenij 27(1): 33–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroschel J & O Klein 1999. Biological control of Orobanche spp. with Phytomyza orobanchia Kalt., a review. In: J Kroschel, M Abderabihi & H Betz (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Weed Control at On-farm Level. Vol. II. Joint Action to Control Orobanche in the WANA Region. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany, 135–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mühlenberg M 1993. Freilandökologie. UTB Quelle & Meyer Heidelberg, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida T & T Torii 1970. A handbook of field methods for research on rice stemborers and their natural enemies. Davis Company, Philadelphia, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olroyd H 1958. Collecting, preserving and studying insects. Hutchinson & Co. Ltd London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh P & RF Moore 1985. Handbook of insect rearing. Vol. I. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southwood TRE 1989. Ecological methods with particular reference to the study of insect populations. University Press, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Townes H 1972. A light-weight Malaise trap. Entomology News 83: 239–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetzel T 1984. Diagnosemethoden. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyniger R 1974. Insektenzucht. Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Bedi JS & N Donchev 1991. Results on mycoherbicides control of sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wall.) under glasshouse and field conditions. In: JK Ransom, LJ Musselman, AD Worsham & C Parker (eds.), Proc. 5th Int. Symp. on Parasitic Weeds, CIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya, 76–82. Charudattan R 1991. The mycoherbicide approach with plant pathogens. In: OD Te- Beest (ed.), Microbial control of weeds. Chapman and Hall, New York, USA, London; UK, 24–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhingra OD & JB Sinclair 1986. Basic plant pathology methods. CRC Press, Boca Baton, USA, 355pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauerborn J, AA Abbasher, J Kroschel, DW Cornes, A Zoschke & KT Hine 1996. Striga hermonthica control with Fusarium nygamai in maize. In: VC Moran & JH Hoffmann (eds.), Proc 9th int. Symp. on Biological Control of Weeds, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 461–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauerborn J, I Dörr, AA Abasher, H Thomas & J Kroschel 1996. Electron microscopic analysis of the penetration process of Fusarium nygamai, a hyperparasite of Striga hermonthica. Biological Control 7: 53–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas H, A Heller, J Sauerborn & D Müller- Stöver 1999. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. orthoceras, a potential mycoherbicide, parasitizes seeds of Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape): a cytological study. Annals of Botany, 83, 453–458.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Kirk AA 1993. A fungal pathogen with potential for biocontrol of Striga hermonthica (Scrophulariaceae). Entomophaga 38: 459–460.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Kirk AA 1993. A fungal pathogen with potential for biocontrol of Striga hermonthica (Scrophulariaceae). Entomophaga 38: 459–460.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Abbasher AA, J Kroschel & J Sauerborn 1995. Microorganisms of Striga hermonthica in Northern Ghana with potential as biocontrol agents. Biocontrol Science and Technology 5: 157–161.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Booth C 1971. The genus Fusarium. CMI, Kew, Surrey, England, 237pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis MB 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, England, 608pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis MB 1976. More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, England, 507pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerlach W & H Nirenberg 1982. The genus Fusarium - a pictoral atlas. Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin-Dahlem, Kommisionsverlag Paul Parey, Berlin, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanlin RT 1990. Illustrated genera of Ascomycetes. APS Press, St. Paul, Minn., USA, 236 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nirenberg H 1981. A simplified method for identifying Fusarium spp. occurring on wheat. Canadian Journal of Botany 59: 1599–1609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sivanesan A 1987. Graminicolous species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslern, Exerohilum, and their teleomorphs. Mycological Papers 158, 216 pp.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Singleton LL, J D Mihail & CM Rush 1993. Methods for research on soil borne phyto- pathogenic fungi. APS Press, St. Paul, Minn., USA.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Abbasher AA & J Sauerborn 1992. Fusarium nygamai, a potential bioherbicide for Striga hermonthica control in sorghum. Biological Control 2: 291–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abbasher AA, J Sauerborn 1995. Pathogens attacking Striga hermonthica and their potential as biological control agents. In: ES Delfosse & RR Scott (eds.), Proc. 8th Int. Symp. On Biological Control of Weeds, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand, 527–533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciotola M, AK Watson & SG Hallett 1995. Discovery of an isolate of Fusarium oxysporum with potential to control Striga

    Google Scholar 

  • hermonthica in Africa. Weed Research 35, 303–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroschel J, A Hundt, AA Abbasher & J Sauerborn 1996. Pathogenicity of fungi collected in Northern Ghana to Striga hermonthica. Weed Research, 36, 515–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas H, J Sauerborn, D Müller-Stöver, A Ziegler, JS Bedi & J Kroschel 1998. The potential of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. orthoceras as a biological control agent for Orobanche cumana in sunflower. Biological Control 13, 41–48.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Abbas HK, CD Boyette, RE Hoagland & RF Vesonder 1991. Bioherbicidal potential of Fusarium moniliforme and its phytotoxin, fumonisin. Weed Science 39: 673–677.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abbas HK & CD Boyette 1992. Phytotoxicity of fumonisin B\ on weed and crop species. Weed Technology 6: 548–552.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altomare C, A Lorgieco, A Bottalico, G Mule, A Moretti & A Evidente (1995). Production of type A trichothecenes and enniatin B by Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel sensu lato. Mycopathologia 129: 177–181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottalico A, A Logrieco, A Ritieni, A Moretti, G Randazzo & P Corda 1995. Beauvericin and fumonisin B1 in preharvest Fusarium moniliforme maize ear rot in Sardinia. Food Additives and Contaminants 12: 599–607.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottalico A, A Lerario & A Visconti 1983. Production of mycotoxins (zearalenone, trichothecenes and moniliformin) by Fusarium species in Italy. Microbiologie- Aliments-Nutrition 1: 133–142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottalico A, A Logrieco & A Visconti 1989. Fusarium species and their mycotoxin in infected cereals in the field and in stored grains. In: J Chelkowsky (ed.), Fusarium, mycotoxins, taxonomy and pathogenicity, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 85–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capasso R, A Evidente, A Cutignano, M Vurro MC Zonno & A Bottalico 1996. Fusaric and 9, 10-dehydrofusaric acids and their methyl esters from Fusarium nygamai. Phytochemistry, 41(4): 1035–1039.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duke SO 1986. Microbially produced Phytotoxins as herbicides—a perspective. In A Putnam & CS Tang (eds.), The Science of Allelopathy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 287–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom WCA, K Jaskiewicz, WFO Marasas, PG Thiel, RM Horak, R Vleggaar & NPJ Kriek 1988. Fumonisins—Novel mycotoxins with cancer-promoting activity produced by Fusarium moniliforme. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54: 1806–1811.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoagland RE 1990. Microbes and microbial products as herbicides, an overview. In: RE Hoagland (ed.), Microbes and microbial products as herbicides. American Chemical Society Washington DC, 2–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroschel J 1996. Bioherbicidal effect of fumonisin Bi on parasitic weeds of the genus Striga. Internal Report Supra-regional

    Google Scholar 

  • GTZ-project “Ecology and Management of Parasitic Weeds”, University of Hohenheim, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logrieco A, A Moretti, A Ritieni, J Chelkowsky, C Altomare, A Bottalico & G Randazzo 1993. Natural occurrence of Beauvericin in preharvest Fusarium subglutinans infected corn ears in Poland. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 41: 2149–2152.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinkerton F & G Strobel 1976. Serinol as an activator of toxin production in attenuated cultures of Helminthosporium sacchari. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA, 73, 4007–4011.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stierle A, G Strobel, D Stierle & F Sugawara 1992. Analytical methods for Phytotoxins. In: Modern methods of plant analysis. New Series, Vol. 13. Plant Toxin Analysis. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strobel G, D Kenfield, G Bunkers, F Sugawara & J Clardy 1991. Phytotoxins as potential herbicides. Experientia 47: 819–826.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiel PG, WFO Marasas, EW Sydenham, GS Shephard & WCA Gelderblom 1992. The implications of naturally occurring levels of fumonisins in corn for human and animal health. Mycopathologie 117: 3–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zonno MC & M Vurro 1999. Effect of fungal toxins on germination of Striga hermonthica seeds. Weed Research, 39, 15–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zonno MC, M Vurro, R Capasso, A Evidente, A Cutignano, J Sauerborn & H Thomas 1996. Phytotoxic metabolites produced by Fusarium nygamai from Striga hermonthica. In: VC Moran & JH Hoffmann (eds.), Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 19–26 January 1996, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 223–226.

    Google Scholar 

Literature

  • Akobundu IO 1991. Integrated weed management for Striga control in cropping systems in Africa. In: SK Kim (ed.), Combating Striga in Africa. Proceedings, International Workshop organized by UTA, ICRISAT and ICRC, 1988 IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 122–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berner DK, MO Alabi, U Di-Umba & FO Ikie 1996. Proposed integrated control program for Striga hermonthica in Africa. In: MT Moreno, JI Cubero, D Berner, D Joel, LJ Musselman & C Parker (eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research; 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 817–825.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eplee R & M Langston 1991. Integrated control methodology for Striga in the USA. In: JR Ransom, LJ Musselman, AD Worsham & C Parker (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium of ParasiticWeeds; CIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya, 397–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geipert S 1997. Potentiale und Grenzen der Bekämpfung von Orobanche crenata Forsk. im Ackerbohnenanbau (Vicia faba L.) Marokkos. PLITS 15(5).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jost A 1997. Integrierter Getreideanbau in Nord-Ghana unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Änga-Problematik. PLITS 15(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Linke KH & MC Saxena 1991. Towards an integrated control of Orobanche spp. in some legume crops. In: K Wegmann & LJ Musselman (eds.), Progress in Orobanche research. Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen, Germany, 248–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pieterse AH, L Garcia-Torres, OA AlMenoufi, KH Linke & SJ ter Borg 1992. Integrated control of the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche (broomrape). 2nd International Food Legume Research Conference, Cairo, Egypt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh L, R Ndikawa & MR Rao 1991. Integrated approach to Striga management on sorghum in north Cameroon. In: JR Ransom, LJ Musselman, AD Worsham & C Parker (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium of Parasitic Weeds CIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya, 223–231.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. K-H. Link
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. Kranz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. Kroschel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Big. Haussmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. D. E. Hess
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. H. G. Welz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. O. Klein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. A. Jost
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. D. Müller-Stöver
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. H. Thomas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. A. A. Abbasher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. M. Vurro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. V. Portnoy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. D. M. Joel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Kassel, Germany

    Jürgen Kroschel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Link, KH. et al. (2001). Application of control methods. In: Kroschel, J. (eds) A Technical Manual for Parasitic Weed Research and Extension. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0005-5_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0005-5_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-0645-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0005-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation