Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Experimental Methods (2)

  • Chapter
The Scientific Basis of Flocculation

Part of the book series: NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series ((NSSE,volume 27))

Abstract

This chapter deals with dilute suspensions, that is, where the behaviour of the suspension as a fluid is not affected by the presence of the particles. For example, the suspension is assumed to have the same Newtonian characteristics as the liquid in which the particles are suspended.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Abbreviations

a:

centrifugal acceleration

m s-2

A:

area normal to flow direction

m2

AP :

area of paddle blade normal to motion

m2

Cd :

drag coefficient of a paddle blade

−

d:

diameter of Poiseuille flow tube

m

d1 :

diameter of a primary particle

m

df :

diameter of a filter grain

m

di :

diameter of an i-fold particle

m

F:

voltage gradient

V m-1

g:

gravitational acceleration 9.81

m s-2

G:

velocity gradient

s-1

H:

head loss, liquid gauge

m

i:

number of primary particles in an aggregate

−

k:

friction coefficient for turbulent flow

m-1

L:

distance in direction of flow

m

m:

index in Richardson-Zaki equation

−

p:

pressure drop

N m-2

P:

power dissipated in fluid motion

W

Q:

volumetric flow rate

m3 s-1

R1 :

radius of inner cylinder (Couette apparatus)

m

R2 :

radius of outer cylinder (Couette apparatus)

m

t:

time

s

Tq :

torque on paddle shaft

N m

u:

electrophoretic mobility (v /F)

m2 s-1 V-1

v:

velocity of liquid suspension

m s-1

ve :

velocity of particle in electrophoresis cell

m s-1

vp :

velocity (mean) of paddle blade

m s-1

vt :

terminal settling velocity of a particle

m s-1

V:

volume of suspension

m3

∈:

porosity of filter media

−

∈:

static permittivity of water 80 x 8.85 x 10-12

C2 N-1 m-2

ζ:

electrokinetic potential of particles

V

μ:

dynamic viscosity

kg m-1 s-1

ν:

kinematic viscosity

m2 s-1

p:

density of liquid

kg m-3

ps :

density of particle

kg m-3

φ:

volume of particles per unit liquid volume

−

ψδ :

potential at the inner boundary of the diffuse ion layer round a particle

V

ω:

angular velocity

rad s-1

ω2 :

angular velocity of outer cylinder rad (Couette apparatus)

s-1

References

  1. Gregory, J., and Sheiham, I., Kinetic aspects of flocculation by cationic polymers, Br. Polym. J., 6, 47, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bhole, A.G., Hydrodynamics of Flocculation in Water Treatment, Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Van Duuren, F.A., Defined velocity gradient model flocculator, J. San. Eng. Div., Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Engrs., 94, SA4, 671, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ives, K.J., and Bhole, A.G., Study of flowthrough Couette flocculators-I. Design for uniform and tapered flocculation, Wat. Res., 9, 1085, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Hubley, C.E., Robertson, A., and Mason, S.G., Flocculation in suspensions of large particles, Can. J. Res., 28B, 770, 1950.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Swift, D.L., and Friedlander, S.K., The coagulation of hydrosols by Brownian motion and laminar shear flow, J. Coll. Sci., 19, 621, 1964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ives, K.J., Theory of operation of sludge blanket clarifiers, Proc. Inst. Civ. Engrs., 39, 245, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Camp, T.R., Discussion on Agglomerate size changes in coagulation, J. San. Eng. Div., Proc. Am, Soc. Civ. Engrs., 95, (SA6), 1210, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Smith, A.L., Electrokinetic phenomena-associated with the solid-liquid interface, in Dispersion of Powders in Liquids, Parfitt, G.D., Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University College London, UK

    K. J. Ives (Professor of Public Health Engineering)

Authors
  1. K. J. Ives
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Municipal Engineering, University College London, UK

    Kenneth J. Ives (Professor of civil engineering) (Professor of civil engineering)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Sijthoff & Noordhoff International Publishers B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ives, K.J. (1978). Experimental Methods (2). In: Ives, K.J. (eds) The Scientific Basis of Flocculation. NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, vol 27. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9938-1_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9938-1_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-9940-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-9938-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation