Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Composition of Dialysis Fluid

  • Chapter
Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis

Abstract

Kolff (1) described most of the problems that have been encountered subsequently in formulating a suitable dialysis fluid.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Kolff WJ: New ways of treating uraemia, London, J and A Churchill, 1947

    Google Scholar 

  2. Alwall N: On the artificial kidney. I. Apparatus for dialysis of the blood in vivo. Acta Med Scand 128: 317, 1947

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Murray G, Delorme E, Thomas N: Development of an artificial kidney. Arch Surg 55: 505, 1947

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Skeggs LT, Leonards JR: Studies on an artificial kidney. I. Preliminary results with a new type of continuous dialyzer. Science 108: 212, 1948

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Murphy WP, Swan RC, Walter CW, Weller JM, Merrill JP: Use of an artificial kidney. III. Current procedures in clinical hemodialysis. J Lab Clin Med 40: 436, 1952

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Wolf AV, Remp DG, Kiley JE, Currie GD: Artificial kidney function: kinetics of hemodialysis, J Clin Invest 30: 1062, 1951.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Parsons FM, McCracken BH: The use and function of the artificial kidney. Br J Urol 30: 463, 1958

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Diem K, Lentner C: Documenta Geigy Scientific Tables 7th edn, Basle, JR Geigy, 1970, p 523

    Google Scholar 

  9. Cole JJ, Fritzen JR, Vizzo JE, van Paasschen WH, Grimsrud L: One year’s experience with a central dialy-sate supply system in a hospital. Trans Am S oc Artif Intern Organs 11: 22, 1965

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Scribner BH, Hegstrom RM, Buri R: Treatment of chronic uremia by means of hemodialysis: a progress report in Proc First Int Congr Nephrol Basel, New York, S Karger, 1961, p 616

    Google Scholar 

  11. Mion CM, Hegstrom RM, Boen ST, Scribner BH: Substitution of sodium acetate for sodium bicarbonate in the bath fluid for hemodialysis. Trans Am S oc Artif Intern Organs 10: 110, 1964

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Comty C, Rottka H, Shaldon S: Blood pressure control in patients with end-stage renal failure treated by intermittent haemodialysis. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 1: 209, 1964

    Google Scholar 

  13. Vertes V, Cangiano JL, Berman LB, Gould A: Hypertension in end-stage renal disease. New Engl J Med 280: 978, 1969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hampers CL, Zollinger RM, Skillman J J, Gumpert RW, Bailey GL, Merrill JP: Hemodynamic and body composition changes following bilateral nephrectomy in chronic renal failure. Circulation 40: 367, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wilkinson R, Scott DF, Uldall PR, Kerr DNS, Swinney J, Robson V: Plasma renin and exchangeable sodium in the hypertension of chronic renal failure. Q J Med 39: 377, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  16. Weidmann P, Maxwell MH, Lupu AN, Lewin AJ, Massry SG: Plasma renin activity and blood pressure in terminal renal failure. New Engl J Med 285: 757, 1971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Seto D, Fritz W, Nakamoto S, Kolff WJ: The effect of bilateral nephrectomy and of sodium and water content on hypertension. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 9: 35, 1963

    Google Scholar 

  18. Funder J, Wieth JO: Changes in cerebrospinal fluid composition following hemodialysis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 19: 301, 1967

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Stewart WK, Fleming LW, Manuel MA: Benefits obtained by the use of high sodium dialysate during maintenance haemodialysis. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 9: 111, 1972

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Port FK, Johnson WJ, Klass DW: Prevention of dialysis disequilibrium syndrome by use of high sodium concentration in the dialysate. Kidney Int 3: 327, 1973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bergström J, Asaba H, Fürst P, Ouïes R: Dialysis, ultrafiltration, and blood pressure. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 13: 293, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  22. Parsons FM, McCracken BH: The artificial kidney. Br J Urol 29: 424, 1957

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. O’Keefe SJD, Sender PM, James WPT: “Catabolic” loss of body nitrogen in response to surgery. Lancet 2: 1035, 1974

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Merrill JP: The Treatment of Renal Failure New York, Grune and Stratton Inc 1955

    Google Scholar 

  25. Johny KV, Lawrence JR, O’Halloran MW, Wellby ML, Worthley BW: Studies on total body, serum and erythrocyte potassium in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. The value of erythrocyte potassium as a measure of body potassium. Nephron 7: 230, 1970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Seedat YK: Total body potassium and chronic renal failure. Br Med J IMS, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  27. Oh MS, Levison SP, Carroll HJ: Content and distribution of water and electrolytes in maintenance hemodialysis. Nephron 14: 421, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Butkus DE, Alfrey AC, Miller NL: Tissue potassium in chronic dialysis patients. Nephron 13: 314, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hagemann I, Schilling E, Krocker B, Precht K, Buchali K, Kruse I, Pietsch R, Eichhorst E, Seewald R: Untersuchungen des Elektrolytgehaltes in Erythrozyten im chronischen Hämodialyseprogramm bei Anwendung unterschiedlicher Spüllösungen. Z Urol Nephrol 66: 255, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  30. Boddy K, King PC, Lindsay RM, Briggs JD, Winchester JF, Kennedy AC: Total body potassium in non- dialysed and dialysed patients with chronic renal failure. Br Med J 1: 771, 1972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Bilbrey GL, Carter NW, White MG, Schilling JF, Knöchel JP, Borroto J: Potassium deficiency in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 4: 423, 1973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Blainey JD, Hilton DD: The composition of the body in renal failure. Ann Roy Coll Surg 47: 45, 1970

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Morgan AG, Burkinshaw L, Robinson PJA, Rosen SM: Potassium balance and acid-base changes in patients undergoing regular haemodialysis therapy. Br Med J 1: 779, 1970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Delwaide PA, Rorive G: Etude du potassium total chez des patients en insuffisance rénale chronique. Influence de la dialyse. Nephron 8: 173, 1971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Cohn SH, Cinque TJ, Dombrowski CS, Letteri JM: Determination of body composition by neutron activation analysis in patient with renal failure. J Lab Clin Med 79: 978, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Atkinson PJ, Hancock DA, Acharya VN, Parsons FM, Proctor EA, Reed GW: Changes in skeletal mineral in patients on prolonged maintenance dialysis. Br Med J 2: 519, 1973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Bittar EE, Watt MF, Pateras VR, Parrish AE: The pH of muscle in Laennec’s cirrhosis and uremia. Clin Sei 23: 265, 1962

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Graham JA, Lawson DH, Linton AL: Muscle biopsy water and electrolyte contents in chronic renal failure. Clin Sei 38: 583, 1970

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Maschio G, Bazzato G, Bertaglia E, Sardini D, Mioni G, D’Angelo A, Marzo A: Intracellular pH and electrolyte content of skeletal muscle in patients with chronic renal acidosis. Nephron 7: 481, 1970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Martin AM, Oduro-Dominah A, Gibbins JK, Devapal D, Mitchell DC: Regular short haemodialysis in end-stage renal failure. Br Med J 3: 758, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Berlyne GM, Janabi K, Shaw AB, Hocken AG: Treatment of hyperkalemia with a calcium-resin. Lancet 1: 169, 1966

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Drukker W, Jungerius NA, Alberts C: Report on regular dialysis treatment in Europe. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 4: 3, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ogden DA, Holmes JH: Changes in total and ultrafilterable plasma calcium and magnesium during hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 12: 200, 1966

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kaye M, Mangel R, Neubauer E: Studies in calcium metabolism in patients on chronic haemodialysis. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 3: 17, 1966

    Google Scholar 

  45. Wing AJ: Optimum calcium concentration of dialysis fluid for maintenance haemodialysis. Br Med J 4: 145, 1968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Wilmink JM: Some aspects of problems of calcium in maintenance dialysis. Folia Med Neerl 12: 117, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  47. Soyannwo MAO, Oreopoulos DG, Mustafa G, McGeown MG: Studies on dialysate calcium requirements on maintenance haemodialysis: with observations on phosphate and magnesium. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 5: 288, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  48. Sokol A, Gral T, Edelbaum DN, Rosen V, Rubini ME: Correlation of autopsy findings and clinical experience in chronically dialyzed patients. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 13: 51, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  49. van Amstel WJ, Spijkerman MG, De Graeff J: Regulation of plasma clacium in patients on chronic haemodialysis. Folia Med Neerl 12: 118, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  50. Fournier AE, Johnson WJM, Taves DR, Beabout JW, Arnaud CD, Goldsmith RS: Etiology of hyperparathyroidism and bone disease during chronic hemodialysis. I. Association of bone disease with potentially etiologic factors. J Clin Invest 50: 592, 1971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bone JM, Davison AM, Robson JS: Role of dialysate calcium concentration in osteoporosis in patients on haemodialysis. Lancet 1: 1047, 1972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Denney JD, Sherrard DJ, Nelp WB, Chesnut CH, Baylink DJ: Total body calcium and long-term calcium balance in chronic renal disease. J Lab Clin Med 82: 226, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Fuchs C, Brasche M, Donath-Wolfram U, Kubosch J, Quellhorst E, Scheler F: Dialysate calcium and plasma calcium fractions during and after haemodialysis Klin Wochenschr 53: 39, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Walker GS, Davison AM: The prediction of post dialysis hypophosphataemia. Br Med J 2: 1060, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Goldsmith RS, Furszyfer J, Johnson WJ, Fournier AE, Arnaud CD: Control of secondary hyperparathyroidism during long-term hemodialysis. Am J Med 50: 692, 1971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Johnson WJ: Can renal bone disease be prevented? Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 10: 103, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  57. Johnson JW, Hattner RS, Hampers CL, Bernstein DS, Merrill JP, Sherwood LM: Effects of hemodialysis on secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic renal failure. Metabolism 21: 18, 1972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Regan RJ, Peacock M, Rosen SM, Robinson PJ, Horsman A: Effect of dialysate calcium concentration on bone disease in patients on hemodialysis. Kidney Int 10: 246, 1976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Bouillon R, Verberckmoes R, de Moor P: Influence of dialysate calcium concentration and vitamin D on serum parathyroid hormone during repetitive dialysis. Kidney Int 7: 422, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 29-1963. New Engl J Med 268: 943, 1963

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Davies DR, Dent CE, Watson L: Tertiary hyperparathyproidism. Br Med J 3: 395, 1968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. McDonald SJ, Clarkson EM, de Wardener HE: The effect of a large intake of calcium citrate in normal subjects and patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Sä 26: 27, 1964

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Chalmers TM, Hunter JO, Davie MW, Szaz KF, Pelc B, Kodicek E: 1-Alpha-Hydroxycholecalciferol as a substitute for the kidney hormone 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalcilferol in chronic renal failure. Lancet 2: 696, 1973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Brickman AS, Coburn JW, Massry SG, Norman AW: 1,25 Dihydroxy-Vitamin D3 in normal man and patients with renal failure. Ann Intern Med 80: 161, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Peacock M, Gallagher JC, Nordin BEC: Action of 1 a hydroxyvitamin D3 on calcium absorption and bone resorption in man. Lancet 1: 385, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Catto GRD, MacLeod M, Pelc B, Kodicek E: la-Hydroxycholecalciferol: A treatment for renal bone disease. Br Med J 1: 12, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Pierides AM, Ward MK, Alvarez-Ude F, Ellis HA, Peart KM, Simpson W, Kerr DNS, Norman A: Long term therapy with l,25(OH)2D3 in dialysis bone disease. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 12: 237, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  68. Brickman AS, Coburn JW, Friedman GR, Okamura WH, Massry SG, Norman AW: Evidence that 1 a- Hydroxyvitamin D3 is converted to 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 before acting in normal and uraemicman. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 13: 417, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  69. Care AD, Bates RFL, Pickard DW, Peacock M, Tomlinson S, O’Riordan JLH, Mawer EB, Taylor CA, Deluca HF, Norman AW: The effects of vitamin D metabolites and their analogues on the secretion of parathyroid hormone. Proc XI Eur Symposium on Calcified Tissue; Calcified Tissue Research Suppl 21: 142, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  70. Norman AW, Okamura WH, Friedlander EJ, Henry HL, Johnson RL, Mitra MN, Proscal DA, Wecksler W: Current concepts of the chemical conformation, metabolism, and interaction of the steroid, vitamin D, with the endocrine system for calcium homeostasis. Proc XI Eur Symposium on Calcified Tissue; Calcified Tissue Research Suppl 21: 153, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  71. Walker GS, Peacock M, Aaron J, Robinson PJA, Davison AM: Prophylactic 1 «-hydroxyvitamin D3 in haemodialysis. Clin Endocrinol 1: 125s, 1977

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Davison AM, Peacock M, Walker GS, Marshall DM, McLachlan MSF, Robinson PJA: Phosphate and 1 a- hydroxyvitamin D3 therapy in haemodialysis patients. Clin Endocrinol 1: 91s, 1977

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Baker LRI, Ackrill P, Cattell WR, Stamp TCB, Watson L: Iatrogenic osteomalacia and myopathy due to phosphate depletion. Br Med J3: 150, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Paymaster NJ: Magnesium metabolism: a brief review. Ann Roy Coll Surg of England 58: 309, 1976

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Parsons FM, Young GA: Regression of malignant tumours in potassium and magnesium depletion in Proc 2nd Int Conf on magnesium Montreal, New York 1978

    Google Scholar 

  76. Robinson RR, Murdauch HV, Peschel E: Renal factors responsible for the hypermagnesemia of renal disease. J Lab Clin Med 53: 572, 1959

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Schmidt P, Kotzaurek R, Zazgornik J, Hysek H: Magnesium metabolism in patients on regular dialysis treatment. Clin Sci 41: 131, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. McCance RA, Widdowson EM, Lehmann H: The effect of protein intake on the absorption of calcium and magnesium. Biochem J 36: 686, 1942

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kanis JA, Smith R, Walton RJ, Bartlett M: Magnesium intoxication during la hydroxycholecalciferol treatment. Br Med J 2: 878, 1976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Heierli C, Hill AVL: The relationship between the magnesium concentration in the dialysis fluid used and in the plasma and erythrocytes of patients with chronic renal failure being treated by regular haemodialysis. Clin Sci 43: 779, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Drukker W: The hard water syndrome: a potential hazard during regular dialysis treatment. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 5: 284, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  82. Freeman RM, Lawton RL: The hard-water syndrome. Med Instrument 8: 201, 1974

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Govan JR, Porter CA, Cook JGH, Dixon B, Trafford JAP: Acute magnesium poisoning as a complication of chronic intermittent haemodialysis. Br Med J 1: 278, 1968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Johny KV, Lawrence JR, O’Halloran MW, Wellby ML: Effect of haemodialysis on erythrocyte and plasma potassium, magnesium, sodium and calcium. Nephron 8: 81, 1971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Stewart WK, Fleming LW: The effect of dialysate magnesium on plasma and erythrocyte magnesium and potassium concentrations during maintenance haemodialysis. Nephron 10: 222, 1973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Catto GRD, Reid IW, MacLeod M: The effect of low magnesium dialysate on plasma, ultrafiltrable, erythrocyte and bone magnesium concentrations from patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Nephron 13: 372, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Fleming LW, Lenman JAR, Stewart WK: Effect of magnesium on nerve conduction velocity during regular dialysis treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 35: 342, 1972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Catto GRD, MacLeod M, Pelc B, Kodicek E: The investigation and treatment of renal osteodystrophy. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 11: 473, 1975

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Buckle RM, Care AD, Cooper CW, Gitelman HJ: The influence of plasma magnesium concentration on parathyroid hormone secretion. J Endocr 42: 529, 1968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Gitelman HJ, Kukolj S, Welt LG: The influence of the parathyroid glands on the hypercalcemia of experimental magnesium depletion in the rat. J Clin Invest 47: 118, 1968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Pletka P, Bernstein DS, Hampers CL, Merrill JP, Sherwood LM: Effects of magnesium on parathyroid hormone secretion during chronic haemodialysis. Lancet 2: 462, 1971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Quinton W, Dillard D, Scribner BH: Cannulation of blood vessels for prolonged hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 6: 104, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Borchardt KA, Richardson JA: Human plasma and the antibacterial effect of peritoneal dialysis solutions. Br Med J 1: 205, 1971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Lundquist F: The concentration of acetate in blood during alcohol metabolism in man. Acta Physiol Scand 50: 97, 1960

    Google Scholar 

  95. Lundquist F, Tygstrup N, Winkler K, Mellemgaard K, Munck-Petersen S: Ethanol metabolism and production of free acetate in the human liver. J Clin Invest 41: 955, 1962

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Lundquist F: Production and utilization of free acetate in man. Nature 193: 579, 1962

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Gonzalez FM, Pearson JE, Garbus SB, Holbert RD: On the effects of acetate during hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 20: 169, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  98. Kveim M, Nesbakken R: Utilization of exogenous acetate during hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 21: 138, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Tolchin N, Roberts J, Hayashi J, Lewis E: Metabolic consequences of hemodialysis; acetate and bicarbonate metabolism. Clin Res 24: 413, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  100. Rorke SJ, Davidson WD, Guo SS, Morin RJ: Metabolic fate of 14C-Acetate during dialysis. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 13: 394, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  101. Port FK, Easterling RE: Metabolism of acetate during hemodialysis and i. v. infusion. Am Soc Nephrol (Abstracts) 8: 36, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  102. Novello A, Kelsch RC, Easterling RE: Acetate intolerance during hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 5: 29, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Scribner BH: Substitution of bicarbonate for acetate in the dialysate for the care of a critically ill patient. Dialy-stuff and Transpl 6: 26, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  104. Alwall N, Hagstam KE, Lindergard B, Lindholm T: A clinical trial with a glucose-free dialysate. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 7: 55, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  105. Bailey GL: Hemodialysis. Principles and Practice, New York NY, New York Academic Press, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  106. Hubner W, Sieberth HG, Diemer A, Finke K, Prange E: Effects of regular haemodialysis with glucose and glucose free dialysate on hyperlipaemia. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 8: 174, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  107. Bagdade JD, Porte D, Bierman EL: Hypertriglyceridemia, a metabolic consequence of chronic renal failure. New Engl J Med 279: 181, 1968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Ibels LS, Reardon MF, Nestel PJ: Plasma post-heparin lipolytic activity and triglyceride clearance in uremic and hemodialysis patients and renal allograft recipients. J Lab Clin Med 87: 648, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Cattran DC, Fenton SSA, Wilson DR, Steiner G: Defective triglyceride removal in lipemia associated with peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med 85: 29, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Lindner A, Charra B, Sherrard DJ, Scribner BH: Accelerated atherosclerosis in prolonged maintenance hemodialysis. New Engl J Med 290: 697, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Bagdade JD, Shafrir E, Wilson DE: Mechanism(s) of hyperlipidemia in chronic uremia. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 22: 42, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Diem K, Lentner C: Documenta Geigy Scientific Tables 7th edn, Basle, JR Geigy, 1970, p 497

    Google Scholar 

  113. Marier JR, Rose D: The fluoride content of some foods and beverages - a brief survey using a modified Zr-SPADNS method. J Food Sci 31: 941, 1966

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Siddiqui JY, Simpson W, Ellis HA, Kerr DNS: Serum fluoride in chronic renal failure. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 7: 110, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  115. Nielsen E, Solomon N, Goodwin NJ, Siddihivarn N, Galonsky R, Taves D, Friedman EA: Fluoride metabolism in uremia. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 19: 450, 1973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Taves DR, Freeman RB, Kamm DE, Ramos CP, Scribner BH: Hemodialysis with fluoridated dialysate. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 14: 412, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Siddiqui JY, Simpson SW, Ellis HE, Kerr DNS, Appleton DR, Robinson BH, Hawkins JB, Robertson PW, Taves DR: Fluoride and bone disease in patients on regular haemodialysis. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 8: 149, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  118. Oreopoulos DG, Taves DR, Rabinovich S, Meema HE, Murrary T, Fenton SS, deVeber GA: Fluoride and dialysis osteodystrophy: results of a double-blind study. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 20: 203, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  119. Taves DR, Terry R, Smith FA, Gardner DE: Use of fluoridated water in long-term hemodialysis. Arch Intern Med 115: 167, 1965

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Prosser DI, Parsons V, Davies C, Goode GC: The movement of fluoride across the cuprophane membrane of the Kiil dialyser. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 7: 103, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  121. Parsons V, Davies C, Ogg CS, Siddiqui JY, Goode GC: The ionic composition of bone from patients with chronic renal failure and on RDT, with special reference to fluoride and aluminium. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 8: 139, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  122. Rao TKS, Friedman EA: Fluoride and bone disease in uremia. Kidney Int 7: 125, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Crody PE, Gagnon R, Taves DR, Kaye M: Bone disease in hemodialysis patients with particular reference to the effect of fluoride. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 20: 197, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  124. Rashid A, Posen GA, Gray D, Jaworski ZF: Bone disease in patients dialyzed with untreated water. Med Instrument 8: 204, 1974

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Kim D, del Greco F, Hefferen JJ, Levin NW: Bone fluoride in patients with uremia maintained by chronic hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 16: 474, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Parsons V: Fluoridated drinking-water and renal dialysis. Lancet 1: 813, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Johnson WJ, Taves DR: Exposure to excessive fluoride during hemodialysis. Kidney Int 5: 451, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Pierides AM, Ward MK, Kerr DNS: Haemodialysis encephalopathy: possible role of phosphate depletion. Lancet 1: 1234, 1976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Pendras JP, Cole JJ, Tu WH, Scribner BH: Improved technique of continuous flow hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 7: 27, 1961

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Schales O, Schales SS: A simple and accurate method for the determination of chloride in biological fluids. J Biol Chem 140: 879, 1941

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Watschinger B, Kolff WJ: Further development of the artificial kidney of Innouye and Engelberg. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1: 37, 1955

    Google Scholar 

  132. Grimsrud L, Cole JJ, Lehman GA, Babb AL, Scribner BH: A central system for the continuous preparation and distribution of hemodialysis fluid. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 10: 107, 1964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Sargent JA, Gotch FA: On line proportioning of bicarbonate dialysate for acid-base correction during intermittent dialysis treatment. Am Soc Artif Intern Organs (Abstracts) 6: 75, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  134. Von Hartitzsch B, Hoenich NA, Johnson J, Brewis RAL, Kerr DNS: The problem of de-aeration — cause, consequence, cure. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 9: 605, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  135. Drukker W, v d Werff B, Meinsma K: De-aeration of dialysis fluid. Dialysis Transpl 3: 33, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  136. Parsons FM, Meffan P: De-airing of dialysis fluid. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 5: 314, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  137. Winkler LW: Die Loslichkeit der Gase in Wasser. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 34: 1408, 1901

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Frank M. Parsons
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alexander M. Davison
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands

    William Drukker M.D. (Formerly Reader in Dialysis Emeritus Director) (Formerly Reader in Dialysis Emeritus Director)

  2. Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, St. Lucas Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    William Drukker M.D. (Formerly Reader in Dialysis Emeritus Director) (Formerly Reader in Dialysis Emeritus Director)

  3. 75 De Lairessestreet, 1071 NV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    William Drukker M.D. (Formerly Reader in Dialysis Emeritus Director) (Formerly Reader in Dialysis Emeritus Director)

  4. Renal Research Unit, Wellcome Wing, The General Infirmary at Leeds, LS1 3EX, Leeds, UK

    Frank M. Parsons B.Sc., M.D., F.R.C.P. Ed. (Consultant Physician Senior Clinical Lecturer in Renal Medicine) (Consultant Physician Senior Clinical Lecturer in Renal Medicine)

  5. University of Leeds, UK

    Frank M. Parsons B.Sc., M.D., F.R.C.P. Ed. (Consultant Physician Senior Clinical Lecturer in Renal Medicine) (Consultant Physician Senior Clinical Lecturer in Renal Medicine)

  6. Health Center, University of Connecticut, 06032, Farmington, CT, USA

    John F. Maher M.D., F.A.C.P. (Professor of Medicine, Director Division of Nephrology) (Professor of Medicine, Director Division of Nephrology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers bv, The Hague

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Parsons, F.M., Davison, A.M. (1979). The Composition of Dialysis Fluid. In: Drukker, W., Parsons, F.M., Maher, J.F. (eds) Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9327-3_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9327-3_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-247-2227-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-9327-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation