Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Exploratory and explanatory statistical analysis of spatial data pp 5–50Cite as

Operational statistical methods for analysing spatial data

  • Chapter

Abstract

In applied regional science a fast growth can be observed in the number of statistical methods that are used for analysing spatial data These methods incorporate both well-developed standard a-spatial statistical methods, and new adaptations of such methods to the specific spatial context. The first set of techniques dominates and seems to have yielded less controversial and better interpretable results than the second. However, for both approaches it is of prime importance to give a critical evaluation of their appropriateness for application to a set of spatial data and their ability to extend the insight into empirical spatial phenomena. In many studies such an evaluation is virtually absent, at least in a general context.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abrahamse, A.P.J. and Koerts, J. (1971), ‘New Estimators of Disturbances in Regression Analysis’, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 66, 71–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adelman, I. and Morris, C.T. (1965), ‘A factor analysis of the interrelationship between social and political variables and per capita gross national product’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 79, 555–578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adelman, I. and Morris, C. T. (1973), Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries, Stanford University Press, Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, T. W. (1958), An introduction to multivariate analysis, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, R. (ed.), (1973), The international linkage of national economic models, North Holland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barten, A. P., d’Alcantara, G. and Carrin, G. J. (1976), ‘COMET. A medium-term macro-economic model for the European Economic Community’, European Economic Review, 7, 63–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, C. P. A. (1977a), Economic aspects of regional welfare: income distribution and unemployment, Nijhoff, Leiden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, C. P. A. (1977b), ‘The structure of regional unemployment in the Netherlands. An exploratory statistical analysis’, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 7, 103–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, C. P. A. and Nijkamp, P. (1976), ‘An empirical welfare approach to regional income distributions. Alternative specifications and estimates of income inequality measures’, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 10, 117–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, C. P. A. and Bertens, A. M. (1976), ‘A factor and regression analysis of regional differences in income-level and –concentration in the Netherlands’, Applied Economics, 8, 179–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, C. P. A. and Hordijk, L. (1977), ‘On the power of the generalized Moran contiguity coefficient in testing for spatial autocorrelation anions recession disturbances’, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 7, 83–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels. C. P. A., Booleman, M. and Peters, W. H. (1977). ‘The composition or and associations between regional unemploymenl series. An application of some time-series methods’, Research Memorandum 32, Faculty of Economics, University of Groningen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlett. M. S. (1964). ‘The spectral analysis of two-dimensional point processes’, Biometrika, 51, 299–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett. M. S. (1974). ‘The statistical analysis of spatial pattern’, Advances in Applied Probability, 6, 336–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, M. S. (1975). The itarittical analysis of tpa rid pattern. Chapman and Hal. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton, B. and Tobler, W. (1971), ‘A spectral analysis of innovation diffusion’, Geographical Analysis, 3, 182–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassett K. and Tintine, R. (1970), ‘Cross-spectral analysis of time-sews and geographical research’, Area, 1, 19–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassett, K. and Haggett, P. (1971), ‘Towards short-term forecasting for cyclic behaviour in a regional system of cities’, in M Chisholm (ed), RegionaI Forecasting, Butterworths, London, 389–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batty. M. et al. (1973). ‘Spatial system design and fast calibration of activity interaction-allocation models’, Regional Studies, 7, 351–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batty. M. and March, L. (1976), ‘The method of residues in urban modelling’, Environment and Planning, A, 8, 189–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R. J. (1974), ‘Process identification for time series modelling in urban and regional planning’, Regional Studies, 8, 157–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R. J. (1975a), ‘The representation and identification of spatio-temporal systems: an example of population diffusion in North-West England’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 66. 73–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R. J. (1975b), ‘Dynamic systems modelling of the North-West region’. Environment and Planning, A. 7, I: Spatio-temporal representation and identification, 525–538, II: Estimation of the spatio-temporal policy model, 539–566, III: Adaptive-parameter policy model, 617–636, IV: Adaptive spatio-temporal forecast, 887–898.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett. R. J. and Naming R. P. (1976), ‘Space-time models: an introduction and concepts’, Occasional Paper No. 28, Dept. of Geography, University College, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry. B. J. L. (1971). ‘Problems of Data Organization and Analytical Methods in Geography’, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 66, 510–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Besag, J. E. (1974). ‘Spatial interaction and the statistical analysis or lattice systems’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, series B, 36, 192–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodson, D. and Peelers, D. (1975), ‘Estimation of the coefficients of a linear regression in the presence of spatial autocorrelation: An application to a Belgian labour-demand function’. Environment and Planning, A, 7, 455–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyce, D. E.. Fahri, A. and Weischedel, R. (1974), Optimal subset selection, multiple regression, interdependence and optimal network algorithms, Springer Verlig, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Box, G. E. P. and Cox, D R. (1964), ‘An analysis of transformations’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 26, 211–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradu, D. and Mundlak, Y. (1970), ‘Estimation In lognormal linear models’, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 65, 198–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brillinger, D. R. (1975), Time series. Data Analysis and Theory, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. and Evans, J. M. (1975), ‘Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationships over time’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 37, 149–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cesario, F. J. (1975), ‘Linear and non-linear regression models of spatial interaction’, Economic Geography, 51, 69–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cesario, F. J. and Smith, T. E. (1975), ‘Directions for future research in spatial interaction models’, Papers R.S.A., 35, 57–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterji, M. (1976), ‘Some suggested approaches to spatial regularities’, In M. Chatterji (ed.), Space location and regional development, Pion, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, D. C. and Iglarsh, H. J. (1976), ‘Principal component estimators in regression analysis’, Review of Economics and Statistics, 58, 229–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciff, A. D. and Ord, J. K. (1969), ‘The problem of spatial autocorrelation’, In A. J. Scott (ed.), Studies In Regional Science, Pion, London, 25–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliff, A. D. and Ord, J. K. (1970), ‘Spatial autocorrelation: a review of existing and new measures with applications’, Economic Geography, 46, 269–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliff, A. D. and Ord, J. K. (1972), ‘Testing for spatial autocorrelation among regression residuals’, Geographical Analysis, 6, 267–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliff, A. D. and Ord, J. K. (1973), Spatial Autocorrelation, Pion, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliff, A. D. and Ord, J. K. (1975). ‘Model building and the analysis of spatial pattern in human geography’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 37, 297–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliff. A. D., Haggett, P., Ord, J. K., Bassett, K. and Davies, R. (1975), Elements of spatial structure, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Czamanski. S. (1969). ‘Regional Econometric Models: A Case Study of Nova Scotia’, In A. J. Scott (ed.), Studies in Regional Science, Pion, London, 143–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Czamanski, S. (1972), Regional Science Techniques in Practice: The Case of Nova Scotia, Heath, Lexington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dacey, M. F. (1968), ‘A review on measures of contiguity for two and k-color maps’, In B. J. L. Berry and D. R. Marble (eds.), Spatial Analysis. A reader in statistical geography, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 479–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhrymes, P. J. (1970), Econometrics, statistical foundations and applications, Harper and Row, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubbelman, C., Abrahamse, A. P. J. and Koerts, J. (1972), ‘A new class of disturbance estimators in the general linear model’, Statistica Neerlandica, 26, 128–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, W. D. (1971), ‘Econometric estimation with spatial dependence’, Regional and Urban Economics, 1, 19–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, G. S. (1969), Spectral Methods m Econometrics, Harvard University Press. Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geary, R. C. (1954), ‘The contiguity ratio and statistical mapping’, The Incorporated Statistician, 5, 115–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerking, S. D. (1976), Estimation of stochastic input-output models. Nijhoff, Leiden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glejser, H., Van Daele, G. and Lambrecht, M. (1973), ‘First experiments with an econometric regional model of the Belgian economy’, Regional and Urban Economics, 3, 301–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glickman, N. J. (1974). ‘Son of the specification of regional models’, Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association, 32, 155–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glickman, N. J. (1976), ‘A note on simultaneous equation estimation techniques applications with a regional econometric model’, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 6, 275–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glickman, N. J. (1977), Econometric analysis of regional systems. Explorations in model budding and policy analysis, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberger, A. S. (1968), ‘The interpretation and estimation of Cobb-Douglas functions’, Econometrics, 35, 464–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberger, A. S. (1972), ‘Structural equation methods in the social sciences’, Econometrica, 40, 979–1001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldfeld, S. M. and Quandt, R.E. (1972), Non-linear Methods in Econometrics, North Holland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969), ‘Spatial data an time-series analysis’, In A. J. Scott (ed.), Studies in regional science, Pion, London, 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granger, C. W. J. and Hatanaka, M. (1964), Spectral Analysis of Economic Time Series, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hampton, P. and Rayner, A. C. (1977), ‘The use of multivariate methods in economics with reference to regional analysis’, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 7, 267–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harkness, J. P. (1968), ‘A spectral-analytical test of the long-swing hypothesis in Canada’, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 50, 429–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, A. C. (1976), ‘Estimating regression models with multiplicative heteroscedasticity’, Econometrica, 44, 461–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, A. C. and Phillips, G. D. A. (1974), ‘A comparison of the power of some tests for heteroscedasticity in the general linear model’, Journal of Econometrics, 2, 307–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heien, D. M. (1968), ‘A note on log-linear regression’, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63, 1034–1038.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepple, L. W. (1974), ‘The impact of stochastic process theory upon spatial analysis in human geography’, In C. Board, R. J. Chorley, P. Haggett, D. R. Stoddard (eds.), Progress in Geography, Volume 6, International Reviews of Current Research, Edward Arnold, London, 89–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepple, L.W. (1975), ‘Spectral techniques and the study of interregional economic cycles’, In R. Peel, M. Chisholm and P. Haggett (eds.), Processes in Physical and Human Geography, Bristol Essays, 392–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepple, L. W. (1976), ‘A maximum likelihood model for econometric estimation with spatial series’, In I. Masser (ed.), Theory and Practice in Regional Science, London Papers in Regional Science, 6, Pion, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hordijk, L. (1974), ‘Spatial correlation in the disturbances of a linear interregional model’, Regional and Urban Economics, 4, 117–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hordijk, L. and Nijkamp, P. (1976), ‘Dynamic models of spatial autocorrelation’, Paper European Meeting of the Econometric Society, Helsinki.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hordijk, L. and Paelinck, J. (1976), ‘Some principles and results in spatial econometrics’, Paper Netherlands Economc Institute, Rotterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huijbregts, C. J. (1975), ‘Regionalized variables and quantitative analysis of spatial data’, In J. C. Davis and M. J. McCullagh (eds.), Display and analysis of spatial data, Wiley, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaumotte, Ch. and Paelinck, J. H. P. (1971), ‘The differential economic structures of the Belgian provinces: a time varying factor analysis’, Regional and Urban Economics, 1, 41–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, G. M. and Watts, D. G. (1968), Spectral analysis and its applications, Holden-Day, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K. H. and Lyon, H. L. (1973), ‘Experimental evidence on combining cross-section and time-series information’, Review of Economics and Statistics, 55, 465–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson. S. R., Reimer, S. C. and Rothrock, T. P. (1973), ‘Principal components and the problem of multicollinearity’, Metro-economica, 25, 306–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. J. (1976), ‘On regression coefficients in comparative studies of the “frictions of distance”’, Tijdschrift voor Econ. en Soc. Geografie, 67, 15–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G. (1973), ‘A general method for estimating a linear structural equation system’, In A. S. Goldberger and O. D. Ducan (eds.), Structural Equation Models in the Social Sciences, Seminar Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kau, J. B. and Lee, Ch. F. (1977), ‘A random coefficient model to estimate a stochastic density gradient’, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 7, 169–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, M. G. (1973), Time-series, Griffin, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, L., Casetti, E. and Jeffrey, D. (1969), ‘Econometric Impulses in a Regional System of Cities: A Study of Spatial Interaction’, Regional Studies, 3, 213–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, L. R. (1969), ‘The specification of regional econometric models’, Papers of the Regional Science Association, 25, 105–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, L. R. and Glickman, N. R. (1977), ‘Econometric model-building at regional level’, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 7, 3–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koerts, J. and Abrahamse, A. P. J. (1971), On the theory and application of the general linear model, Rotterdam University Press, Rotterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kooijman, S. A. L. M. (1976), ‘Some remarks on the statistical analysis of grids especially with respect to ecology’, Annals of systems research, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuh, E. (1959), ‘The validity of cross-sectionally estimated behavior equations in time series applications’, Econometrica, 27, 197–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebart. L. (1969), ‘Analyse statistique de la contiguité’, Publications de l’Institut de Statistique de l’Université de Paris, 18, 81–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leech, D. (1975), ‘Testing the error specification in non-linear regression’, Econometrica, 43, 719–725.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malinvaud, E. (1966), Statistical methods of econometrics, North Holland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquardt, D. W. and Snee, R. N. (1975), ‘Ridge regression in practice’, The American Statistician, 29, 3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin. R. L. (1974), ‘On spatial dependence, bias and the use of first spatial differences in regression analysis’, Area, 6, 185–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masser, I. (1977), ‘A comparitive analysis of spatial representation in doubly constrained interaction models’, Environment and Planning A, 9, 759–769.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCallum, B. T. (1970), ‘Artificial orthogonalizatlon in regression analysis’, The Review of Economics and Statistic, 52, 110–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCamley, F. (1973), ‘Testing for spatially autocorrelated disturbances with application to relationships estimated using Missouri county data’, Regional Science Perspectives, 3, 89–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merkies, A. H. Q. M. (1975). ‘A constructive test on heteroscedasticity’, Research Memorandum 19, Free University, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizon, G. E. (1977), ‘Inferential procedures in non-linear models: an application in a UK industrial cross section study of factor substitution and returns to scale’,Econometrica, 45, 1221–1242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, P. A. P. (1950), ‘Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena’, Biometrika, 37, 17–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulaik, S. A. (1972), The foundations of factor analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nerlove, M. (1971), ‘Further evidence on the estimation of dynamic economic relations from a time series of cross sections’, Econometrica, 39, 359–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nijkamp, P. (1976), ‘Quality of life and changes in human settlement patterns’, Research Memorandum 63, Free University. Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ord. J. K. (1975), ‘Estimation methods for models of spatial interaction’, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 70, 120–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Openshaw, S. (1976), ‘An empirical study of some spatial interaction models’, Environment and Planning A, 8, 23–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Openshaw, S. (I977a), ‘A geographical solution to scale and aggregation problems in region-building, partitioning, and spatial modelling’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 459–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Openshaw, S. (I977b), ‘Optimal zoning systems for spatial interaction models’, Environment and Planning A, 9, 169–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paelinck, J. H. P. and Wagenaar, Sj. (1976), ‘Treatment of multidimensional data: a review and some contributions’, Paper Netherlands Economic Institute, Rotterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, G. D. A. and Harvey, A. C. (1974), ‘A Simple Test for Serial Correlation in Regression Analysis’, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 69, 935–939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranner, A. P. (1974), ‘Analyzing relations between regions and their surroundings’, A canonical correlation approach’, Regional and Urban Economics, 4, 141–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rayner, J. N. and Colledge, R. G. (1972), ‘Spectral analysis of settlement patterns in diverse physical and economic environments’, Environment and Planning, 4, 347–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rayner, J. N. and Colledge, R. G. (1973), ‘The spectrum of U.S. route 40 Reexamined’, Geographical Analysis, 5, 338–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, J. R. and White, J. S. (1964), ‘Norms for smoothing and estimation’, SIAM Review, 6, 243–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ripley, B. D. (1977). ‘Modelling spatial patterns (with Discussion)’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 39, 172–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronner, A. E. (1977). P-norm estimators in a linear regression model, dissertation, University of Groningen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott. J. T. (1966). ‘Factor analysis and regression’, Econometrica, 34, 552–562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. M. (1973), The geography of social well-being In the United States. An introduction to territorial social indicators, McGraw-Hill. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teckens, R. and Koerts, J. (1972), ‘Some statistical implications of the log transformation of multiplicative models’, Econometrica, 40, 793–819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theil, H. (1965), ‘The analysis of disturbances in regression analysis’, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 60, 1067–1079.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theil, H. (1971), Principles of econometrics, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomann, R. V. (1974), ‘Some statistical aspects of water quality in the Delaware river’, In J. W. Pratt (ed.), Statistical and mathematical aspects of pollution problems, Dekker, New York, 279–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobler, W. R. (1969), ‘The spectrum of U.S. 40’, Papers of the Regional Science Association, 23, 45–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobler, W. R. (1973), ‘Regional analysis time series extended to two dimensions’, Geographia Polonia, 25, 103–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyson, P. D. (1971), ‘Spatial variation of rainfall spectra in South Africa’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 61, 711–720.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1976), ‘Large sample-size distribution of statistics used in testing for spatial correlation’, Geographical Analysis, 9, 175–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Knaap, G. A. and Lesuis, P. J. J. (1976), ‘The integrated analysis of spatial systems: a problem area. An application to the Dutch provinces’, Inst. for Economic Research, discussion paper 7601/G, Erasmus University, Rotterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Est, J. and Van Setten, J. (1977), ‘Calibration methods: application for some spatial distribution models’, Working Paper 6, TNO, Delft.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Rompuy, P. and Tejano, A. (1975), ‘Intertemporal factor analysis applied to Belgian standard of living indicators’, Regional Science Research Paper, nr. 5, Centrum voor Economische Studiën, Katholieke Universiteit, Leaven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinod, H. D. (1976), ‘Canonical ridge and econometrics of joint production’, Journal of Econometrics, 4, 147–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A. G. (1974), Urban and regional models in geography and planning, Wiley. London.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Economics, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 800, Groningen, the Netherlands

    Cornelis P. A. Bartels

Authors
  1. Cornelis P. A. Bartels
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Groningen, The Netherlands

    Cornelis P. A. Bartels  & Ronald H. Ketellapper  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Martinus Nijhoff Publishing

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bartels, C.P.A. (1979). Operational statistical methods for analysing spatial data. In: Bartels, C.P.A., Ketellapper, R.H. (eds) Exploratory and explanatory statistical analysis of spatial data. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9233-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9233-7_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-9235-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-9233-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation