Abstract
Disorders of the liver, particularly alcohol-related cirrhosis, are a major cause of death throughout the world and the incidence is rising.1 Currently available therapies have done little to improve the overall survival of patients with fulminant hepatitis due to viruses, alcohol or other toxins.2–4 In addition, merely treating the complications of chronic liver disease, such as portacaval shunt operations for bleeding oesophageal varices, does not appear to increase survival since the majority of these patients subsequently die of hepatic failure.5 6 Unless a significant impact is made in preventing liver disease, new forms of therapy are necessary to increase survival of patients with acute and chronic liver failure.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Massé, L., Juillan, J. M. and Chisloup, A. (1976). Trends in mortality from cirrhosis of the liver. World Health Statistics Report, 29, 40.
Gregory, P. B., Knauer, C. M., Kempson, R. L. et al. (1976). Steroid therapy in severe viral hepatitis. Double-blind randomized trial of methyl-pred-nisolone versus placebo. N. Engl. J. Med., 294, 681.
Gonn, H. O. (1978). Steroid treatment of alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology, 74, 319.
Sherlock, S. (1975). Acute (fulminant) hepatic failure. In S. Sherlock, (ed.). Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System, 5th ed., pp. 107–121. (Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications).
Conn, H. O., Lindenmuth, W. W., May, C. J. et al. (1972). Prophylactics portacaval anastomosis. Medicine, 51, 27.
Resnick, R. H., Iber, F. L., Ishihara, A. M. et al.(1974). Controlled study of the therapeutic portacaval shunt. Gastroenterology, 67, 843.
Starzl, T. E., Marchioro, T. L., Rowlands, D. T. Jr.et al.(1964). Immuno suppression after experimental and clinical homotransplantation of the liver. Ann. Surg., 160, 411.
Marchioro, T. L., Porter, K. A., Dickinson, T. C. et al. (1965). Physiologic requirements for auxiliary liver homotransplanation. Surg. Gynec. Obstet., 121, 17.
Marchioro, T. L., Porter, K. A., Brown, B. I. et al. (1967). Effect of partial portacaval transposition on the canine liver. Surgery, 61, 723.
Fisher, B., Szuch, P., Levine, M. et al. (1971). Portal blood factor as the humoral agent in liver regeneration. Science, 171, 575.
Fisher, B., Szuch, P. and Fisher, E. R. (1971). Evaluation of a humoral factor in liver regeneration utilizing liver transplants. Cancer Res., 31, 322.
Lee, S., Chandler, J. G., Williams, R. et al. (1971). Trophic factor in portal blood required for liver regeneration. Gastroenterology, 60, 688.
Chandler, J. G., Lee, S., Krubel, R. et al. (1971). Inter-liver competition and portal blood in regeneration of auxiliary liver transplants. Surg. Forum, 22, 341.
Orloff, M. J., Lee, S., Chandler, J. G. et al. (1972). Humoral regulation of liver regeneration by a hepatotrophic portal blood factor. Gastroenterology, 62, 791.
Max, M. H., Price, J. B., Takeshige, K. et al. (1972). Role of factors of portal origin in modifying hepatic regeneration. J. Surg. Res., 12, 120.
Lee, S., Duguay, L. R. and Orloff, M. J. (1972). Pancreas extract and liver regeneration. Surg. Forum, 27, 358.
Price, J. B. Jr., Takeshige, K., Max, M. H. et al. (1972). Glucagon as the portal factor modifying hepatic regeneration. Surgery, 72, 74.
Sgro, J. C, Charters, A. C., Chandler, J. G. et al. (1973). Site of origin of the hepatotrophic portal blood factor involved in liver regeneration. Surg. Forum, 24, 377.
Whittemore, A. D., Kasuya, M., Fodor, P. B. et al. (1973). Hepatic regeneration in the rat without portal organs. Surg. Forum, 24, 384.
Starzl, T. E., Francavilla, A., Halgrimson, C. G. et al. (1973). Origin, hormonal nature, and action of hepatotrophic substances in portal venous blood. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 137, 179.
Ozawa, K., Yamaoka, Y., Nanbu, H. et al. (1974). Insulin as the primary factor governing changes in mitochondrial metabolism leading to liver regeneration and atrophy. Am. J. Surg., 127, 669.
Whittemore, A. D., Kasuya, M., Voorhees, A. B. Jr.et al. (1975). Hepatic regeneration in the absence of portal viscera. Surgery, 77,419.
Bucher, N. L. R. and Swaffield, M. N. (1975). Regulation of hepatic regeneration in rats by synergistic action of insulin and glucagon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 72, 1157.
Starzl, T. E., Porter, K. A., Kashiwagi, N. et al. (1975). Effect of diabetes mellitus on portal blood hepatotrophic factors in dogs. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 140, 549.
Bucher, N. L. R. and Swaffield, M. N. (1975). Synergistic action of glucagon and insulin in regulation of hepatic regeneration. Adv. Enzyme Regul.., 13, 281.
Starzl, T. E., Porter, K. A., Kashiwagi, N. et al. (1975). Portal hepatotrophic factors, diabetes mellitus and acute atrophy, hypertrophy and regeneration. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 141, 843.
Starzl, T. E., Porter, K. A., and Putnam, C. W. (1975). Intraportal insulin protects from the liver injury of portacaval shunt in dogs. Lancet, ii, 1241.
Bucher, N. L. R. (1976). Insulin, glucagon, and the liver. Adv. Enzyme Regul, 15, 221.
Chandler, J. G. (1976). Hepatotrophic activity in nonpancreatic, non-duodenal portal blood. Surg. Forum, 27, 360.
Sakai, A., Pfeffermann, R., Taha, M. et al. (1976). Origin of regeneration factor. Surg. Forum, 27, 45.
Whittemore, A. D., Voorhees, A. B. Jr. and Price, J. B. Jr. (1976). Hepatic blood How and pancreatic hormones as modifiers of hepatic regeneration. Surg. Forum, 27, 363.
Starzl, T. E., Watanabe, K., Porter, K. A. et al. (1976). Effects of insulin, glucagon, and insulin/glucagon infusions on liver morphology and cell division after complete portacaval shunt in dogs. Lancet, i, 821.
Rosenkranz, E., Duguay, L. R. and Orloff, M. J. (1976). Effect of liver regeneration on pancreatic hormone levels in blood. Gastroenterology, 70, 991.
Price, J. B. (1976). Insulin and glucagon as modifiers of DNA synthesis in the regenerating rat liver. Metabolism, 25, (suppl. 1), 1427.
Bucher, N. L. R. and Weir, G. C. (1976). Insulin, glucagon, liver regeneration, and DNA synthesis. Metabolism, 25, (suppl. 1), 1423.
Starzl, T. E., Porter, K. A. and Putnam, C. W. (1976). Insulin, glucagon and the control of hepatic structure, function, and capacity for regeneration. Metabolism, 25, (suppl. 1), 1429.
Farivar, M., Wands, J. R., Isselbacher, K. J. et al. (1976). Effect of insulin and glucagon on fulminant murine hepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med., 295, 1517.
Duguay, L. R., Skivolocki, W. P., Lee, S. et al. (1977). Regulation of liver regeneration by pancreatic hormones. Gastroenterology, 72, 1053.
Yamada, T., Yamamoto, M., Ozawa, K. et al. (1977). Insulin requirements for hepatic regeneration following hepatectomy. Ann. Surg., 185, 35.
Popper, H. (1974). Implications of portal hepatotrophic factors in hepatology. Gastroenterology, 66, 1227.
Editorial (1975). Insulin and the liver. Lancet, ii, 1245.
Sherlock, S. (1976). Portal venous ‘goodies’ and fulminant viral hepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med., 295, 1535.
Rous, P. and Larimore, L. D. (1920). Relation of the portal blood to liver aintenance. A demonstration of liver atrophy conditional on compensation. J. Exp. Med., 31, 609.
Mann, F. C., Fishback, F. C., Gay, J. G. et al.(1931). Experimental pathology of the liver. Studies III, IV, and V. Arch. Pathol., 12, 787.
Mann, F. C. (1940). The portal circulation and restoration of the liver after partial removal. Surgery, 8, 225.
Stephenson, G. W. (1932). Experimental pathology of the liver. IX. Restoration of the liver after partial hepatectomy and partial ligation of the portal vein. Arch. Pathol., 14, 484.
Child, C. G. Ill, Barr, D., Holswade, G. R. et al. (1953). Liver regeneration following portacaval transposition in dogs. Ann. Surg., 138, 600.
Fisher, B., Russ, C., Updegraff, H. et al. (1954). Effect of increased hepatic blood flow upon liver regeneration. Arch. Surg., 69, 263.
Skivolocki, W. P. and Orloff, M. J. (1978). Stimulation of liverregeneration by pancreatic hepatotrophic factors other than insulin and glucagon. Gastroenterology, 74, 1097.
Bucher, N. L. R. and Swaflleld, M. N. (1973). Regeneration of liver in rats in the absence of portal splanchnic organs and a portal blood supply. Cancer Res., 33, 3189.
Amherdt, M., Harris, V., Renold, A. E. et al. (1974). Hepatic autophagy in uncontrolled experimental diabetes and its relationships to insulin and glucagon. J. Clin. Invest., 54, 188.
Deter, R. L. (1975). Analog modeling of glucagon-induced autophagy in rat liver. I - Conceptual and mathematical model of telolysosome-auto- phagosome-autolysosome interaction. Exp. Cell Res., 94, 122.
Younger, L. R., King, J. and Steiner, D. F. (1966). Hepatic proliferative response to insulin in severe alloxan diabetes. Cancer Res., 26, 1408.
Reaven, E. P., Peterson, D. T. and Reaven, G. M. (1973). Effect of experimental diabetes mellitus and insulin replacement on hepatic ul- trastructure and protein synthesis. J. Clin. Invest., 52, 248.
Leffert, H. L., Koch, K. S. and Rubalcava, B. (1976). Present paradoxes in the environmental control of hepatic proliferation. Cancer Res., 36, 4250.
Holley, R. W. (1975). Control of growth of mammalian cells in cell culture. Nature, 258, 487.
Richman, R. A., Claus, T. H., Pilkis, S. J. et al.(1976). Hormonal stimuli tion of DNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 73, 3589.
Wands, J. R., Storer, R., Patel, U. et al. (1977). Pancreatic hormonal influence on D-galactosamine induced acute liver cell injury. Gastroenterology, 73, 1253.
Tolman, K. G. and Gray, P. (1978). Protective effect of insulin and glucagon in salicylate hepatotoxicity. Clin. Res., 26, 114A.
Lindberg, B., Haljamäe, H., Jonsson, O. et al. (1978). Effect of glucagon and blood transfusion on liver metabolism in hemorrhagic shock. Ann. Surg., 187, 103.
Krarup, N. and Larsen, J. A. (1974). The effect of glucagon on hepatosplanchnic hemodynamics, functional capacity, and metabolism of the liver in cats. Acta Physiol. Scand., 91, 42.
Creutzfeldt, W., Frerichs, H. and Sickinger, K. (1970). Liver diseases and diabetes mellitus. In H. Popper and F. Shaffner, (eds.). Progress in Liver Diseases, pp. 371–407. (New York: Grune and Stratton).
Thompson, E. N., Williams, R. and Sherlock, S. (1964). Liver function in extrahepatic portal hypertension. Lancet, ii, 1352.
Mallinson, C. N., Bloom, S. R., Warin, A. P. et al.(1974). A glucagonoma syndrome. Lancet, ii, 1.
Boden, G., Owen, O. E., Rezvani, I. et al. (1977). An islet cell carcinoma containing glucagon and insulin. Chronic glucagon excess and glucose homeostasis. Diabetes, 26, 128.
Munro, H. N., Fernstrom, J. D. and Wurtman, R.J. (1976). Insulin, plasma aminoacid imbalance, and hepatic coma. Lancet, i, 722.
Soeters, P. B. and Fischer, J. E. (1976). Insulin, glucagon, amino acid imbalance, and hepatic encephalopathy. Lancet , ii, 880.
Soeters, P. B., Weir, G., Ebeid, A. M. et al. (1977). Insulin, glucagon, portal systemic shunting, and hepatic failure in the dog. J. Surg. Res., 23, 183.
Sherwin, R., Joshi, P., Hendler, R. et al. (1974). Hyperglucagonaemia in Laennec’s cirrhosis. The role of portal-systemic shunting..V. Engl. J. Med., 290, 239.
Shurberg, J. L., Resnick, R. H., Kofi, R. S. et al. (1977). Serum lipids,insulin, and glucagon after portacaval shunt in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology, 72, 301.
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1979 MTP Press Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Volpicelli, N.A. (1979). Hepatotrophic Effects of Insulin and Glucagon and their Potential Role in the Treatment of Hepatic Failure. In: Picazo, J. (eds) Glucagon in Gastroenterology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9212-2_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9212-2_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-9214-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-9212-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive