Abstract
Liquefied gases serve as coolants for the attainment of low temperatures close to absolute zero. Liquid air boils at 81 K (−192°C), liquid hydrogen at 20 K. Among all known gases, however, helium has the lowest boiling temperature. Helium liquefies at a temperature as low as 4.2 K. By letting it boil under a reduced pressure, however, a temperature of 0.8 K was obtained. Temperatures even closer to absolute zero were reached by using the magnetic properties of strongly magnetic substances cooled down to the temperature of liquid helium; the lowest temperature attained was slightly below 0.1K.
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© 1980 D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
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Kapitza, P.L. (1980). A New Method for the Liquefaction of Helium. In: Experiment, Theory, Practice. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol 46. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8977-1_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8977-1_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-277-1062-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-8977-1
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