Abstract
The conflict between centre and periphery in Southeast Asia occurred mainly in the Malayo-Indonesian region, an area where foreign economic influence caused tendencies towards early elementary capitalism even before they appeared on the Indianized continent. The ‘Asiatic’ nuclear area of Java must have been affected in this way, still evidence is very difficult to find.
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Notes
Bosch, ‘Problem’, in: Selected Studies, p. 20.
Pigeaud, Java, IV, pp. 470 ff.
Wolters, Early Indonesian Trade.
Schrieke, ‘Shifts’, in: Indonesian Sociological Studies, I, pp. 16 ff; Id., ‘Rulers and Realm’, in: Ibid, II, pp. 230 ff, 289 ff; de Graaf, Geschiedenis, pp. 72 ff; Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian Trade, pp. 20–21, 23–25; Geertz, Development, pp. 6 ff; Id., Islam Observed, p. 26; Tate, Making, I, pp. 35 ff, 43 ff. For the zones Kedjawén and Pasisir: Geertz, Agricultural Involution, pp. 3846.
Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian Trade, Ch. III.
Drewes, ‘Mysticism and Activism’, in: Unity and Diversity, pp. 287 ff; Anderson, ‘Idea’, in: Culture and Politics, pp. 57 ff. Drewes (‘New Light’, BKI, CXXIV, 4,1968, pp. 453 ff) points out that the mystical tendencies ought not to be seen as a heterodox mystical Sufi-apostolate as A.H. Johns does.
Schrieke, ‘Shifts’, in: Indonesian Sociological Studies, I, pp. 24 ff; Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian Trade, pp. 105–115; de Graaf, Geschiedenis, pp. 80, 88–89; de Graaf and Pigeaud, De eerste Moslimse vorstendommen, pp. 139 ff; de Graaf, De regering van Sultan Agung, pp. 205–208.
De Graaf and Pigeaud, De eerste Moslimse vorstendommen, pp. 34 ff, 78 ff, 184, 191, 213 ff, 225 ff, 235 ff; de Graaf, De regering van Panembahan Sénapati, pp. 24 ff, 97 ff, 105 ff; Id., De regering van Sultan Agung, pp. 77 ff, 215; Schrieke, ‘Shifts’, in: Indonesian Sociological Studies, I, pp. 59 ff, 80–82; Hall,. A History, Ch. 15; Geertz, Islam Observed, pp. 39–40; Richlefs, Jogjakarta, pp. 8,11 ff.
Schrieke, ‘Shifts’, in: Indonesian Sociological Studies, I, p. 77; de Graaf, De regering van Sunan Mangku-Rat, I, pp. 34–43.
De Graaf, De regering van Sultan Agung, pp. 101,116 ff; Moertono, State, pp. 14 ff, 28, 61, 83 ff, 93 ff; Pigeaud, Java, IV, p. 474; Gonggrijp, Schets, pp. 33 ff; van Vollenhoven, Het adatrechf, Schrieke, Sociological Studies, I, pp. 169–184; Id., Ibid, II, pp. 185 ff; ter Haau, Adat Law, pp. 74 ff.
Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian Trade, pp. 118 ff; Boxer, Portuguese, pp. 39 ff.
De Graaf, Geschiedenis, pp. 144 ff; Meilink-Roelofsz,Asian Trade, pp. 10–11, 274 ff, 301–302; Schrieke, ‘Shifts’, in: Id., Indonesian Sociological Studies, I, pp. 59 ff.
Schrieke, ‘Shifts’, in: Indonesian Sociological Studies, I, pp. 67–69; Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian Trade, p. 294.
De Graaf, Geschiedenis, pp. 213 ff; Id., De regering van Sunan Mangku-Rat I, II, pp. 181 ff; Richklefs, Jogjakarta, pp. 19–20.
De Graaf, Geschiedenis, pp. 219 ff, 234 ff, 245 ff, 257 ff.
Geertz, Religion, pp. 125 ff; Id., Islam, pp. 40 ff; Jay, Religion, pp. 7 ff.
Van Leur, Indonesian Trade, pp. 173–175, 239 ff; Schrieke, ‘Ruler and Realm’, in: Indonesian Sociological Studies, II, pp. 244 ff; Id., ‘Shifts’, in: Ibid, pp. 49–79.
The development of the strongest of all Pasisir powers, Aceh, is illuminating. It never developed a stable state structure neither a royal nor an aristocratic oligarchic one. Its dependence on the fluctuation of international trade was extreme. Non-Acehnese dominated trade and shipping under Sultan Iskandar Muda at the zenith of Acehnese power and wealth. Autochthonous private trade was largely suppressed in favor of the monopolistic claims of the Sultan. Reid, ‘Trade’, in: Precolonial State Systems, pp. 45 ff.
ENI, I, pp. 68 ff; II, p. 738; III, pp. 206 ff, 224–227, 245–247; Benda, Crescent, pp. 13 ff; Snouck Hurgronje, De Atjehers, I, pp. 67 ff, 84–88, 91 ff, 125 ff, 280 ff, 307 ff; II, pp. 365 ff: van ’t Veer. De Atieh-oorloz, pp. 297 ff; Siegel, Rope of God, pp. 9 ff, 23 ff, 199. See for the economic significance of autochthonous Acehnese trade: Schrieke, ‘Ruler and Realm’, in: Indonesian Sociological Studies II, pp. 235, 246–248; Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian Trade, pp. 90, 140–146. For the weaknesses of capital accumulation in the modern colonial era: Zeilinger, Kapitaal, pp. 19, 29, 47–58, 134–138; Wertheim, De Indonesische samenle-ving.
Van Leur, Indonesian Trade, pp. 68–75.
Geertz, Islam Observed, p. 39. Compare: Benda, ‘Structure’, in: Continuity, p. 141.
Gonggrijp, Schets, pp. 39 ff. See for the early phase of the functioning of the VOC: Masselman, Cradle of Colonialism and Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian Trade.
Boxer, Dutch Seaborne Empire, pp. 190–191; Benda, Crescent, p. 19.
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Tichelman, F. (1980). Islam, ‘Asia’ and the United East India Company. In: The Social Evolution of Indonesia. Studies in Social History, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8896-5_8
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