Abstract
On 8 April 1965 the Foreign Ministers of the member states of the European Economic Community signed the “Merger Treaty” for the amalgamation of the three European Executives — the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the Commission of the European Economic Community (EEC) and the Commission of the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) and the establishment of a single Council. Hence, since 1 July 1967, the unified Commission of the European Communities has taken the only executive authority.
L’Europe ne sera jamais faite par les fonctionnaires; elle ne sera faite que par des hommes politiques qui prendront des décisions politiques.
Jean Rey
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Bibliography
A. Publications of the Communities
The Office for Official Publications of the European Communities in Luxembourg published in the six official languages of the European Communities (Danish, Dutch, English, French, German and Italian) the Treaties establishing the European Communities. Treaties amending these treaties. Documents concerning the accession (1978, also in Irish) and the Collection of the agreements concluded by the European Communities (4 volumes, 1977–78). For the official texts of EC legislation and communications see the Official Journal of the European Communities (daily; in English since 1 January 1973; before 1958 there was a Journal Officiel de la CECA,with an English edition from 31 July 1954 to 27 December 1956, the Official Gazette of ECSC).
General information on Community policy is supplied by the Commission in its annual General report on the activities of the Communities (since 1967, combined for ECSC, EEC and Euratom) and in the Bulletin of the European Communities (monthly, with supplements on certain issues; before 1968 there was a quarterly Bulletin de la Communauté Européenne du Charbon et de l’Acier. Haute Autorité and a monthly Bulletin de la Communauté Européenne Economique (since 1968 also in English, Bulletin of the European Economic Community). Published in conjunction with the General Report are the Report on the agricultural situation in the Community,the Report on the development of the social situation in the Community and the Report on competition policy. See also the annual Review of the Council’s work.
Numerous reports and studies have been published on every aspect of integration. For a detailed list see the annual Publications of the European Communities. Catalogue 19—and for up to date information on new publications the monthly list Publications of the European Communities (also as annex to the Bulletin of the European Communities).
Statistical information by the Statistical Office of the European Communities is found in the annual Basic statistics of the Community (for a general survey) and in the monthly Eurostatistics. Data for short-term economic analysis. In addition statistical series are published on agriculture, fisheries, industry, energy, social affairs, foreign trade, etc. See for up to date information on statistical publications the monthly Eurostat news. Since 1979 also European economy (3 issues per year) with its supplements Series A. Recent economic trends, Series B. Economic prospects. Business survey results (both 11 issues per year) and Series C. Economic prospects. Consumer survey results (3 issues per year).
Bibliographical information on the European Communities is found in the Documentation Bulletin,which consists of four series. Series A gives weekly an analytical list of acts and documents of the European Community as well as articles from periodicals; Series B bibliographies on specified objects (irregular); Series C a cumulative list of the references of series A on single objects (irregular) and Series D periodicals containing information on the European Communities. For books see the Systematic catalogue of books (two-yearly) and the monthly List of additions which contains the acquisitions of the Commission Library.
B. Other Publications
For a commentary on the EEC Treaty: H. von der Groeben, H. von Boeckh and J. Thiesing, Kommentar zum EWG-Vertrag (2nd edn., Baden-Baden, Nomos, 1974), 2 volumes; A. Campbell, Common market law (London, Longman, 1969–73), 3 volumes, Supplement 1973 (London, Longman, 1974), Supplement 1975 (London, Longman, 1975) and H. Smit and P. Herzog, The law of the European Economic Community. A commentary on the EEC Treaty (New York, M. Bender, 1976, brought up to date for the first time in 1978), 5 volumes.
H.J. Dörsch and H. Legros, Les faits et les décisions de la Communauté économique européenne 1958–1964 (Brussels, Presses Universitaires de Bruxelles, 1969); Les faits et les décisions de la Communauté économique européenne 1965–1968 (Brussels, Université de Bruxelles, 1973) and Les faits et les décisions de la Communauté économique européenne 1969 (Brussels, Université de Bruxelles, 1978) give a good synthesis and an exhaustive chronology on the main Community activities, but with a great time lag.
Simple introductions: D. Swann, The economics of the common market (4th edn., Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1978), J. Paxton, The developing common market (3rd edn., London, Macmillan, 1974) and A common man’s guide to the common market (ed. H. Arbuthnott and G. Edwards, London, Macmillan, 1979). An excellent systematic review of Community activities is L. Cartou, Communautés européennes (5th edn., Paris, Dalloz, 1975). W. Hallstein, Die Europäische Gemeinschaft (2nd edn., Düsseldorf, Econ, 1974) is an insider’s view on the building up of the Communities. See also: P. Maillet, La construction européenne (Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1975). European integration (ed. F. Willis, New York, New Viewpoints, 1975): a selection of articles on European integration from the historical, economic and political point of view. A. Cairncross, et al., Economic policy for the European Community. The way forward (London, Macmillan, 1974) emphasize the need of political unification for further economic integration.
For an overall appraisal of the experience of the EEC see L. Morissens. The economic policy of the EEC (Chapter IX in: Economic policies compared. West and East. Volume 2. National and international experiences (ed. E.S. Kirschen, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1975) and European economic integration (ed. B. Balassa, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1975), a collection of papers on i.a. trade creation and trade diversion, the effects on agriculture, on less-developed countries, and Shadow European Economic Policy Committee, Europe enters the eighties, Banco Nazionale del Lavoro, June 1979. For the results of specialization in the manufactured goods sector: P. Rollet, Les phénomènes de spécialisation à l’intérieur de la Communauté européenne: le cas des produits manufacturés et des machines, Revue du Marché Commun, May 1976.
J. Fitzmaurice, The European Parliament (Farnborough, Saxon House, 1978) discusses the background to holding direct elections.
See further the specialized reviews Revue de Marché Commun (monthly, Paris) and Common Market Law Review (quarterly, Leyden).
An extensive bibliography, also on other forms of European integration gives K. Kujath, Bibliography on European integration. With annotations (Bonn, Europa Union, 1977); for up-to-date information Europäische Integration, Auswahlbibliographie (8 numbers a year).
The ECSC Treaty is discussed in P. Reuter, La Communauté Européenne du Charbon et de l’Acier (Paris, Librairie général de droit et de jurisprudence, 1953); for a detailed analysis, see E.B. Haas, The uniting of Europe. Political, social, and economic forces, 1950–1957 (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1968).
See also W. Diebold, jr., The Schuman plan. A study in economic cooperation 19501959 (New York, Praeger, 1959), a detailed examination of ECSC’s main features, operation and relations with non-ECSC countries, also containing annotated bibliography; 25 Years Common Coal Market. (Brussels, EC Commission, 1977) for an official review.
For a commentary on the Euratom Treaty: J. Errera et al., Euratom, Analyse et commentaire du Traité (Brussels, Librairie encyclopédique, 1958). See further H. Krämer, Nuklearpolitik in Westeuropa und die Forschungspolitik der Euratom (Köln, Heymann, 1976) for the activities of Euratom and J.R. Kecerf and A. Turk, Le pari nucléaire des communautés est-il encore crédible? Essai de synthèse critique d’une “politique communautaire”, Revue du Marché Commun March 1978, April 1978 and May 1978. On the energy problem see also Energy in the European Communities (ed. F.A.M. Alting von Geusau, Leyden, Sijthoff, 1975) with papers on the European energy situation, alternatives to oil imported from OPEC and energy policies.
A simple introduction is A. Ries, L’ABC du marché commun agricole (Brussels, Labor, 1978). See further the annual Review of agricultural policies 19- (Paris, OECD), also on othe OECD-countries. On the Stocktaking of the Common Agriculture Policy (Bulletin EC. Supplement 2/75): P. Baudin, Politique agricole commune. Réflexions sur un bilan, Revue du Marché Commun, March 1976.
On more specific topics see: Le Marché Commun du sucre, Revue du Marché Commun October 1976 ; R. Pourvoyeur and P. Roosens, Disparités de salaires agricoles et non-agricoles dans la CEE. Fondements, remèdes théoriques et comparaison avec la politique commune, Revue du Marché Commun May 1978 and H. Baert, Towards restoring equilibrium in the European agricultural market: the case of milk products, European Journal of Marketing 1979, No. 4.
On the problems caused by exchange rate instability: H. Villas, Effects of changes in EEC currency exchange rates in prices, production and trade of agricultural commodities in the Community, IMF Staff Papers, July 1972 and W. von Urff, Die Problematik der Rechnungseinheit in der gemeinsamen Agrarmarktordnungen beim derzeitigen Stand des wirtschafts-und währungspolitischen Integration in der EWG, Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft, January 1975.
An analysis of European monetary problems and the integration process before the Hague summit conference is found in H. von der Groeben, European monetary policy: towards the gradual establishment of a European monetary system (Brussels, EEC, 1968) and E.S. Kirschen et al., Financial Integration in Western Europe (New York, Columbia University Press, 1969). G. Magnifico, European monetary unification (London, Macmillan, 1973) stresses the link between monetary unification and the implications for growth in regions and countries in the EC. For a discussion of the theories of economic integration and optimum currency areas see P. Coffey, Europe and money (London, Macmillan, 1976); L. Tsoukalis, The politics and economics of European monetary integration (London, Allen & Unwin, 1977) examines the history of EMU, the politics of the parties involved and the conflicts of interest. H. Dörsch, M. Michiels and J.V. Louis, L’union économique et monétaire 1970–73 (Brussels, Université de Bruxelles, 1977) for a synthesis and a chronology for the period 1970–73.
On the problems of competence between member states and Community on conjunctural policy: C.M. Klisch, Die Konjunkturpolitik in der Europäische Gemeinschaft (Baden-Baden, Nomos, 1974). See further: P. Arnaud-Ameller, Europe: vers une politique conjoncturelle commune (Paris, A. Collin, 1974); W. Kenneth, The futures of Europe (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1976) on the possibilities of long-term planning and forecasting.
R. Toulemon and J. Flory, Une politique industrielle pour l’Europe (Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1974), for a systematic review of the policy concerned.
Mention must be made of the Tinbergen and Neumark reports commissioned by the ECSC and the EEC respectively: Report on the problems raised by the different turnover tax systems applied within the Common Market (Luxembourg 1953) and Report of the Fiscal and Financial Committee (Brussels 1962, English version published by International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation, Amsterdam 1963 ).
B. Snoy, Taxes on direct investment income in the EEC. A legal and economic analysis (New York, Praeger, 1975) tries to answer the question: “to what extent do direct taxes on investment income have to be harmonized in the EEC as to make direct investment instrumental in achieving the aims of the Treaty of Rome?”
For a critical survey of the various measures on social policy: D. Collins, The European Communities. The social policy of the first phase. Volume 1: The European Coal and Steel Community 1951–70; Volume 2: The European Economic Community 1958–72 (London, Robertson, 1975); J. Holloway, Social policy harmonization in the European Community(Farnborough, Saxon House, 1978); R. Rummel, Soziale Politik für Europa. Ein integrationspolitisches Konzept (Berlin, Europa Union, 1975) proposes a European social policy as the motor for further European integration. See also: M.P. Fogarty, Work and industrial relations in the European Community (London, Chatham House, 1975).
Conflicts caused by different national policy measures are treated by B. Balassa, Regional policies and the environment in the European Common Market, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 1973, No. 3. On the need for supranational intervention see P. Romus, Economie régionale européenne (Brussels, Presses Universitaires de Bruxelles, 1974). H.M. Stahl, Regional-politische Implikationen einer EWG-Währungsunion (Tübingen, Mohr, 1974), on the impact of regional development discrepancies on monetary unification and G. Bernardin i, Les interventions financières communautaires. Essai de bilan, Revue du marché commun November 1978, on the impact of the different financial instruments of the EC on regional development. See also: L’Europe et ses régions, Revue d’Economie Politique 1974 No. 2, special issue.
Towards a Community policy on environment (ed. I.B.F. Kormon, Bruges, De Tempel, 1975) stresses the need for a common environment policy. See also: M. Brusasco-Mackenzie and A.C. Kiss, Quelques réflexions sur l’action des Communautés européennes en matière de protection de l’environnement, Revue du marché commun June—July 1978; The law and practice relating to pollution control in the member states of the European Communities (London, Graham & Trotman, 1976), 13 volumes: the regulations concerned in the nine EC countries.
On competition policy: European competition policy. Essays of the Leiden Working Group on cartel problems (ed. the European Institute of the University of Leyden, Leyden, Sijthoff, 1973): a critical survey of some important features of European competition policy; J. Vandamme and M. Guervin, La règlementation de la concurrence dans la CEE (Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1974); A.E. Walshand and J. Paxton, Competition policy. European and international trends and practices (London, Macmillan, 1975): a survey on competition rules in the EEC and other Western countries. See on other company topics i.a. J.A. Micaleff The European company. A comparative study with English and Maltese company law (Rotterdam, University Press, 1975): a comparison of the draft statute for a European Company with United Kingdom (and Malta’s) company law and E.J. Mestmäcker, Copyright in Community law Journal of World Trade Law 1976, No. 3, special supplement.
J. Galtung, The European Community. A superpower in the making (Oslo, Universitetforloget, 1973) argues that the EC-policy is a bureaucratic continuation of the former colonialism. Theoretical, on the EC as an “international actor”: G. Sjöstedt, The external role of the European Community (Farnborough, Saxon House, 1977). See further the collections of essays: The external role of the European Community. Perspectives, policies and responses (ed. F.A.M. Alting von Geusau, Farnborough, Saxon House, 1974) and Europe and the world. The external relations of the Common Market (ed. K.H. Twitchett, London, Europa Publications, 1976 ).
More specifically on the relations with the Mediterranean countries and the impact on the economic development of these countries The EEC and the Mediterranean countries (ed. A. Shlaim and G.N. Yannopoulos, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1976).
On the relations with less-developed countries: P. Tullock, The politics of preferences. EEC policy making and the generalized system of preferences (London, Croom Helm, 1975); P. Coffey, The external economic relations of the EEC (London, Macmillan, 1976) advises a closer and more equal dialogue with the less-developed countries. Specifically on the relations with African countries: J. Bourrinet, La coopération économique eurafricaine (Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1976); J.D. Matthews, Association system of the European Community (New York, Praeger, 1977), on the impact on international trade of the association system; and I.C. Cosgrave-Twitchett, Europa and Africa. From association to partnership (Farnborough, Saxon House, 1978). See also: The Lomé Convention and a new international economic order (ed. F.A.M. Alting von Geusau, Leyden, Sijthoff, 1977 ).
See on the relations with the CMEA EEC policy towards Eastern Europe (ed. I.G. John, Farnborough, Saxon House, 1975); J. and P. Pinder, The European Community’s policy towards Eastern Europe (London, Chatham House, 1975) and The EEC and Eastern Europe (ed. A. Shlaim and G.N. Yannopoulos, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1978).
For an analysis of the problems caused by the accession of the United Kingdom: Economics: Britain and the EEC (ed. M.A.G. van Meerhaeghe, London, Longman, 1969) and Britain in the EEC (ed. D. Evans, London, V. Gollancz, 1973). On the second enlargement: A Community of twelve? The impact of further enlargement on the European Communities (ed. W. Wallace and I. Herreman, Bruges, De Tempel, 1978) and specifically for Greece Greece and the European Community (ed. L. Tsoukalis, Farnborough, Saxon House, 1978 ).
See I.E. Druker, Financing the European Communities (Leyden, Sijthoff, 1975), contains also a comparison with the financing system of other European institutions; E. Reister, Haushalt und Finanzen der Europäischen Gemeinschaften (Baden-Baden, Nomos, 1975); D. Strasser, Les finances de l’Europe (Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1975) and H.G. Fabritius, Zur Finanzpolitik der Europäischen Gemeinschaften. Darstellung. Kritik und Reformvörschlage (Wiesbaden, Karl-Brauer Institut des Bundes der Steuerzahler, 1975). See further D. Strasser, Le budget 1979. Bilan d’une procédure. Difficultes politiques. Perspectives pour une nouvelle année, Revue du Marché Commun, June 1979. For a commentary on the European Audit Court: C.D. Ohlermann, Das Europäische Rechnungshof. Haushaltkontrolle in der Gemeinschaft (Baden-Baden, Nomos, 1976).
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van Meerhaeghe, M.A.G. (1980). The European Communities. In: A Handbook of International Economic Institutions. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8860-6_9
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