Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Effect of Trace Elements on Lower Plants

  • Chapter
Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Plants

Part of the book series: Pollution Monitoring Series ((PMS,volume 2))

Abstract

Recently, there has been an increasing amount of research into the accumulation of metals by cryptogams. High levels of metal accumulation by these plants have been described in a wide range of species from diverse habitats, but studies into the possible toxicity of these accumulations have been limited. Cryptogams may be subjected to high metal concentrations as the result of exposure to metal-rich man-effected or natural sources. Some examples of metal levels in these plants are given in Tables 7.1–7.4. The data listed are by no means exhaustive as extensive metal analyses have been completed as the result of biogeochemical (Lounamaa, 1956; Shacklette, 1967; Doyle et al, 1973; Whitehead and Brooks, 1969) and air and aquatic monitoring surveys (Laaksovirta and Olkkonen, 1977; Pilegaard, 1978; Ruhling and Tyler, 1970; Ray and White, 1979).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexander, V. (1974). A synthesis of the IBP Tundra Biome circumpolar study of nitrogen fixation. In: Soil Organisms and Decomposition in Tundra (A.J. Holding, O.W. Heal, S. F. Maean and P.W. Flanagan (eds)), Tundra Biome Steering Committee, Stockholm, pp. 109–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrie, L. A. (1978). The concentration and deposition of sulphur compounds and metals around the GCOS oil extraction plant during June, 1977. AOSERP Sub-project ME1.5.3, Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Downsview, Ontario, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrie, L. A. and J. Kovalick (1978). A winter-time investigation of the deposition of pollutants around an isolated power plant in northern Alberta. Internal Report ARQT-4–78. Atmospheric Dispersion Division, Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Downsview, Ontario, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, E. F., M. T. Rei and H. H. Reynolds (1975). Determination of nickel in the atmosphere of eastern Massachusetts. Environ. Lett. 8: 381–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, E. and K. Kreeb (1974). Flechtenkartierung und Enzymaktivitat als Indikatoren der Luftverunreinigung in Esslingen. Verh. Ges. Ökologie, Saarbrucken 1973. pp. 273–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckett, P.J. and S. J. Wainwright (1980). Field studies of zinc toxicity in Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. New Phytol. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beschel, R. E. (1959). The copper swamp in the Aboushagan Woods, North Sackville, New Brunswick. Summary for the Maritime Excursion after the 9th International Botanical Congress, Montreal, 7 September 1959 (mimeographed).

    Google Scholar 

  • Biebl, R. (1947). Uber die gegensatzliche Wirkung der Spurenelemente Zink und Bor auf die Blattzellen von Mnium rostratum. Ost. Bot. Z. 94: 61–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biebl, R. (1950a). Vergleichende chemische Resistenzstudien an pflanzlichen Plasmen. Protoplasma. 39: 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biebl, R. (1950b). Uber die Resistenz pflanzlicher Plasmen gegen Vanadium. Protoplasma. 39: 251–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biebl, R. and W. Rossi-Pillhofer (1955). Die Änderung der chemischen Resistenz pflanzlicher Plasmen mit dem Entwicklungszustand. Protoplasma. 44: 113–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bliss, L. C. (1962). Adaptations of arctic and alpine plants to environmental conditions. Arctic. 15: 117–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boissière, M. C. (1973). Activité phosphatasique neutre chez le phycobionte de Peltigera canina comparée à celle d’un Nostoc libre. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris. 277 (Série D): 1649–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, D. (1972). Population differentiation in Marchantia polymorpha L. in various lead pollution levels. Nature. 238: 166–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodo, I. M. (1973). Substrate ecology. In: The Lichens (V. Ahmadjian and M. E. Hale (eds)), Academic Press, New York, pp. 401–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. H. (1976). Minerai uptake by lichens. In: Lichenology: Progress and Problems. System. Assoc. Special Vol.8 (D. H. Brown, D. L. Hawksworth and R.H. Bailey (eds)), Academic Press, London, pp. 419–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. H. and J. W. Bates (1972). Uptake of lead by two populations of Grimmia doniana. J. Bryol. 7: 187–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. H. and D. R. Slingsby (1972). The cellular location of lead and potassium in the lichen Cladonia rangiformis (L.) Hoffm. New Phytol. 71: 297–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. H. and K. L. House (1978). Evidence of a copper-tolerant ecotype of the hepatic Solenostoma crenulatum. Ann. Bot. 42: 1383–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkitt, A., P. Lester and G. Nickless (1972). Distribution of heavy metals in the vicinity of an industrial complex. Nature. 238: 327–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, M. A. S. and P. J. Peterson (1979 a). Metal accumulation by aquatic bryophytes from polluted mine streams. Environ. Pollut. 19: 39–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, M. A. S. and P. J. Peterson (1979 b). Studies on zinc localization in aquatic bryophytes. Bryologist. 82: 594–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, M. A. S., P. Lueur and K. J. Puckett (1981). Copper, nickel and thallium uptake by the lichen Cladina rangiferina. Can. J. Bot. 59: 91–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, H. L., H. T. Shacklette and H. Bastron (1968). Metal absorption by Equisetum (Horsetail), US Geological Survey Bulletin, No. 1278-A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chimiklis, P. E. and R. L. Heath (1975). Ozone-induced loss of intracellular potassium ion from Chlorella sorokiniana. Plant Physiol. 56: 723–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connor, J. J. (1979). Geochemistry of ohia and soil lichen, Puhimau thermal area, Hawaii. Sci. Total Env. 12: 241–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coombes, A. J. and N. W. Lepp (1974). The effect of Cu and Zn on the growth of Marchantia polymorpha and Funaria hygrometrica. Bryologist. 77: 447–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coppins, B. J. (1978). A glimpse of the past and present flora of Edinburgh. Trans. Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 42: 19–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crespo, A., E. Manrique, E. Barreno and E. Serina (1977). Valaracion de la contaminación atmosférica del area urbana de Madrid mediante bioindi-cadores (liqúenes epifitos). An. Inst. Bot. A.J. Cavanillo. 34: 71–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, P., W. K. Fletcher and V. C. Brink (1973). Trace element content of soils and plants from the Selwyn mountains, Yukon and Northwest Territories. Can. J. Bot. 51: 421–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folkeson, L. (1979a). Changes in the cover of mosses and lichens in coniferous woodland polluted with copper and zinc. In: The Use of Ecological Variables in Environmental Monitoring, Proceedings of the First Nordic Oikos Conference, 1978 (H. Hytteborn (ed)), Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 59–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folkeson, L. (1979b). Interspecies calibration of heavy-metal concentrations in nine mosses and lichens: Applicability to deposition measurements. Water Air Soil Poll. 11: 253–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foy, C. D., R. UChaney and M. C. White (1978). The physiology of metal toxicity in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 29: 511–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garty, J., M. Galun and M. Kessel (1979). Localization of heavy metals and other. elements accumulated in the lichen thallus. New Phytol. 82: 159–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, G. T. and T. M. Roberts (1971). Plants and soils as indicators of metals in the air. Nature. 231: 287–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, G. E., W. H. Zoller and E. S. Gladney (1974). Abnormally enriched trace elements in the atmosphere. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health (D.D. Hemphill (eds)), University of Columbia, Missouri, pp. 161–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groet, S. S. (1976). Regional and local variations in heavy metal concentrations of bryophytes in the northeastern United States. Oikos. 27: 445–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haag, R. W. (1974). Nutrient limitations to plant production in two tundra communities. Can. J. Bot. 52: 106–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handley, R. and R. Overstreet (1968). Uptake of carrier-free 137Cs by Ramalina reticulata. Plant Physiol. 43: 1401–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, T. M. (1946). Zinc poisoning of wild plants from wire netting. New Phytol. 45: 50–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henriksson, L. E. and E. J. Dilva (1978). Effects of some inorganic elements on nitrogen fixation in blue-green algae and some ecological aspects of pollution. Zeitschr. Allg. Mikrobiol. 18: 487–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hocking, D. and R. A. Blauel (1977). Progressive heavy metal accumulation associated with forest decline near the nickel smelter at Thompson, Manitoba. Environment Canada, Can. For. Serv., North For. Res. Cent. Inf. Rep. NOR-X-169. 20 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hocking, D. and M. B. Hocking (1977). Equilibrium solubility of trace atmospheric sulphur dioxide in water and its bearing on air pollution injury to plants. Environ. Pollut. 13: 57–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hocking, D., P. Kuchar, J. A. Plambeck and R. A. Smith (1978). The impact of gold smelter emissions on vegetation and soils of a sub-Arctic forest-tundra transition ecosystem. J. Air. Poll. Contr. Assoc. 28: 133–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, A. S. (1958). The phase test intermediate and the allomerisation of chlorophylla a. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 36: 439–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huckabee, J. W. (1973). Mosses: Sensitive indicators of airborne mercury pollution. Atmos. Env. 7: 749–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J. G. (1953). Thè composition of bracken: Some major- and trace-element constituents. J. Sci. Food Agric. 4: 10–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huss-Danell, K. (1977). Nitrogen fixation by Stereocaulon paschale under field conditions. Can. J. Bot. 55: 585–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, T. C. and H. Czyrska (1972). Cadmium and zinc toxicity and synergism to floating aquatic plants. Water Poll. Research Canada. 7: 59–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, T. C. and H. Czyrska (1975). Heavy metal toxicity and synergism to floating aquatic weeds. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 19: 2102–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaakkola, T., H. Puumala and J. K. Miettinen (1966). Microelement levels in environmental samples in Finland. In: Radioecological Concentration Processes. Proceedings of International Symposium (B. Aberg and F. P. Hungate (eds)), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 341–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, P. (1973). The effect of air pollutants other than hydrogen fluoride and sulphur dioxide on lichens. In: Air Pollution and Lichens (B. W. Ferry, M. S. Baddeley and D. L. Hawksworth (eds)), Athlone Press, London, pp. 143–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannessen, M. and A. Henriksen (1978). Chemistry of snow meltwater. Changes in concentration during melting. Water Resources Research. 4: 615–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen, I. (1975). I. The uptake of lead, cadmium and vanadium by lichens and bryophytes. II. The effects of SO2 fumigation on lichens and bryophytes and its interaction with lead uptake from water solutions. Research Report JRC- EURATOM, Ispra, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, L. G. and W. F. Watson (1956). The allomerization of chlorophyll. J. Chem. Soc. pp. 1203–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laaksovirta, K. and H. Olkkonen (1977). Epiphytic lichen vegetation and element contents of Hypogymnia physodes and pine needles examined as indicators of air pollution at Kokkola, W. Finland. Ann. Bot. Fennici. 14: 112–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambinon, J., A. Maquinay and J. L. Ramaut (1964). La teneur en zinc de quelques lichens des terrains calaminaires beiges. Bull. Jardn. Bot. Etat. Brux. 34: 273–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, I. and K. J. Puckett (1979). Responses of the phosphatase activity of the lichen Cladina rangiferina to various environmental factors including metals. Can. J. Bot. 57, 1534–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, O. L. and H. Ziegler (1963). Der Schwermetallgehalt von Flechten aus dem Acarosporetum sinopicae auf Erzschlackenhalden des Harzes. Mitt, flor.-soz. Arb. Gemein. 10: 156–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrey, J. D. and M. E. Hale (1979). Lichen growth responses to stress induced by automobile exhaust pollution. Science. 204: 423–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeBlanc, F. and J. De Sloover (1970). Relation between industrialization and the distribution and growth of epiphytic lichens and mosses in Montreal. Can. J. Bot. 48: 1485–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeBlanc, F., G. Robitaille and D. N. Rao (1974). Biological response of lichens and bryophytes to environmental pollution in the Murdochville copper mine area, Quebec. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 38: 405–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J., R. R. Brooks, R. D. Reeves and T. Jaffré (1977). Chromium-accumulating bryophyte from New Caledonia. Bryologist. 80: 203–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepp, N. W. and M. J. Roberts (1977). Some effects of cadmium on growth of bryophytes. Bryologist. 80: 533–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerond, M. (1978). Courbes d’isopollution de la région de Rouen obtenues par l’observation des lichens epiphytes. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie. 106: 73–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeSueur, P. and K. J. Puckett (1980). Effect of vanadium on the phosphatase activity of lichens. Can. J. Bot. 58: 502–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lounamaa, K.J. (1956). Trace elements in plants growing wild on different rocks in Finland. A semi-quantitative survey. Annls. Bot. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. ‘ Vanamo’ 29: 1–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malaisse, F., J. Gregoire, R. S. Morrison, R. R. Brookes and R. D. Reeves (1979). Copper and cobalt in vegetation of Fungurume, Shaba Province, Zaire. Oikos. 33: 472–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massé, L. (1964). Réchérches phytosociologiques et écologiques sur les lichens des schistes rouges Cambriens des environs de Rennes. Vegetatio. 12: 103–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maquinay, A., I. M. Lamb, J. Lambinon and J. L. Ramaut (1961). Dosage du zinc chez un lichen calaminaire belge: Stercocaulon nanodes Tuck. f. tyroliense (Nyl.) M. Lamb. Physiol. Plant. 14: 284–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLean, R. O. and A. K. Jones (1975). Studies of tolerance to heavy metals in the flora of the rivers Ystwyth and Clarach, Wales. Freshwat. Biol. 5: 431–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, T. H. (1975). Influence of effluents from a zinc factory on lichens. Ecol. Monog. 45: 183–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieboer, E., P. Lavoie, R. L. P. Sasseville, K. J. Puckett and D. H. S. Richardson (1976a). Cation-exchange equilibrium and mass balance in the lichen Umbilicaria muhlenhergii. Can. J. Bot. 54: 720–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieboer, E., K. J. Puckett and B. Grace (1976 b). The uptake of nickel by Umbilicaria muhlenhergii: A physicochemical process. Can. J. Bot. 54: 724–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieboer, E., D. H. S. Richardson and F. D. Tomassini (1978). Mineral uptake and release by lichens: An overview. Bryologist. 81: 226–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieboer, E., D. H. S. Richardson, P. Lavoie and D. Padovan (1979). The role of metal-ion binding in modifying the toxic effects of sulphur dioxide on the lichen Umbilicaria muhlenhergii. I. Potassium efflux studies. New Phytol. 82:621–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi, A. and H. Furuta (1956). Germination of spores and regeneration of leaves of Merceya ligulata and M. gedeana. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 17: 32–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ophus, E. M. and B. M. Gullvag (1974). Localization of lead within leaf cells of Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus (Hedw.) Warnst. by means of transmission electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Cvtobios. 10: 45–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pakarinen, P. and K. Tolonen (1976). Regional survey of heavy metals in peat mosses (Sphagnum). Ambio. 5: 38–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Persson, H. (1956). Studies in ‘copper mosses’. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 17: 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, P. J., M. A. S. Burton, M. Gregson, S. M. Nye and E. K. Porter (1976). Tin in plants and surface waters in Malaysian ecosystems. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health—X (D. D. Hemphill (ed)), University of Columbia, Missouri, pp. 123–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, D. C. and I. L. Puia (1969). Mechanism for the uptake of zinc by Fontinalis antipyretica. Physiol. Plant. 22: 653–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilegaard, K. (1978). Airborne metals and S02 monitored by epiphytic lichens in an industrial area. Environ. Pollut. 17: 81–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poelt, J. and S. Huneck (1968). Lecanora vinetorum nova spec., ihre Vergesellschaftung, ihre Okologie und ihre Chemie. Osterr. Bot. Z. 115: 411–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puckett, K. J. (1974). The ecology and physiology of lichens with respect to atmospheric pollution. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, UK. 313 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puckett, K. J. (1976). The effect of heavy metals on some aspects of lichen physiology. Can. J. Bot. 54: 2695–703.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puckett, K. J. (1978). Element levels in lichens from the Northwest Territories. Report ARQA-56–78. Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puckett, K. J. and E. J. Finegan (1977). The use of multivariate techniques in the analysis of metal levels found in lichens. Report ARQA-52–77. Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puckett, K. J. and E. J. Finegan (1980). An analysis of the element content of lichens from the Northwest Territories, Canada. Can. J. Bot. 58: 2073–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puckett, K. J., E. Nieboer, M. J. Gorzynski and D. H. S. Richardson (1973). The uptake of metal ions by lichens: A modified ion-exchange process. New Phytol. 72: 329–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puckett, K. J., F. D. Tomassini, E. Nieboer and D.H.S. Richardson (1977). Potassium efflux by lichen thalli following exposure to aqueous sulphur dioxide. New Phytol. 79: 133–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyatt, F. B. (1976). Lichen ecology of metal spoil tips: Effects of metal ions on ascospore viability. Bryologist. 79: 172–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, L. (1977). Epiphytic bryophytes as indicators of the changes in the background levels of airborne metals from 1951–75. Environ. Pollut. 14: 37–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rastorfer, J. R. (1974). Element contents of three Alaskan-Arctic mosses. Ohio J. Science. 74: 55–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, D. N., G. Robitaille and F. Llanc (1977). Influence of heavy metal pollution on lichens and bryophytes. J. Hat tori Bot. Lab. 42: 213–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, S. and W. White (1976). Selected aquatic plants as indicator species for heavy metal pollution. J. Environ. Sci. Health. A11(12): 717–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, S. N. and W. J. White (1979). Equisetum arvense—An aquatic vascular plant as a biological monitor for heavy metal pollution. Chemosphere. 3: 125–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rejment-Grochowska, I. (1976). Concentration of heavy metals, lead, iron, manganese, zinc and copper in mosses. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 41: 225–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, D. H. S, E. Nieboer, P. Lavoie and D. Padovan (1979). The role of metal-ion binding in modifying the toxic effects of sulphur dioxide on the lichen Umbilicaria muhlenbergii. II. 14C fixation studies. New Phytol. 82: 633–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritter-Studnicka, H. and O. Klement (1968). Uber Flechtenarten und deren Gesellschaften auf Serpentin in Bosnien. Osterr. Bot. Z. 115: 93–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, T. M. and G. T. Goodman (1974). The persistence of heavy metals in soils and natural vegetation following closure of a smelter. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health—VIII (D. D. Hemphill (ed)), University of Columbia, Missouri, pp. 117–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, W. O., H. W. Lakin and L. E. Reichen (1947). The zinc content of plants on the Friedensville zinc slime ponds in relation to biogeochemical prospecting. Econ. Geology. 42: 572–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, I. S. (1975). Some effects of heavy metals on fungal cells. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 64: 175–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruhling, A. and G. Tyler (1970). Sorption and retention of heavy metals in the woodland moss Hvlocomium splendens (Hedw.) Br. et Sch. Oikos. 21: 92–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruhling, A. and G. Tyler (1971). Regional differences in the deposition of heavy metals over Scandinavia. J. Appi Ecol. 8: 497–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salmon, L., D. H. F. Atkins, R. Fisher, C. Healy and D. V. Law (1978). Retrospective trend analysis of the content of UK air particulate matter 1974–1975. Sci. Total Env. 9: 161–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schatz, A. (1955). Speculations on the ecology and photosynthesis of the ‘copper mosses’. Bryologist. 58: 113–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, M. L. and K. Kreeb (1975). Enzymatische Indikation gasgeschaedigter Flechten. Angew. Botanik. 49: 141–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schutte, J. A. (1976). The accumulation of chromium by two lichen species of the lichen genus Parmelia and the subsequent effects. Ph.D. Thesis, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schutte, J. A. (1977). Chromium in two corticolous lichens from Ohio and West Virginia. Bryologist. 77: 279–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scotter, G. W. and J. E. Miltimore (1973). Mineral content of forage plants from the reindeer preserve, Northwest Territories. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53: 263–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seaward, M. R. D. (1974). Some observations on heavy metal toxicity and tolerance in lichens. Lichenologist. 6: 158–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeley, G. R. (1966). The structure and chemistry of function groups. In: The Chlorophylls (C. P. Vernon and G.R. Seeley (eds)), Academic Press, New York, pp. 67–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sergy, G. (1978). Environmental distribution of cadmium in the Prairie Provinces and Northwest Territories. Economic and Technical Review Report EPS 3- NW-78–2, Environmental Protection Service, Fisheries and Environment Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shacklette, H. T. (1961). Substrate relationships of some bryophyte communities on Latouche Island, Alaska. Bryologist. 64: 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shacklette, H. T. (1965). Element content of bryophytes. US Geological Survey Bulletin, No. 1198-D.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shacklette, H. T. (1967). Copper mosses as indicators of metal concentrations. US Geological Survey Bulletin, No. 1198-G.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherbin, I. G. (1979). Mercury in the Canadian environment. Economic and Technical Review Report EPS 3-EC-79–6. Environmental Protection Service, Environment Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan, R. P. (1979). Impact of emissions from coal-fired electricity generating facilities on N2-fixing lichens. Bryologist. 82: 54–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimwell, D. W. and A. E. Laurie (1972). Lead and zinc contaminations of vegetation in the southern Pennines. Environ. Pollut. 3: 291–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simola, L. K. (1976). The effect of some heavy metals, and fluoride and arsenate ions on the growth and fine structure of Sphagnum fimbriatum in aseptic culture. In:Proceedings of the Kuopio Meeting on Plant Damages Caused by Air Pollution (L. Karenlampi (ed)), Kuopio, Finland, pp. 148–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simola, L. K. (1977). The effect of lead, cadmium, arsenate, and fluoride ions on the growth and fine structure of Sphagnum nemoreum in aseptic culture. Can. J. Bot. 55: 426–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skaar, H., E. Ophus and B. M. Gullvag(1973). Lead accumulation within nuclei of moss leaf cells. Nature. 241: 215–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solberg, Y. and A. R. Selmer-Olsen (1978). Studies on the chemistry of lichens and mosses. XVII. Mercury content of several lichen and moss species collected in Norway. Bryologist. 81: 144–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinnes, E. (1977). Atmospheric deposition of trace elements in Norway studied by means of moss analysis. Institute for Atomic Energy, Kjeller Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway. 13 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Syers, J. K., A. C. Birnie and B. D. Mitchell (1967). The calcium oxalate content of some lichens growing on limestone. Lichenologist. 3: 409–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomassini, F. D. (1976). The measurement of photosynthetic 14C fixation rates and potassium efflux to assess the sensitivity of lichens to sulphur dioxide and the adaptation of X-ray fluorescence to determine the elemental content in lichens. M.Sc. Thesis. Laurentian University. Sudbury, Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomassini, F. D., K. J. Puckett, E. Nieboer, D. H. S. Richardson and B. Grace (1976). Determination of copper, iron, nickel, and sulphur by X-ray fluorescence in lichens from the Mackenzie Valley, Northwest Territories and the Sudbury district, Ontario. Can. J. Bot. 54: 1591–1603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuominen, Y. (1967). Studies on the strontium uptake of th t ‘Cladonia alpestris’ thallus. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 4 1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. G. and C. Marshall (1971). The accumulation of 65Zn by root homogenates of zinc tolerance and non-tolerant clones of Agrostis tenuis Sibth. New Phytol. 70: 539–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. G. and C. Marshall (1972). The accumulation of zinc by subcellular fractions of roots of Agrostis tenuis Sibth., in relation to zinc tolerance. New Phytol. 71: 671–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Url, W. (1956). Uber Schwermetall-, zumal Kupferresistenz einiger Moose. Protoplasma. 46: 768–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, S. J. and P. J. Beckett (1975). Kinetic studies on the binding of zinc by the lichen Usnea florida (L.) Web. New Phytol. 75: 91–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallin, T. (1976). Deposition of airborne mercury from six Swedish chlor-alkali plants surveyed by moss analysis. Environ. Pollut. 10: 101–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, N. I., R. R. Brooks and E. Roberts (1977). Heavy metals in some New Zealand bryophytes. Bryologist. 80: 304–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetmore, C. M. (1970). The lichen family Heppiaceae in North America. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 57: 158–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, N. E. and R. R. Brooks (1969). Aquatic bryophytes as indicators of uranium mineralization. Bryologist. 72: 501–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirth, V. (1972). Die Silikatflechten-Gemeinschaften in ausseralpinen Zentraleuropa. Dissert. Bot. 17: 1–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirth, V. and R. Turk (1975). Zur SO2-Resistenz von Flechten verschiedener Wuchsform. Flora. 164: 133–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zitko, V., W. V. Carson and W. G. Carson (1975). Thallium: Occurrence in the environment and toxicity to fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13: 23–30.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada

    K. J. Puckett

Authors
  1. K. J. Puckett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. A. S. Burton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Liverpool Polytechnic, Liverpool, UK

    N. W. Lepp

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Applied Science Publishers Ltd

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Puckett, K.J., Burton, M.A.S. (1981). The Effect of Trace Elements on Lower Plants. In: Lepp, N.W. (eds) Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Plants. Pollution Monitoring Series, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8099-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8099-0_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-8101-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-8099-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation