Skip to main content

Randomness and Perceived-Randomness in Evolutionary Biology

  • Chapter
Conceptual Issues in Ecology
  • 211 Accesses

Abstract

In recent years we have seen a growth of interest in the concept of randomness among philosophers and mathematicians. Particularly interesting has been the development of new connections between the concept of computational complexity and the idea of the degree of randomness of a sequence as connected with the complexity of the simplest program capable of generating that sequence (Chaitan, 1975).

Article Note

Many of the perspectives in this paper are reflections of views which are now common among evolutionary biologists. I have only differed, and perhaps erred, by advocating their more general applicability to scientific and epistemological matters. In any case, I have been fortunate over the years for frequent discussions with Richard Levins, Richard Lewontin, Donald Campbell and Ross Kiester which have contributed to these formulations of, and extrapolations upon their ideas. Discussion with Daniel Goodman, David McCauley, Abner Shimony, Herbert Simon, and Elliot Sober have also been particularly useful. This work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation, #SOC78-07310 Research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen, T. F. H. (1977): ‘Scale in Microscopic Algal Ecology: A Neglected Dimension,’ Phycologia 16, 253–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, David F., et al. (1972): Robust Estimates of Location: Survey and Advances, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, R. (1972): ‘Determinism Laws and Predictability in Principle,’ Philosophy of Science 39, 431–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Donald T. (1958): ‘Common Fate, Similarity and Other Indices of the Status of Aggregates of Persons as Social Entities,’ Behavioral Science 3, 16–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Donald T. (1966): ‘Pattern-Matching as an Essential in Distal Knowing’ in Kenneth R. Hammond, ed. The Psychology of Egon Brunswick. Holt, Reinhart and Winston, New York, pp. 81–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Donald T . (1974): ‘Evolutionary Epistemology’ in P. A. Schilpp, ed. The Philosophy of Karl Popper, Open Court, LaSalle, Vol. 1, pp. 413–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Donald T . (1977): ‘Descriptive Epistemology: Psychological, Sociological, and Evolutionary,’ The William James Lectures, Harvard, Spring, 1977, unpublished ms.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Donald T. and Donald Fiske (1959): ‘Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multi-Trait Multi-Method Matrix,’ Psychological Bulletin 56, 81–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaitan, Gregory J. (1975): ‘Randomness and Mathematical Proof,’ Scientific American 232, #5, pp. 47–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crow, James F. and Motoo Kimura (1970): An Introduction to Population Genetic Theory, Harper and Row, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, John A. (1976): ‘The Maunder Minimum,’ Science 192, no. 4245 (June 18), 1189–1202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, John A. (1977): ‘The Case of the Missing Sunspots,’ Scientific American 236 (May), 80–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feynman, Richard P . (1965): The Character of Physical Law, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glymour, Clark (1980): Theory and Evidence, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, Daniel (1975): ‘The Theory of Diversity-Stability Relationships in Ecology,’ Quarterly Review of Biology 50, 237–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hassell, M. P. (1975): ‘Density Dependence in Single-Species Populations,’ Journal of Animal Ecology 44, 283–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hassell, M. P . (1978): The Dynamics of Arthropod Predator-Prey Systems, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassell, Michael P., J. H. Lawton and R. M. May (1976): ‘Patterns of Dynamical Behavior in Single-Species Populations,’ Journal of Animal Ecology 45, 471–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, G. E. (1964): ‘The Influence of the Environment,’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 51, 930–934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiester, A. Ross (1977): ‘Communication in Amphibians and Reptiles,’ Chapter 21 of T. A. Sebeok, ed. How Animals Communicate, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 519–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiester, A. Ross (1980): ‘Natural Kinds, Natural History, and Ecology,’ Synthese 43, 331–342. Reprinted in the present collection.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. (1978): ‘Supervenience and Nomological Incommensurables,’ American Philosophical Quarterly 15, 149–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levins, Richard (1966): ‘The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology,’ American Scientist 54, 421–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levins, Richard (1968): Evolution in Changing Environments, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levins, Richard (1970): ‘Complex Systems’ in C.H. Waddington, ed. Towards a Theoretical Biology, v. 3, University of Edinburgh Press, Edinburgh, pp. 81–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levins, Richard (1974): ‘The Qualitative Analysis of Partially Specified Systems,’ Annals of the N.Y. Academy of Sciences 231, 123–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levins, Richard (1975): ‘Evolution in Communities Near Equilibrium’ in M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, eds., Ecology and Evolution of Communities, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 16–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levins, Richard and R. C. Lewontin (1980): ‘Dialectics and Reductionism in Ecology,’ Synthese 43, 47–78. Reprinted in the present collection.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewontin, Richard C. (1961): ‘Evolution and the Theory of Games,’ Journal for Theoretical Biology 1, 382–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewontin, Richard C. (1966): ‘Is Nature Probable or Capricious?,’ Bioscience 16, 25–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewontin, Richard C. (1970): The Units of Selection,’ Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1, 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewontin, Richard C . (1974): The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change, Columbia University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewontin, Richard C. and L. C. Dunn (1960): ‘The Evolutionary Dynamics of a Polymorphism in the House Mouse,’ Genetics 45, 705–722.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, Monte and H. Dybas (1966): ‘The Periodical Cicada Problem-II: Evolution,’ Evolution 20, 466–505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • May, Robert (1974): ‘Biological Populations with Non-overlapping Generations: Stable Points, Stable Cycles, and Chaos,’ Science 186, 645–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • May, Robert M. (1976): ‘Simple Mathematical Models with Very Complicated Dynamics,’ Nature 261, 459–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • May, Robert M. and G. F. Oster (1976): ‘Bifurcations and Dynamic Complexity in Simple Ecological Models,’ American Naturalist 110, 573–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCauley, David E . (1979): ‘The Properties of Tribolium and Drosophila Populations Reared with Discrete Generations.’ Unpublished manuscript, Department of Biology, University of Chicago, submitted to Ecologia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, Alex (1978): The Supervenience of Biological Concepts,’ Philosophy of Science 45, 368–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roughgarden, Jonathan (1979): Theory of Population Genetics and Evolutionary Ecology: An Introduction, Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimony, Abner (1970): ‘Statistical Inference’ in R.G. Colodny, ed. The Nature and Function of Scientific Theories, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, pp. 79–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimony, Abner (1971): ‘Perception from an Evolutionary Point of View,’ Journal of Philosophy 68, 571–583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, Herbert A . (1957): ‘A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice’ in H. A. Simon, Models of Man, Wiley, New York, pp. 241–256. See also introduction to part IV, pp. 196–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, Herbert A. (1969): The Sciences of the Artificial, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slobodkin, L. B . (1968): Towards a Predictive Theory of Evolution’ in R. C. Lewontin, ed. Population Biology and Evolution, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strobeck, Curtis (1975): ‘Selection in a Fine-Grained Environment,’ American Naturalist 109, 419–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Templeton, Alan R. and E. D. Rothman (1974): ‘Evolution in Heterogeneous Environments,’ American Naturalist 108, 409–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thom, Rene (1972): Structural Stability and Morphogenesis (English edition, 1975 ), Benjamin, Reading, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tversky, A. and D. Kahnman (1974): ‘Decision under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases,’ Science 185, 1124–1131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, Michael J. (1978): ‘A Critical Review of the Models of Group Selection,’ Quarterly Review of Biology 53, 101–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, Harvey M. (1975): Principles of Operations Research, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, George C . (1966): Adaptation and Natural Selection, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. O. and W. H. Bossert (1971): A Primer of Population Biology, Sinauer, Stamford, Conn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimsatt, W. C. (1974): ‘Complexity and Organization,’ in PSA-1972 (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, v. XX ), edited by K. F. Schaffner and R. S. Cohen, Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 67–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimsatt, William C . (1976a): ‘Reductionism, Levels of Organization, and the Mind- Body Problem,’ in G. G. Globus, G. Maxwell, and I. Savodnik, eds. Consciousness and the Brain: Scientific and Philosophical Strategies, Plenum, New York, pp. 199–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimsatt, William C. (1976b): ‘Reductive Explanation: A Functional Account’ in C. A. Hooker, G. Pearce, A. C. Michalos and J. W. van Evra, eds. PSA-1974 (Proceedings of the 1974 Philosophy of Science Association Meetings), Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, v. 32, Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 671–710.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimsatt, William C . (1977): ‘Robustness, Reliability and Overdetermination in Science,’ NSF Grant Proposal available from author, Department of Philosophy, University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimsatt, W. C . (1978): ‘Reduction and Reductionism,’ in Current Problems in Philosophy of Science, edited by H. Kyburg, Jr. and P. D. Asquith, Philosophy of Science Association, East Lansing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimsatt, William C . (1980a): ‘Reductionistic Research Strategies and their Biases in the Units of Selection Controversy,’ Thomas Nickles (ed.), Scientific Discovery: Case Studies, Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 213–259. Reprinted in the present collection.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimsatt, William C. (1980b): ‘Robustness and Functional Localization: Heuristics for Determining the Boundaries of Systems and their Biases,’ in M. Brewer and B. Collins (eds.), Knowing and Validating in the Social Sciences: A Tribute to Donald T. Campbell, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wimsatt, W.C. (1982). Randomness and Perceived-Randomness in Evolutionary Biology. In: Saarinen, E. (eds) Conceptual Issues in Ecology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7796-9_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7796-9_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-277-1391-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-7796-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics