Abstract
This article continues where section VIII of Chapter 4 leaves off. The article is filled with psychopharmacological predictions, some of which have since been confirmed. Others still need to be tested. The article follows the conceptual path forced by the synchronization problem. It leads to a reinforcement theory whose network realizations define explicit drive, reinforcement, and incentive motivational concepts.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
N. E. Andén, A. Carlsson and J. Häggendal, Adrenergic Mechanisms, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. (H. W. Elliott, W. C. Cutting and R. H. Dreisbach eds.) 9,119–134 (1969).
Z. Annau and L. J. Kamin, The conditioned emotional response as a function of intensity of the US, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 54, 428–432 (1961).
A. B. Ashton, S. C. Bitgood and J. W. Moore, Auditory differential conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response: III. Effects of US shock intensity and duration, Psychonomic Sci. 15, 127–128 (1969).
B. Berger, D. L. Margules and L. Stein, Prevention of learning of fear by oxazepam and scopolamine. Amer. Psychol. 22, 492 (1967).
F. E. Bloom and N. J. Giarman, Physiological and Pharmacological Considerations of Biogenic Amines in the Nervous System, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. (H. W. Elliott, W. C. Cutting and R. H. Dreisbach, eds.) 8, 229–258 (1968).
E. E. Boe, Effect of punishment duration and intensity on the extinction of an instrumental response. J. Exptl. Psychol. 72, 125–131 (1966).
Z. Bohdanecky and M. E. Jarvik, Impairment of one-trial passive avoidance learning in mice by scopolamine, scopolamine methylbromide, and physostigmine, Intern. J Neuropharmacol. 6, 217–222 (1967).
J. J. Boren, M. Sidman and R. J. Herrnstein, Avoidance, escape and extinction as functions of shock intensity. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 52, 420–425 (1959).
G. Borozci, L. H. Storms and W. E. Broen, Response suppression and recovery of responding at different deprivation levels as functions of intensity and duration of punishment. J Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 58, 456–459 (1964).
O. Buresova, J. Bures, Z. Bohdanecky and T. Weiss, Effect of atropine on learning, extinction, retention and retrieval in rats. Psychopharmacologia 5, 255–263 (1964).
P. L. Carlton, Brain-acetylcholine and inhibition, in Reinforcement and Behavior ( J. T. Tapp, ed.), Academic Press, New York (1969).
B. A. Campbell, Interaction of aversive stimuli: Summation on inhibition? J Exptl. Psychol. 78, 181–190 (1968).
R. M. Church, Response suppression, in Punishment and Aversive Behavior ( B. A. Campbell and R. M. Church, eds.), Appleton, New York (1969).
R. M. Church, G. A. Raymond and R. D. Beauchamp, Response suppression as a function of intensity and duration of punishment. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 63, 39–44 (1967).
V. C. Cox and E. S. Valenstein, Attenuation of aversive properties of peripheral shock by hypothalamic stimulation. Science 149, 323–325 (1965).
V. C. Cox and E. S. Valenstein, Effects of stimulus intensity on behavior elicited by hypothalamic stimulation, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 69, 730–733 (1969).
M. R. D’Amato, J. Fazzaro and M. Etkin, Discriminated bar-press avoidance maintenance and extinction in rats as a function of shock intensity. J. Comp. Physiol, Psychol 63, 351–354.
S. S. Fox, Self-maintained sensory input and sensory deprivation in monkeys: A behavioral and neuropharmacological study, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 55, 438–444 (1962).
K. Fuxe, T. Hökfelt, and U. Ungerstedt, Morphological and functional Aspects of Central Monoamine Neurons, in Intern. Rev. Neurobiol. (C. C. Pfeiffer and J. R. Symythies, eds.) 13, 93–126. Academic Press, New York (1970).
W. J. Gardner, J. C. R. Licklider and A. Z. Weisz, Suppression of pain by sound. Science 132, 32–33 (1961).
S. P. Grossman, The VMH: a center for affective reactions, satiety, or both? Physiol. Behavior 1, 1–10 (1966).
S. Grossberg, Embedding fields: A theory of learning with physiological implications. J. Math. Psychol 6, 209–239 (1969).
S. Grossberg, On learning, information, lateral inhibition, and transmitters, Math. Biosci. 4, 255–310 (1969).
S. Grossberg, On the production and release of chemical transmitters and related topics in cellular control, J. Theoret. Biol. 22, 325–364 (1969).
S. Grossberg, Neural pattern discrimination. J. Theoret. Biol. 27, 291–337 (1970).
S. Grossberg, Embedding Fields: Underlying philosophy, mathematics, and applications to psychology, physiology, and anatomy, J. Cybernet. 1, 28–50 (1971).
S. Grossberg, On the dynamics of operant conditioning. J. Theoret. Biol. 33, 225–255 (1971).
S. Grossberg, Neural expectation: Cerebellar and retinal analogs of cells fired by learnable or unlearned pattern classes, Kybernetik (1972).
S. Grossberg, A neural theory of punishment and avoidance, I, Qualitative theory, Math. Biosci 15, 39–68 (1972).
S. Grossberg and J. Pepe, Schizophrenia: Possible dependence of associational span, bowing, and primacy vs. recency on spiking threshold, Behav. Sci. 15, 359–362 (1970).
S. Grossberg and J. Pepe, Spiking threshold and overarousal effects in serial learning, J. Statist. Phys. 1, 319–350 (1971).
J. A. Harvey and C. E. Lints, Lesions in the medial forebrain bundle: Delayed effects on sensitivity to electric shock, Science 148, 250–251 (1965).
R. H. Haude, Effects of scopolamine on discriminated responding in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 126, 349–358 (1959).
D. O. Hebb, Drives and the CNS (conceptual nervous system), Psychol. Rev. 62, 243–254 (1955).
F. W. Huff, T. P. Piantanida and G. L. Morris, Free operant avoidance responding as a function of serially presented variations in UCS intensity, Psychonomic Sci. 8, 111–112(1967).
J. L. Johnson and R. M. Church, Effects of shock intensity on nondiscriminative avoidance learning of rats in a shuttlebox, Psychonomic Sci., 3, 497–498 (1965).
L. J. Kamin, C. J. Brimer and A. H. Black, Conditioned suppression as a monitor of fear in the course of avoidance training. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 56, 497–501 (1963).
J. D. Keehn, Effect of shock duration on Sidman avoidance response rates, Psychol. Repts, 13, 852 (1963).
K. A. Khavari, Effects of central versus intraperitoneal d-amphetamine administration on learned behavior, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol 68, 226–234 (1969).
K. A. Khavari, Adrenergic-cholinergic involvement in modulation of learned behavior, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 74, 284–291 (1971).
J. Kopa, I. Szabó and E. Grastyán, A dual behavioral effect from stimulating the same thalamic point with identical stimulus parameters in different conditional reflex situations, Acta Physiol. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae (Budapest), 21, 207–214 (1962).
C. Kornetsky and M. Eliasson, Reticular stimulation and chlorpromazine: an animal model for schizophrenic overarousal, Science 165, 1273–1274 (1969).
D. Macht, A pharmacodynamic analysis OF the cerebral effects of atropin, homatropin, scopolamin and related drugs, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 22, 35–48 (1923).
D. L. Margules and L. Stein, Neuroleptics vs. tranquillizers: Evidence from animal behavior studies of mode and site of action, in Neuropsychopharmacology (H. Brill, ed.), International Congress Series No. 129. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam (1967).
L. K. Martin and D. Reiss, Effects of US intensity during previous discrete delay conditioning on conditioned acceleration during avoidance conditioning, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 69, 196–200 (1969).
W. R. Miles, Hyoscine vs. alcohol: Effect on the behavior of rats in the elevated maze, Proc. 9th Intern. Congr. Psychol. (1929), pp. 309–310.
N. E. Miller, Learning resistance to pain and fear: Effects of overlearning, exposure, and rewarded exposure in context, J. Exptl. Psychol 60, 137–145 (1960).
A. K. Myers, Effects of continuous loud noise during instrumental shock-escape conditioning, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol 68, 617–622 (1969).
W. J. H. Nauta and W. Haymaker, Hypothalamic nuclei and fiber connections, in The Hypothalamus (W. Haymaker, E. Anderson and W. J. H. Nauta, eds.), C. C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois (1969).
J. Olds, A. Yuwiler, M. E. Olds and C. Yun, Neurohumors in hypothalamic sub-states of reward, Amer. J. Physiol 207, 242–254 (1964).
M. I. Phillips and P. B. Bradley, Reticular stimulation and chlorpromazine, Science 168, 1122–1123 (1970).
D. Reiss, Sidman avoidance in rats as a function of shock intensity and duration, J. Comp. Physiol Psychol 73, 481–485 (1970).
J. Sepinwall, Enhancement and impairment of avoidance behavior by chemical stimulation of the hypothalamus, J. Comp. Physiol Psychol 68, 393–399 (1969).
J. Sepinwall and F. S. Grodsky, Effects of cholinergic stimulation of the rat hypothalamus or cholinergic blockade on discrete-trial conflict. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Washington, April (1968).
M. H. Sheard, J. B. Appel, D. X. Freedman, J. Psychiat. Res. 5, 237–242 (1967).
C. D. Shute and P. R. Lewis, Cholinergic and monoaminergic pathways in the hypothalamus, Brit. Med. Bull 22, 221–226 (1966).
L. Stein, Noradrenergic substrates f positive reinforcements: Site of motivational action of amphetamine and chlorpromazine, in Neuropsychopharmacology (H. Brill et al., eds.), Excerpta Med. Foundation, Amsterdam (1967).
A. Strouthes, Effect of CS-onset, UCS-termination delay, UCS duration, CS-onset interval, and number of CS-UCS pairings on conditioned fear response. J. Exptl Psychol 69, 287–291 (1965).
R. F. Thompson, Foundations of Physiological Psychology, Harper, New York (1967).
N. Weiner, Regulation of norepinephrine biosynthesis, in Ann. Rev. Pharmacol (N. W. Elliott, W. C. Cutting, and R. H. Dreisbach, eds.) 10, 273–290 (1970).
B. Weiss and V. G. Laties, Behavioral Pharmacology and Toxicology, in Ann. Rev. Pharmacol (H. W. Elliott, W. C. Cutting and R. H. Dreisbach, eds.), 9, 297–326 (1969).
C. Wise and L. Stein, Facilitation of brain self-stimulation by central administration of norepinephrine, Science 163, 299–301 (1969).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Grossberg, S. (1982). A Neural Theory of Punishment and Avoidance, II: Quantitative Theory. In: Studies of Mind and Brain. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol 70. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7758-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7758-7_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-277-1360-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-7758-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive