Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pressure-Flow Relations of Arterial System and Heart

  • Chapter
Biomechanics: Principles and Applications

Part of the book series: Developments in Biomechanics ((DEBI,volume 1))

  • 272 Accesses

Abstract

The purpose of the cardiovascular system is to transport blood and with it metabolites and waste products, to and from the cells. This blood flow is intimately related to pressure. Flow and pressure in the ascending aorta are the result of the pumping action of the heart and the load on the heart i.e. the arterial tree. To understand how pressure and flow are generated it is necessary to understand both subsystems in quantitative terms. The purpose of this report is to discuss these two systems in terms of pressure-flow relations. I will try to discuss what is and what is not known about pressure-flow relations of the arterial tree and the heart. Finally I will try to indicate how both systems should be linked.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Westerhof N, Murgo JP, Sipkema P, Giolma JP, Elzinga G. 1979. Arterial impedance. In: Quantitative cardiovascular studies. (Eds. Hwang NHC, Gross DR, Patel, DJ) Univ. Park Press, Baltimore, pp 111–150

    Google Scholar 

  2. McDonald DA. 1974. Blood flow in arteries. Arnold Ltd, London

    Google Scholar 

  3. Murgo JP, Westerhof N, Giolma JP, Altobelli SA. 1980. Aortic input impedance in normal man: Relationship to pressure wave forms. Circulation 62: 105–116

    Google Scholar 

  4. Randall OS, Westerhof N. Van den Bos GC, Sipkema P. 1981. Production of chronic heart block in closed-chest dogs: an improved technique. Am J Physiol 24: H279 - H282

    Google Scholar 

  5. Gabe IT, Karnell J, Porjé IG, Rudewald B. 1964. The measurement of input impedance and apparent phase velocity in the human aorta. Acta Physiol Scand 61: 73–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Patel DJ, Austen WG, Greenfield JC. 1964. Impedance of certain large blood vessels in man. Ann NY Acad Sci 115: 1129–1139

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bergel DH, Milnor WR, 1966. Pulmonary vascular impedance in the dog. Circ Res 16: 401–415

    Google Scholar 

  8. Noble MIM, Gabe IT, Trenchard D, Guz A. 1967. Blood pressure and flow in the ascending aorta of conscious dogs. Cardiovasc Res 1: 9–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. O’Rourke MF, Taylor MG. 1967. Input impedance of the systemic circulation. Circ Res 20: 365–380

    Google Scholar 

  10. Avolio AP, O’Rourke MF, Mang K, Bason PT, Gow BS. 1976. A comparative study of pulsatile arterial hemodynamics in rabbits and guinea pigs. Am J Physiol 230: 868–875

    Google Scholar 

  11. Westerhof N, Elzinga G, van den Bos GC. 1973. Influence of central and peripheral changes on the hydraulic input impedance of the systemic arterial tree. Med Biol Eng 11: 710–723

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Nichols WW, Conti CR, Walker WE, Milnor WR. 1977. Input impedance of the systemic circulation in man. Circ Res 40: 451–458

    Google Scholar 

  13. Pepine CJ, Nichols WW, Conti CR. 1978. Aortic input impedance in heart failure. Circulation 58: 460–465

    Google Scholar 

  14. Murgo JP, Westerhof N, Giolma JP, Altobelli SA. 1981. Manipulation of ascending aortic pressure and flow wave reflection with the Valsalva Maneuver: Relationship to input impedance. Circulation 63: 122–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Murgo JP, Westerhof N, Giolma JP, Altobelli SA. 1981. Effects of exercise on aortic input impedance and pressure wave forms in normal humans. Circ Res 48: 334–343

    Google Scholar 

  16. Noble MIM. 1979. The cardiac cycle. Blackwell, Oxford, London

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gessner U. 1972. Vascular input impedance. In: Cardiovascular fluid dynamics (Ed. Bergel DH ) pp 313–348. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  18. Elzinga G, Westerhof N. 1973. Pressure and flow generated by the left ventricle against different impedances. Circ Res 32: 178–186

    Google Scholar 

  19. Sagawa K, Eisner A. 1975. Static pressure-flow relation in the total systemic vascular bed of the dog and its modification by the baroreceptor reflex. Circ Res 36: 406–413

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bellamy R. 1980. Calculation of coronary vascular resistance. Cardiovasc Res 14: 261–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Sipkema P, Westerhof N. 1981. Peripheral resistance and low frequency impedance of the femoral bed. In: Cardiovascular system dynamics: models and measurements (Eds. Hinghofer-Szalkay H and Kenner T) Plenum Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  22. Dick DE, Kendrick JE, Matson GL, Rideout VC. 1968. A measurement of non-linearity in the arterial system of the dog. Circ Res 22: 101–111

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bergel DH. 1960. Viscoelastic properties of the arterial wall. Thesis, University of London

    Google Scholar 

  24. Gow BS. 1972. Influence of vascular smooth muscle on the viscoelastic properties of blood vessels. In: Cardiovascular fluid dynamics (Ed. Bergel DH ) pp 65–110. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  25. Cox RH. 1975. Pressure dependence of the mechanical properties of arteries in vivo. Am J Physiol 229: 1371–1375

    Google Scholar 

  26. Van den Bos GC, Randall OS, Westerhof N. Blood pressure and cardiac output during decreased arterial compliance. J Physiol 317: 68P–69P

    Google Scholar 

  27. Elzinga G, Westerhof N. 1979. How to quantify pump function of the heart. The value of variables derived from measurements on isolated muscle. Circ Res 44: 303–308

    Google Scholar 

  28. Elzinga G, Westerhof N. 1974. End-diastolic volume and source impedance of the heart. In: The physiological basis of Starling’s law of the heart. Ciba Foundation Symposium 24: 241–255. Elsevier/ Excerpta Medica/ North-Holland, Amsterdam, London, New York

    Google Scholar 

  29. Elzinga G, Westerhof N, 1980. Pump function of the feline left heart; changes with heart rate and its bearing to the energy balance. Cardiovasc Res 14: 81–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Elzinga G, Westerhof N, 1980. Pump function of the feline left heart; changes with heart rate and its bearing to the energy balance. Cardiovasc Res 14: 81–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Elzinga G, Westerhof N. 1981. “Pressure-volume” relations in isolated cat trabeculae. Circ Res 49: 388–394

    Google Scholar 

  32. Elzinga G, Westerhof N. 1982. Isolated cat trabeculae in a simulated feline heart and arterial system: contractile basis of cardiac pump function. Submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Suga H, Sagawa K, Denier L. 1980. Determinants of instantaneous pressure in canine left ventricle: Time and volume specification. Circ Res 46: 256–263

    Google Scholar 

  34. Suga H, Sagawa K. 1974. Instantaneous pressure-volume relationship and their ratio of the excised and supported canine left ventricle. Circ Res 35: 117–126

    Google Scholar 

  35. Westerhof N, Elzinga G. 1978. The apparent source resistance of heart and muscle. Ann Biomed Eng 6: 16–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Wilcken DEL, Charlier AA, Hoffman JIE, Guz A. 1964. Effects of alterations in aortic impedance on the performance of the ventricles. Circ Res 14: 283–293

    Google Scholar 

  37. Piene H, Sund T. 1979. Flow and power output of right ventricle facing load with variable input impedance. Am J Physiol 237: H125 - H130

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lab. of Physics, Free Univ. of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    N. Westerhof

Authors
  1. N. Westerhof
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Rik Huiskes

  2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Twente University of Technology, The Netherlands

    Dick H. van Campen

  3. Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Joost R. de Wijn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, Boston, London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Westerhof, N. (1982). Pressure-Flow Relations of Arterial System and Heart. In: Huiskes, R., van Campen, D.H., de Wijn, J.R. (eds) Biomechanics: Principles and Applications. Developments in Biomechanics, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7678-8_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7678-8_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-7680-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-7678-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation