Abstract
Azolla is a water fern widely distributed in aquatic habitats like ponds, canals, and paddies in temperate and tropical regions. This plant has been of interest to botanists and Asian agronomists because of its symbiotic association with a N2-fixing blue-green alga and rapid growth in nitrogen-deficient habitats.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahmad, Ghias-ud-din. 1941 Effect of light intensity and temperatures on the growth of Azolla filiculoides. J. Indian Bot. 20, 213–226.
Ashton, P.J. 1974 Effect of some environmental factors on the growth of Azolla filiculoides Lam. In: Orange River Progress Report, pp. 124–138. Inst. for Environmental Sci., Univ. O.F.S. Bloemfontein, South Africa.
Ashton, P.J. 1977 Factors affecting the growth and development of Azolla filiculoides Lam. In: Proc. Second Natl. Weed Conf. South Africa, Cape Town, pp. 249–268.
Becking, J.H. 1979 Environmental requirements of Azolla for use in tropical rice production. In: Nitrogen and Rice, pp. 345–373. Int. Rice Res. Inst.
Buckingham, K., Ela, S.W., Morris, J.G. and Goldman, C.R. 1978 Nutritive value of nitrogen-fixing aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 26, 1230–1234.
Dao, T.T. and Do, A. 1970 A few ideas on equating different kinds of nitrogenous fertilizer with pure nitrogen. Agric. Sci. Technol. Vietnam 93: 168–174 (in Vietnamese).
Fjerdingstad, E. 1976 Anabaena variabilis, status azollae. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 49. Algol Studies 17, 377–381.
Fosberg, F.R. 1942 Use of Hawaiian ferns. Am. Fern. J. 32, 15–23.
Fujiwara, A., Tsuboi, I. and Yoshida, F. 1947 Atmospheric N2 -fixing activity of Azolla. Nogaku 1, 361–363 (in Japanese).
Godfrey, R.K., Reinert, G.W. and Houk, R.D. 1961 Observations of microscopic material of Azolla caroliniana. Am. Fern. J. 51, 89–92.
Gopal, B. 1967 Contribution of Azolla pinnata R. Br. to the productivity of temporary ponds at Varanasi. Trop. Ecol. 8, 126–129.
Hill, D.J. 1975 The pattern of development of Anabaena in the AzollaAnabaena symbiosis. Planta 122, 179–184.
Hill, D.J. 1977 The role of Anabaena in the Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis. New Phytol. 78, 611–616.
Hills, L.V. and Gopal, B. 1967 Azolla primaeva and its phylogenetic significance. Can. J. Bot. 45, 1179–1191.
International Rice Research Institute. 1979 International Bibliography on Azolla, 66 pp.
Johnson, G.V., Mayeux, P.A. and Evans, H.J. 1966 A cobalt requirement for symbiotic growth of Azolla filiculoides in the absence of combined nitrogen. Plant Physiol. 41, 852–855.
Konar, R.N. and Kapoor, R.K. 1972 Anatomical studies on Azolla pinnata. Phytomorphology 22, 211–233.
Liu, C.C. 1979 Use of Azolla in rice production in China. In: Nitrogen and Rice, pp. 375–394. Int. Rice Res. Inst.
Lumpkin, T.A. and Plucknett, D.A. 1980 Azolla: botany, physiology and use as a green manure. Economic Bot. 34, 111–153.
Moore, A.W. 1969 Azolla: biology and agronomic significance. Bot. Rev. 35, 17–34.
Nguyen Cong Tieu. 1930 The Azolla plant cultivated for use as a green fertilizer. Bull. Econ. Indochine 33, 335–350 (in French).
Nutman, P.S. 1976 IBP field experiments on nitrogen fixation by nodulated legumes. In: Symbiotic nitrogen fixation, pp. 211–237. Nutman, P.S. (ed.), Cambridge Univ. Press.
Peters, G.A. 1975 The Azolla-Anabaena azollae relationship III. Studies on metabolic capabilities and a further characterization of the symbiont. Arch. Microbiol. 103, 113–122.
Peters, G.A. and Mayne, B.C. 1974 The Azolla-Anabaena azollae relationship II. Localization of nitrogen fixing activity as assayed by acetylene reduction. Plant Physiol. 53, 820–824.
Peters, G.A., Toia, Jr. R.E. and Lough, S.M. 1977 The Azolla-Anabaena azollae relationship V. 15N2 fixation, acetylene reduction and H2 production. Plant Physiol. 59, 1021–1025.
Peters, G.A., Toia, Jr., R.E., Raveed, D. and Levine, N.J. 1978 The Azolla Anabaena azollae relationship VI. Morphological aspects of the association. New Phytol. 80, 583–593.
Peters, G.A., Mayne, B.C., Ray, T.B. and Toia, Jr., R.E. 1979 Physiology and biochemistry of the Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis. In: Nitrogen and Rice. pp. 325–343. Int. Rice Res. Inst.
Peters, G.A., Ray, T.B., Mayne, B.C. and Toia, Jr., R.E. 1980 AzollaAnabaena association: morphological and physiological studies. In: Nitrogen fixation, Vol. 2, pp. 293–309. Newton, W.E. and Orme-Johnson, H.H. (eds.), Univ. Park Press, Baltimore.
Peters, G.A., Toia, Jr., R.E., Evans, W.R., Christ, D.K., Mayne, B.C. and Poole, R.E. 1980 Characterization and comparisons of five N2 -fixing AzollaAnabaena associations. I. Optimization on growth conditions for biomass increase and N content in a controlled environment. Plant Cell Env. 3, 261–269.
Rains, D.W. and Talley, S.N. 1979 Use of Azolla in north America. In: Nitrogen and Rice, pp. 419–433. Int. Rice Res. Inst.
Roger, P.A. and Reynaud, P.A. 1979 Premières données dur l’écologie d’Azolla africana en zone Sahelienne. Oecol. Plant. 14(1), 75–84.
Shahjahan, A.K.M., Miah, S.A., Nahar, M.A. and Majid, M.A. 1980 Fungi attack azolla in Bangladesh. Int. Rice Res. Newsletter (IRRI): 5(1), 17–18.
Shen, Z.H., Leu, S.E., Chen, K.Z. and Gi, S.A. 1963 A preliminary study of the nitrogen fixation of Azolla pinnata. Turang Tongbao (Pedology Bulletin) Peking 4, 45–48 (in Chinese).
Singh, P.K. 1979 Use of Azolla in rice production in India. In: Nitrogen and Rice, pp. 407–418. Int. Rice Res. Inst.
Subudhi, B.P.R. and Watanabe, I. 1979 Minimum level of phosphate in water for growth of Azolla determined by continuous flow culture. Curr. Sci. 48, 1065–1066.
Subudhi, B.P.R. and Singh, P.K. 1978 Nutritive value of the water fern Azolla pinnata for chicks. Poult. Sci. 57, 378–380.
Talley, S.N., Talley, B.J. and Rains, D.W. 1977 Nitrogen fixation by Azolla in rice fields. In: Genetic Engineering in Nitrogen Fixation, pp. 259–281. Hollander, A. (ed.), Plenum Pub. Co.
Talley, S.N. and Rains, D.W. 1980 Azolla as a nitrogen source for temperate rice. In: Nitrogen Fixation, Vol. 2, pp. 311–320. Newton, W.E. and Orme-Johnson, W.H. (eds.), Univ. Park Press.
Talley, S.N. and Rains, D.W. 1980 Azolla filiculoides Lam as a fallow season green manure for rice in a temperate climate. Agron. J. 72, 11–18.
Tran, Q.T. and Dao, T.T. 1973 Azolla a green compost. Vietnamese studies, Agric, Problem 38, 119–127.
Tuzimura, K., Ikeda, F. and Tukamoto, K. 1957 Azolla imbricata as a green manure for rice. Nippon Dojo Hiryo Gaku Zasshi (J. Sci. Soil Manure) 28, 275–278 (in Japanese).
Watanabe, I. 1978 Azolla and its use in lowland rice culture. Tsuchi to Biseibutsu (Soil and Microbes), Tokyo 20, 1–10.
Watanabe, I., Espinas, C.R., Berja, N.S. and Alimagno, B.V. 1977 Utilization of the Azolla—Anabaena complex as nitrogen fertilizer for rice. Int. Rice Res. Paper Ser. No. 11.
Watanabe, I., Berja, N.S., Rosario, D.C. del 1980 Growth of Azolla in paddy field as affected by phosphorus fertilizer. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 26, 301–307.
Yatazawa, M., Tomomatsu, N., Hosoda, N., Nunome, K. 1980 Nitrogen fixation in Azolla—Anabaena symbiosis as affected by mineral nutrient status. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 26, 415–426.
Yu, L.H. 1979 Preliminary observations on sexual reproduction of Azolla. Zhejiang Nongye Kexue, No. 4, 19–22 (in Chinese).
Zhejiang Academy Agric. Sci. 1975 Cultivation, propagation and utilization of Azolla. Agriculture Publ. Beijing, 127 pp. (in Chinese).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague/Boston/London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Watanabe, I. (1982). Azolla—Anabaena symbiosis — its physiology and use in tropical agriculture. In: Dommergues, Y.R., Diem, H.G. (eds) Microbiology of Tropical Soils and Plant Productivity. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7529-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7529-3_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-7531-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-7529-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive