Skip to main content

Spin Label and Spin Probe Studies of Synthetic Polymers

  • Chapter

Summary

Stable nitroxide radicals are now widely employed as spin labels and spin probes for studies of the relaxations and dynamics of synthetic polymers. For the spin label experiment the nitroxide radical is covalently bound to the polymer chain and for the spin probe experiment a small nitroxide molecule is dispersed in the polymer matrix. Methods of preparing spin probes and spin labelled polymers are reviewed briefly in this chapter. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of the probed or labelled polymers are sensitive to motions in the time regime 10−3−10−11 s and methods for extracting this information are described. The scope and limitations of the spin label and probe techniques are illustrated by reference to published work on synthetic polymers in bulk and in solution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Stone, T. J., Buckman, T., Nordio, P. L. and McConnell, H. M., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US, 1965, 54, 1010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. See, for example, (a) McGaffney, B. J., in: Spin Labelling: Theory and Applications, L. J. Berliner, Ed., 1974, Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  3. ROZANSTEV, E. G., Free Nitroxyl Radicals (trans, by B.J. Hazzard), 1970, Plenum Press, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. Bullock, A. T., Cameron, G. G. and Krajewski, V., J. Phys. Chem., 1976, 80, 1792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Cafe, M. C. and Robb, I. D., Polymer, 1979, 20, 513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Törmälä, P., Lattila, H. and Lindberg, J. J., Polymer, 1973, 14, 481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Wasserman, A. M., Alexandrova, T. A. and Buchachenko, A. L., Eur. Polym. J., 1976, 12, 691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Wasserman, A. M., Alexandrova, T. A., Kirsch, Yu. E. and Buchachenko, A. L., Eur. Polym. J., 1979, 2, 1051.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Griffith, O. H., Keana, J. F. W., Rottschaeffer, S. and Warlick, T. A., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1967, 89, 5072.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kurosaki, T., Lee, K. W. and Okawara, M., Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed., 1972, 10, 3298

    Google Scholar 

  11. (a) BOYER, R. F. and KEINATH, S. E. (Eds), Molecular Motions in Polymers by ESR, 1980, (MMI Press Symposium Series, Vol. 1), Harwood, Chur, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  12. SOHMA, J., ibid., p. 304.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kusumoto, N. and Sakai, T., Polymer, 1979, 20, 1175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Keana, J. F., Keana, S. B. and Beetham, D., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1967, 89, 3055.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Bullock, A. T., Cameron, G. G. and Smith, P. M., Macromolecules, 1976, 9, 650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Bullock, A. T., Cameron, G. G. and Smith, P. M., Eur. Polym. J., 1975, 11, 617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Friedrich, C., NoËl, C., Ramasseul, R. and Rassat, A., Polymer, 1980, 21, 232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Bullock, A. T., Butter worth, J. H. and Cameron, G. G., Eur. Polym. 1971, 7, 445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Bullock, A. T., Cameron, G. G. and Smith, P. M., Polymer, 1972, 13, 89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Bullock, A. T., Cameron, G. G. and Smith, P. M., J. Phys. Chem., 1973, 77, 1635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. BULLOCK, A. T., CAMEОON, G. G. and REDDY, N. K., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday, l, 1978, 74, 727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Drefahl, G., Hörhold, H-H. and Hoffmann, K. D., J. Prakt. Chem., 1968, 37, 137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Braun, D., Makromol. Chem., 1959, 30, 85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. BULLOCK, A. T., CAMERON, G. G. and ELSOM, J. M., Polymer, 1977, 18, 930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Bullock, A. T., Cameron, G. G. and Smith, P. M., Polymer, 1973, 14, 525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Bullock, A. T., Cameron, G. G. and Elsom, J. M., Polymer, 1974, 15, 74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Bullock, A. T., Cameron, G. G. and Elsom, J. M., Eur. Polym. J., 1977, 13, 751.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hatada, K., Kitayama, T., Fujikawa, K., Ohta, K. and Yuki, H., Polymer Reprints, 1980, 21(1), 59.

    Google Scholar 

  29. HUDSON, A. and LUCKHURST, G. R., Chem. Rev., 1969, 69, 191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. FREED, J. H., J. Chem. Phys., 1964, 41, 2077.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Goldman, S. A., Bruno, G. V., Polnaszek, C. F. and Freed, J. H., J. Chem. Phys., 1972, 56, 716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Wasserman, A. M., Kuznetsov, A. N., Kovarskii, A. L. and Buchachenko, A. L., Zhur. Strukt. Khim., 1971, 12, 609.

    Google Scholar 

  33. KOVARSKII, A. L., WASSERMAN, A. M. and BUCHACHENKO, A. L., in: Molecular Motions in Polymers by ESR, R. F. Boyer and S. E. Keinath, Eds., 1980 (MMI Press Symposium Series, Vol. 1), Harwood, Chur, Switzerland, p. 177.

    Google Scholar 

  34. SMITH, P.M., Eur. Polym. J., 1979, 15, 147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. POGGI, G. and JOHNSON, C. S., JR., J. Magn. Resonance, 1970, 3, 436.

    Google Scholar 

  36. FREED, J. H., BRUNO, G. V. and POLNASZEK, C.F., J. Phys. Chem., 1971, 75, 3385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. McCalley, R. C., Shimshick, E. J. and McConnell, H.M., Chem. Phys. Letters, 1972, 13, 115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Goldman, S. A., Bruno, G. V. and Freed, J.H., J. Phys. Chem., 1972, 76, 1858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Mason, R. and Freed, J.H., J. Phys. Chem., 1974, 78, 1321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Kuznetsov, A. N. and Ebert, B., Chem. Phys. Letters, 1974, 25, 342.

    Google Scholar 

  41. FREED, J. H., in: Spin Labelling: Theory and Applications, L. J. Berliner, Ed., 1974, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  42. POLNASZEK, C. F., P Thesis, Cornell University, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Rabold, G. P., J. Polym. Sci., Parr A-l, 7, 1203, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  44. DALTON, L. R., ROBINSON, B. H., DALTON, L. A. and COFFEY, P., in: Advances in Magnetic Resonance, vol. 8, J. S. Waugh, Ed., 1976, Academic Press, New York, p. 149.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Thomas, D. D., Dalton, L. R. and Hyde, J. S., J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 65, 3006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Mailer, C. and Miller, D. M., J. Magn. Resonance, 1978, 32, 289.

    Google Scholar 

  47. ROBINSON, B. H. and DALTON, L. R., Phys., 1980, 72, 1312.

    Google Scholar 

  48. See, for example, McCrum, N. G., Read, B. E. and Williams, G., Anelastic and Dielectric Effects in Polymeric Solids, 1967, Wiley, London.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Bullock, A. T., Cameron, G. G. and Smith, P. M., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday II, 1974, 70, 1202, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Zimm, B. H., J. Chem. Phys., 1956, 24, 269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Allerhand, A. and Hailstone, R. K., J. Chem. Phys., 1972, 56, 3718.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Labský, J., Pilaž, J. and KÁlal, J., Macromoleeules, 1977, 10, 1153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Pilaž, J., LabskÁ, J., KÄlal, J. and Freed, J. H., J. Phys. Chem. 1979, 83, 1907.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. MILLER, W. G., RUDOLPH, W. T., VEKSLI, Z., COON, D. L., WU, C. C. and LIANG, T. M. in: Molecular Motions in Polymers by ESR, R. F. Boyer and S. E. Keinath, Eds., 1980 (MMI Press Symposium Series, Vol. 1), Harwood, Chur, Switzerland, p. 145.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Mason, R. P., Polnaszek, C. F. and Freed, J. H., J. Phys. Chem., 1974, 78, 1324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Bullock, A. T., Cameron, G. G. and Grant, I. C., Unpublished results.

    Google Scholar 

  57. SOHMA, J. and MURAKAMI, K., in: Molecular Motions in Polymers by ESR, R. F. Boyer and S. E. Keinath, Eds., 1980 (MMI Press Symposium Series, Vol. 1), Harwood, Chur, Switzerland, p. 135.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Kramers, H. A., Physica, 1940, 7, 284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. HELFAND, E., J. Chem. Phys., 1971, 54, 4651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE, Selected values of physical and thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbons and related compounds, Research Project No. 44 , 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Bhanumathi, A., Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 1963, 1, 79.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Heston, W. M., Jr., Henelly, E. J. and Smyth, C. P., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1950, 72, 2071.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Wilson, E. B., Adv. Chem. Phys., 1959, 2, 367.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Heatley, F. and Wood, B., Polymer, 1978, 19, 1405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. GRONSKI, W. and MURAYAMA, N., Makromol. Chem., 1978, 179, 1509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Lang, M-C, Laupretre, F., NoËl, C. and Monnerie, L., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday II, 1979, 75, 349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. MAGEE, M. D., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday II, 1974, 70, 929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Bullock, A. T., Cameron, G. G., Grant, I. C. and Robb, I. D., Unpublished results.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Porter, R. S. and Johnson, J. F., Chem. Rev., 1966, 66, 4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Onogi, S., Kobayashi, T., Kojuna, Y. and Taniguchi, Y., J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 1963, 7, 847.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. BULLOCK, A. T. and CAMERON, G. G., in: Structural Studies of Macromolecules by Spectroscopic Methods, K. J. Ivin, Ed., 1976, Wiley, New York, p. 273.

    Google Scholar 

  72. BUCHACHENKO, A. L., WASSERMAN, A. M., ALEKSANDROVA, T. A. and KOVARSKII, A.L., in: Molecular Motions in Polymers by ESR, R. F. Boyer and S. E. Keinath, Eds., 1980 (MMI Press Symposium Series, Vol. 1), Harwood, Chur, Switzerland, p. 33.

    Google Scholar 

  73. TöRMäLä, P., J. Macromol. Sci.-Rev. Macromol. Chem., 1979, C17(2), 297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. P. TöRMäLä and G. WEBER, Polymer, 1978, 19, 1026.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Kumler, P. L. and Boyer, R. F., Macromolecules, 1976, 9, 903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Braun, D., Törmälä, P. and Weber, G., Polymer, 1978, 19, 598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. KUMLER, P. L., KEINATH, S. E. and BOYER, R. F., Polymer Preprints, 1976, 17(2), 28.

    Google Scholar 

  78. UBERREITER, K. and KANIG, G., Z. Naturforsch., 1951, 6A, 551;Colloid Sci., 1952, 7, 569.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Fox, T. G. and FLORY, P. J., J. Polym. Sci., 1954, 14, 315; J. Appl. Phys., 1950, 21, 581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Wall, L. A., Roestamsjah, and Aldridge, M. H., J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand US, 1974, 78A, 447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Cowie, J.M.G., Eur. Polym. J., 1975, 11, 297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Keinath, S. E., Kumler, P. L. and Boyer, R.F., Polymer Preprints, 1975, 16(2), 120.

    Google Scholar 

  83. ILLERS, K.H., Kolloid Z. Z. Polym., 1963, 190, 16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Kontos, E. G. and Slichter, W. P., J. Polym. Sci., 1962, 61, 61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Cowie, J. M. G. and McEwan, I., Macromolecules, 1977, 10, 1124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. CAMERON, G. G., in: Molecular Motions in Polymers by ESR, R. F. Boyer and S. E. Keinath, Eds., 1980 (MMI Press Symposium Series, Vol. 1), Harwood, Chur, Switzerland, p. 55; BULLOCK, A. T., CAMERON, G. G. and REDDY, N. K., Unpublished results.

    Google Scholar 

  87. BEUCHE, F., Physical Properties of Polymers, 1962, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  88. KUSUMOTO, N., SANO, S., ZAITSU, N. and MOTOZATO, Y., Polymer, 1976, 17, 448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. KUSUMOTO, N., in: Molecular Motions in Polymers by ESR, R. F. Boyer and S.E. Keinath, Eds., 1980 (MMI Press Symposium Series, Vol.1), Harwood, Chur. Switzerland, p. 223.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Bullock, A. T., Cameron, G. G., Howard, C. B. and Reddy, N.K., Polymer, 1978, 19, 352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Bullock, A. T., Cameron, G. G. and Miles, I. M., Unpublished results.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Kusumoto, N. and Sakai, T., Polymer, 1979, 20, 1175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. TöRMäLä, P., WEBER, G. and LINDBERG, J.J., in: Molecular Motions in Polymers by ESR, R. F. Boyer and S.E. Keinath, Eds., 1980 (MMI Press Symposium Series, Vol. 1), Harwood, Chur, Switzerland, p. 81.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Kovarskii, A. L., Plaek, J. and Szöcs, F., Polymer, 1978, 19, 1137

    Google Scholar 

  95. Kovarskii, A. L., Wasserman, A. M. and Buchachenko, A.L., in: Molecular Motions in Polymers by ESR, R. F. Boyer and S. E. Keinath, Eds., 1980 (MMI Press Symposium Series, Vol. 1), Harwood, Chur, Switzerland, p. 177.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Törmälä, P., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1978, 22, 2077.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Bullock, A. T., Cameron, G. G. and Smith, P. M., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed., 1973, 11, 1263.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Bordeaux, D., Lajzerowicz, J., Brière, R., Lemaire, H. and Rassat, A., Org. Magn. Res., 1973, 5, 47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Capiomont, A., Chion, B., Lajzerowicz, J. and Lemaire, H., J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 60, 2530.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Griffith, O. H., Cornell, D. W. and Monnell, H. M., J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 43, 2909.

    Google Scholar 

  101. SNIPES, N., CUPP, J., COHN, G. and KEITH, A., Biophys. J., 1974, 14, 20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. BERLINER, L. J. (Ed.), Spin Labelling Theory and Application, 1976, Academic Press, New York, Chapter 2, p. 32.

    Google Scholar 

  103. GORDON, R. G. and MESSENGER, T., in Electron Spin Relaxation in Liquids, L.T. Muus and P. W. Atkins, Eds., 1972, Plenum Press, London and New York, p. 371.

    Google Scholar 

  104. KUZNETSOV, A. N. et al., Chem. Phys. Letters, 1971, 12, 103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Applied Science Publishers Ltd

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cameron, G.G., Bullock, A.T. (1982). Spin Label and Spin Probe Studies of Synthetic Polymers. In: Dawkins, J.V. (eds) Developments in Polymer Characterisation—3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7346-6_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7346-6_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-7348-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-7346-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics