Abstract
During the last fifteen years great progress has been made in many areas of the vast field of endocrinology. This has been due to three major developments. Firstly, to the isolation of a great number of hormones, the existence of which had been suspected and postulated, but not proved. Secondly, to the development of methods which enabled the demonstration of most hormones even in minute amounts. Lastly, to the development of special tests, which have made it possible to measure the amounts of circulating hormones, first by bioassays and lately by the advent of the radio-immunoassay methods, which are replacing many of the indirect tests of endocrine function and give a remarkably accurate measurement of hormones, and some important non-hormonal compounds.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Berson, S. A., Yalow, Rosalyn S.: General radioimmunoassy, in methods in investigative and diagnostic endocrinology, pp. 84–120. Peptide Hormones (eds. Berson, S. A. and Yalow, R. S.). Vol. 2A. New York, American Elsevier, 1973.
Saffran, Murray, Schally, A. V., Benfey, B. G.: Stimulation of the release of corticotropin from the adenohypophysis by a neurohypophysial factor. Endocrinology. 57, 439–444, 1955.
McCann, G. M., Dhariwal, A. P. S.: Hypothalamic releasing factors and the neurovascular link between the brain and the anterior pituitary. In Neuroen-docrinology (eds. Martini, L., Ganong, W. F.), pp. 261–296. New York, 1966.
Pasteels, Jean-Lambert: Administration d’extraits hypothalamiques à l’hypophyse de rat in vitro. C. R. Hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci. Paris 254, 2664–2666, 1962.
Daniel, P. M.: Anatomy of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. In Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones, pp. 1–7. Assoc. Clin. Pathologists, supplement, 30, 1977.
Hughes, A. F. W.: A history of endocrinology. J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 32, 292–313, 1977.
Daniel, P. M., Treip, C. S.: Pathology of the hypothalamus. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 6, 1–19, 1977.
Zambrano, David: The arcuate complex of the female rat during the sexual cycle. Z. Zellforsch. 93, 560–570, 1969.
Ryle, A. P., Sanger, F., Smith, L. F., Kitai, R.: The disulphide bonds of insulin. Biochem. J. 60, 541–556, 1955.
Bell, P. H.: Purification and structure of B-corticotropin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 5565–5567, 1954.
Li, Choh Hao, Dixon, J. S., Chung, David: Adrenocorticotropins. XXI. The amino acid sequence of bovine adrenocorticotropin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 46, 324–334, 1961.
Gorden, P. et al.: Science 200, 782, 1978.
Science 202, 260, 1978.
Conn, P. M.: Nature 274, 598, 1978.
Br. Med. J., I, 773, 1979.
Pastan, I. H., Johnson, G. S., Anderson, W. B.: Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44, 491, 1975.
Grossman, M. I.: In the ‘Foreword’ to Gut Hormones (ed. Bloom, S. R.), p. v. Edinburgh, London and New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1978.
Hormone Receptors and their Diseases. Section of Endocrinol. R. Soc. Med., Soc. for Endocrinol., Br. Diabet. Ass. 27th and 28th February 1979, at the Roy. Soc. Med. in London.
Robison, G. A., Butcher, R. W., Sutherland, E. W.: Cyclic AMP. New York, Academic Press, 1971.
Anderson, D. C.: Hormone Receptors and Bone Disease. In Ref. 18, Presentation No. 25.
Davies, T. F.: The impact of peptide hormone receptor research on clinical medicine. J. R. Coll. Physicians 12, 379–397, 1978.
Ibid. p. 383.
Hill, S. R., Jr.: Endocrinology revisited. Alabama J. Med. Scis. 14(1), pp. 1–9, 1977.
As 21: p. 385.
Bayliss, R. I. S. (ed.): Investigations of endocrine disorders. In Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism. Vol. 3, No. 3. London, Philadelphia, Toronto, W. B. Saunders, 1974.
Ibid.: Section on Diseases of the Thyroid Gland by Evered, D., pp. 425-450.
Hollander, C. S., Shenkman, L.: T3 toxicosis. Br. J. Hosp. Med. 8, 393–395, 1972.
As 26: p. 447.
As 25: Section on Investigation of Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands by Parfitt, A. M., pp. 451-474.
Ibid.: p. 451.
Cohn, D. V., Macgregor, R. R., Chu, L. L. H. et al: Biosynthesis of proparathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone chemistry, physiology and role of calcium in regulation. Am. J. Med. 56, 767, 1974.
Brewer, B. H., Jr., Fairwell, T., Rittell, W. et al.: Recent studies on the chemistry of human, bovine and porcine parathyroid hormones. Am. J. Med. 56, 759, 1974.
As 25: Section on Diseases of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland, by Edwards, C. R. W., Besser, G. M., pp. 475-505.
Schally, A. V., Arimura, A., Baba, Y., Nair, R. M. G., Matsuo, A., Redding, T. W., Debeljuk, L., White, W. P.: Isolation and properties of the FSH and LH releasing hormone. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 43, 393–399, 1971.
Brazeau, P., Vale, W., Burgus, R., Ling, N., Butcher, M., Rivier, J., Guillemin, R.: Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone. Science 179, 77–79, 1973.
Hall, R., Besser, G. M., Schally, A. V., Coy, D. H., Evered, D., Goldie, D. J., Kastin, A. J., McNeilly, A. S., Mortimer, C. H., Phenekos, C, Tunbridge, W. M. G., Weightman, D.: Action of growth hormone release inhibiting hormone in healthy men and in acromegaly. Lancet II, 581–584, 1973.
As 33: p. 486.
Cowden, E. A., Thomson, J. A., Doyle, D., Ratcliffe, J. G., Macpherson, P., Teasdale, G. M: Tests of prolactin secretion in the diagnosis of prolactinomas. Lancet I, 1155–1161, 1979.
Burke, C. W., Moore, R. A., Rees, L. H., Bottazzo, G. F., Mashiter, K. and Bitensky, L.: Isolated ACTH deficiency and TSH deficiency in the adult. J. R. Soc. Med. 72, 328–335, 1979.
World Health Organisation: WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. 565, 5-72, 1975.
Krieger, Dorothy T.: Factors influencing the circadian periodicity of ACTH and corticosteroids. Med. Clin. N. Am. 62, 251–259, 1978.
Ibid.: pp. 251-252.
Ibid.: p. 257.
Krieger, D. T.: Circadian rhythms. Abstracts, pp. 13–14. Int. Symposium on Endocrine Function of the Human Adrenal Cortex. Florence, 4-7 October 1977.
Ibid.: p. 14.
Rees, Lesley H.: ACTH and related peptides. Abstracts, p. 9. Int. Symposium on Endocrine Function of the Human Adrenal Cortex. Florence, 4-7 October 1977.
James, V. H. T., Landon, J.: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Function Tests. Horsham (Sussex). Ciba Laboratories. 1971.
Simpson, S. A., Tait, J. F., Bush, P. G. G. were quoted by George Widmer Thorn (b. 1906) as the group who isolated ‘electrocortin’ (=aldosterone): Johns Hopkins Med. J. 123, 49–77, 1968. In fact a publication by Grundy, Hilary M., Simpson, S. A. and Tait, J. F.: Isolation of a highly active mineralocorticoid from beef adrenal extract. Nature, London 169, 795-796, 1952, is regarded as the first publication.
Simpson, S. A., Tait, J. F.: Recent progress in methods of isolation, chemistry, and physiology of aldosterone. Recent. Progr. Hormone Res. 11, 183–210, 1955.
Cited after Thorn, G. W.: The adrenal cortex. I. Historical aspects. Johns Hopkins Med. J. 123, 49–77, 1968.
Conn, J. W.: Primary aldosteronism, a new syndrome. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 45, 6–17, 1955.
Conn, J. W., Conn, E. S.: Primary aldosteronism versus hypertensive disease with secondary aldosteronism. In Recent Progress in Hormone Research (ed. Pincus, G.), Vol. XVII, Section III, pp. 389–414. London, Academic Press, 1961.
Mills, I. H.: Clinical Aspects of Adrenal Function. Oxford, Blackwell, 1964.
Armstrong, M. D., McMillan, A.: Identification of a major urinary metabolite of norepinephrine. Fed. Proc. 16, 146, 1957.
Means, J. H.: Historical background of the use of radioactive iodine in medicine. N. Eng. J. Med. 252, 936–940, 1955.
Hertz, S., Roberts, A., Evans, R. D.: Radioactive iodine as an indicator in the study of thyroid physiology. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 38, 510–513, 1938.
Leblond, C. P.: Localization of newly administered iodine in the thyroid gland as indicated by radioiodine. J. Anat. 77, 149, 1943.
Raith, L.: Introduction to Radioimmunoassay Methods. Dietzenbach-Steinberg, Byk-Mallinckrodt, 1975.
Euler, U. S. von: Conference on structure and function of biologically active peptides. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 104, 449, 1963.
Euler, U. S. von: A specific sympathomimetic ergone in adrenergic nerve fibres (sympathin) and its relations to adrenaline and nor-adrenaline. Acta Physiol. Scand. 12, 73–97, 1946.
Pepe, F. A., Finck, H.: J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 11, 521, 1961.
Heftmann, E.: Chromatography. New York, Reinhold, 1962.
Lederer, E., Lederer, M.: Chromatography. In Comprehensive Biochemistry, vol. 4, p. 32. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1962.
Arx, E. von., Neher, R.:J. Chromat. 8, 145, 1962.
Antoniades, H. N., Bougas, J. A., Pyle, H. H.: N. Eng. J. Med. 267, 218, 1962.
Harington, C. R.: J. Anim. Tech. Assoc. 13, 3, 1962.
Lane-Petter, W.: Revision of Laboratory Animals for Research: A Practical Guide. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1961.
Karlson, P., Sekeris, C. E.: Nature, London 195, 183, 1962.
Medawar, P. B.: Is the Scientific Paper a Fraud? pp. 7–12. In Experiment. A Series of Scientific Case Histories. London, BBC Publication, 1964.
Klein, M. In Techniques in endocrine research. Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute at Stratford-on-Avon, pp. 289–302. Eds Eckstein, P., Knowles, F. London, New York, Academic Press, 1963.
Heape, W.: Q. J. Micros. Sci. 44, 1, 1901.
Lataste, F.: C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris. 44, 765, 1892.
Lataste, F.: Recherches de Zooéthique. Bordeaux, Durand, 1887.
Lataste, F., Morau, H.: J. Anat., Paris. 25, 277, 1889.
As 70: p. 295.
As 70: p. 161.
As 70: pp. 301-302.
Evans, H. M., Long, J. A.: The effect of the anterior lobe administered intraperitoneally upon growth, maturity and oestrus cycles of the rat. Anat. Rec. 21, 62–63, 1921.
Wilhelmi, A. E., Fishman, J. B., Russel, J. A.: A new preparation of crystalline anterior pituitary growth hormone. J. Biol. Chem. 176, 735–745, 1948.
Yalow, Rosalyn S.: Heterogeneity of peptide hormones. Rec. Prog. Hormone Res. 30, 597–633, 1974.
Daughaday, W. H.: The adenohypophysis. In Textbook of Endocrinology (ed. Williams, R. H.). Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, 1974.
Weitzman, E. D., Boyer, R. M., Kapen, S., Hellman, L.: The relationship of sleep and sleep states to neuroendocrine secretion and biological rhythms in man. Rec. Prog. Hormone Res. 31, 399, 1975.
Van Wyk, J. J., Underwood, L. E., Hintz, R. L. et al.: The somatomedins. A family of insulin-like hormones under growth hormone control. Rec. Prog. Hormone Res. 30, 259, 1974.
Sutherland, E. W., Duve, C. de: Origin and distribution of the hyperglycaemic-glycogenolytic factor of the pancreas. J. Biol. Chem. 175, 665–670, 1948.
Holst, J. J.: Extraction, gel filtration pattern and receptor binding of porcine, gastro-intestinal, glucagon-like immuno-reactivity. Diabetologia 13, 159–169, 1977.
Jones, I. C: Evolutionary Aspects of the Adrenal Cortex and its Homologues. Sir Henry Dale Lecture for 1976. Proc. Soc. Endocrinol. in J. Endocrinol. 71, 3P–32P, 1976.
Ibid.: p. 26P.
Geschwind, I. I.: Molecular variation and possible lines of evolution of peptide and protein hormones. Am. Zool. 7, 89–108, 1967.
Witschi, Emil: Cit. in 86: p. 26P.
Browne, J. S. L.: Chemical and physiological properties of crystalline oestrogenic hormones. Canad. J. Res. 8, 180–197, 1933.
Tigerstedt, R. A. A., Bergman P. G.: Niere und Kreislauf. Scand. Arch. Physiol. 8, 223–271, 1898.
Baulieu, E.: Hormone Receptors and Historical Perspective. As 18: Presentation No. 1.
Kosterlitz, H. W.: Opioid Peptides and their Receptors. As 18: Presentation No. 7.
Wakeling, A. E.: Anti-oestrogens. As 18: Presentation No. 12.
Hall, R.: The Receptor Antibody Disease. As 18: Presentation No. 14.
Besser, G. M.: Dopamine/Growth Hormone — Dopamine Agonists and Antagonists in Clinical Practice. As 18: Presentation No. 16.
McLeod, R. M.: In Frontiers of Neuroendocrinology4, 169–194, 1976.
Takahara, J., Arimura, A., Schally, A. V.: Endocrinology 95, 462, 1974.
Davies, T. F.: Human Testicular Gonadotrophin Receptors. As 18: Presentation No. 17.
Jones, R. H.: Insulin. As 18: Presentation No. 26.
As 20.
Schulster, D.: Post-Receptor Events in the Cell Membrane. As 18: Presentation No. 3.
Ehrlich, P.: Gesammelte Arbeiten ueber Immunitaetsforschung (Collected works on research on immunity). Berlin, A. Hirschwald, 1904.
Fracastoro, Girolamo: De sympathia et antipathia rerum liber unus. De contagione et contagiosis morbis et curatione. Venetiis, apud heredes L. Iuntae, 1546.
Marrack, J. R.: The chemistry of antigens and antibodies. Spec. Rep. Ser. Med. Res. Council, London, 230, 1–194, 1938.
Burnet, Sir Frank M., Fenner, F. J.: The Production of Antibodies. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Macmillan, 1949.
Billingham, R. E., Brent, L., Medawar, P. B.: Actively acquired tolerance of foreign cells. Nature, London 172, 603–606, 1953.
Roitt, I. M., Doniach, Deborah, Campbell, P. N., Hudson, R. V.: Autoantibodies in Hashimoto’s disease (lymphadenoid goitre). Lancet II, 820–821, 1956.
Bottazzo, G. F., Doniach, Deborah: Autoimmunity in diabetes mellitus. In Secondary Diabetes (ed. Podolsky). New York, Raven Press, 1979.
Hashimoto, H.: Zur Kenntnis der lymphomatosen Veraenderung der Schild-druese (Struma lymphomatosa). Arch. Klin. Chir. 97, 219–248, 1912.
Milgrom, F., Witebsk, E.: Autoantibodies and autoimmune diseases. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 181, 706–716, 1962.
Playfair, J. H. L.: The distinction between self and non-self. In Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 4, No. 2, Autoimmunity in Endocrine Disease (ed. Irvine, W. J.). London, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, 1975.
Doniach, Deborah: Humoral and genetic aspects of thyroid autoimmunity, pp. 267–285. In Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 4, No. 2: As 112.
Jerne, Niels: Scientific American, July 1973, cit. from 113.
Doniach, Deborah: Thyroid eye disease. Proc. R. Soc. Med. Lond. 70, 695–698, 1977.
Hart, I. R., Mackenzie, J. M.: Endocrinology 88, 26, 1971.
Winand, R., Kohn, L. D.: J. Biol. Chem. 250, 6522, 1975.
Chabaud, O., Lissitzky, S.: Molec. Cell. Endocrinol. 7, 79, 1977.
Kourides, I. A. et al.:J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 40, 872, 1975.
Furth, E. D. et al.:J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 22, 518, 1962.
Kriss, J. P., Konishi, J., Herman, M.: Rec. Prog. Hormone Res. 31, 533, 1975.
Mullin, B. R., Levinson, R. E., Friedman, A., Henson, D. E., Winand, R. J., Kohn, L. D.: Endocrinology 100, 351, 1977.
Takeda, Y., Kriss, J. P.: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 44, 46, 1977.
Munro, R. L. et al.:J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 37, 286, 1973.
Teng, C. S., Yeo, P. P. B.: Ophthalmic Graves’s disease: natural history and detailed thyroid function studies. Br. Med. J. I, 273–275, 1977.
Solomon, D. H. et ai: N. Eng. Med. 296, 181, 1977.
Adams, D. D., Kennedy, T. H., Stewart, R. D. H.: Aust. N.Z. J. Med. 6, 300, 1976.
Adams, D. D., Purves, H. D.: Abnormal responses in the assay of thyro-trophin. Proc. Univ. Otago Med. School 34, 11–12, 1956.
Cohen, S., Porter, R. R.: Structure and biological activity of immunoglobulins. Adv. Immunol. 4, 287–349, 1964.
Bloom, A.: The nature of diabetes, J. R. Soc. Med. London 71, 170–179, 1978.
Bendixen, G., Soberg, M.: A leucocyte migration technique for in vitro detection of cellular hypersensitivity in man. Dan. Med. Bull. 16, 1, 1969.
Nerup, J., Andersen, O. O., Bendixen, G., Egeberg, J., Gunnarson, R., Kromann, G., Poulsen, J. E.: Cell-mediated immunity in diabetes mellitus. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 67, 506, 1974.
Bloom, A., Hayes, R. M., Gamble, D. R.: Register of newly diagnosed diabetic children. Br. Med. J. II, 580, 1975.
Cudworth, A. G., Woodrow, J. C: Evidence for HL-A linked genes in ‘Juvenile’ diabetes mellitus. Br. Med. J. II, 133, 1975.
Irvine, W. J., McCallum, C. J., Gray, R. S., Campbell, C. J., Duncan, L. J. P., Farquhar, J. W., Vaughan, H., Morris, P. J.: Pancreatic islet-cell antibodies in diabetes mellitus correlated with the duration and type of diabetes, coexistent autoimmune disease and HLA type. Diabetes 26, 138, 1977.
Huang, S. W., MacLaren, N. K.: Insulin-dependent diabetes: a disease of auto-aggression. Science 192, 64, 1976.
Orci, L., Baetens, D., Ravazzola, M., Malaisse-Lagae, F., Amherdt, M., Rufener, C: Somatostatin in the pancreas and the gastrointestinal tract. In Endocrine Gut and Pancreas (ed. Fujita, T.). New York, Elsevier, 1976.
Irvine, W. J.: Autoimmunity against steroid producing organs. Abstracts, pp. 39–40. Int. Symposium on Endocrine Function of the Human Adrenal Cortex. Florence, 4-7 Oct. 1977.
Hendry, W. F.: Male infertility. Br. J. Hosp. Med. 22, 47–60, 1979.
Rose, N. R., Hjort, J., Rümke, P., Harper, M.J. K., Vyazov, O.: Clin. Exp. Immunol. 23, 175, 1976.
WHO Reference Bank for Reproductive Immunology: Clin. Exp. Immunol. 30, 173, 1977.
Hendry, W. F.: Br. J. Urol. 49, 752–762, 1977.
Nakabayashi, N., Tyler, A., Tyler, E. T.: Immunological aspects of human infertility. Fertil. Steril. 12, 544, 1961.
Franklin, R. R., Dukes, C. D.: Anti-spermatozoal antibody and non-explained infertility. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 89, 6, 1944.
Nieschlag, E., Usadel, K. H., Wickings, E. J. et al. Effects of active immunisation with steroids on endocrine and reproductive functions in male animals. In Immunization with Hormones in Reproduction Research (ed. Nieschlag, E.). Amsterdam, N. Holland, 155, 1975.
Talwar, G. P.: Immunology in reproduction. J. Reprod. Med., 22, No. 2, 61–76, 1979.
Rümke, P.: The presence of sperm antibodies in the serum of two patients with oligozoospermia. Vox Sang4, 135, 1954.
Wilson, L.: Sperm agglutinins in human semen and blood, Proc. Exp. Biol. Med. 85, 652, 1954.
Freund, J., Thompson, G. E., Lipton, M. M.: J. Exp. Med., 101, 591, 1955.
D’Almeida, M., Eyquem, M. A.: Antisperm activity in cervical mucus of infertile women. In Abstract of Papers of 3rd International Symposium on Immunology of Reproduction, Varna, Bulgaria, 1975: p. 83. Copenhagen, Scriptor, 1976.
Schwimmer, W. B., Ustay, K. A., Behrman, S. J.: An evaluation of immunologic factors of infertility. Fertil., Steril. 18, 167, 1967.
Catt, K. J., Dufau, M. L., Vaitukaitis, J. L.: Appearance of hCG in pregnancy plasma following the initiation of implantation of the blastocyst. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 40, 537, 1975.
Vaitukaitis, J. L.: Human chorionic gonadotrophin as a tumour marker. Am. Clin. Lab. Sci. 4, 276, 1974.
Bottazzo, G. F., Doniach, D.: (Review of pituitary autoimmunity) J. R. Soc. Med. 71, 433–436, 1978.
Bottazzo, G. F., Florin-Christensen, A., Doniach, D.: Lancet II, 1279, 1974.
Maccuish, A. C, Barnes, E. W., Irvine, W. J., Duncan, L. J. P.: Lancet II, 1529, 1974.
Irvine, W. J., McCallum, Gray, R. S., Duncan, L. J. P.: Lancet I, 1529, 1977.
Bottazzo, G. F., Pouplard, A., Florin-Christensen, A., Doniach, D., Lancet II, 97, 1975.
Gleason, T. H., Stebbins, P. C, Shanahan, M. F.: Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 102, 46, 1978.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 V. C. Medvei
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Medvei, V.C. (1982). Present Trends and Outlook for the Future — Part I. In: A History of Endocrinology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7304-6_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7304-6_22
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-7306-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-7304-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive