Abstract
The goal in this chapter is to discuss the methods of determining the effective temperature of central stars. This temperature is defined in terms of the total flux, integrated over all wavelengths, per unit area of the stars surface. This is very difficult to determine directly from the available data because for the majority of the stars most of the energy is in the inaccessible ultraviolet. Therefore various kinds of evidence are combined in order to best estimate the temperature. The individual sections describe in turn: (A) the line spectra of the stars, (B) the continuous spectra of the stars, (C) model atmospheres which have been constructed to explain these spectra, (D) the stellar temperature determined from the extent of the ionization of the hydrogen and helium in the nebula (‘Zanstra’ temperatures), (E) the energy balance in the nebula (‘Stoy’ temperature) and (F) the stellar temperature determined from the degree of ionization of the various elements in the nebula.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Smith, L.F., Aller, L.H. 1969, Astrophys. J. 157, 1245
Aller, L.H. 1976, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, 6e Ser. IX, 271
Aller, L.H. 1977, J. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada 67
Heap, S.R., 1977, Astrophys., J. 215, 609 and 864 (O stars)
Heap, S.R. 1983, I.A.U. Symp. No. 99 ( Reidel, Dordrecht) (WR stars )
Mendez, R.H., Niemela, V.S. 1983, I.A.U. Symp. No. 99 ( Reidel, Dordrecht) (WR stars )
Mendez, R.H. 1978, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 185, 647 (A stars).
Hummer, D.G., Mihalas, D. 1970, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 147, 339
Wesemael, F., Auer, L.H., van Horn, H.M., Savedoff, M.P. 1980, Astrophys. J. Supp. 43, 159
Mendez, R.H., Kudritzki, R.P., Gruschinske, J., Simon, K.P. 1981, Astron. Astrophys. 101, 323
Mendez, R.H., Kudritzki, R.P., Simon, K.P. 1983, I.A.U. Symp. No. 103, p. 343 ( Reidel, Dordrecht )
Gruschinske, J., Kudritzki, R.P. 1979, Astron. Astrophys. 77, 341.
Pottasch, S.R., Wesselius, P.R., Wu, C.-C., Feiten, H., van Duinen, R.J. 1978, Astron. Astrophys. 62, 95.
Zanstra, H. 1931, Publ. Dom. Astrophys. Obs. 4, 209.
Harman, R.J., Seaton, M.J. 1966, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 132, 15
Pottasch, S.R., Wesselius, P.R., Wu, C.-C., Feiten, H. van Duinen, R.J. 1978, Astron. Astrophys. 62, 95.
Stoy, R.H. 1933, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 93, 588.
Kaler, J.B. 1976, Astrophys. J. 210, 843
Preite-Martinez, A., Pottasch, S.R. 1983, Astron. Astrophys. 126, 31.
Harrington, J.P., 1978, I.A.U. Symp. No. 76, p. 151 ( Reidel, Dordrecht )
Hummer, D.G. 1978, I.A.U. Symp. No. 76, p. 171 ( Reidel, Dordrecht ).
Natta, A., Pottasch, S.R., Preite-Martinez, A. 1980, Astron. Astrophys. 84, 284.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pottasch, S.R. (1984). The Temperature of the Central Stars. In: Planetary Nebulae. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 107. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7233-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7233-9_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-7235-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-7233-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive