Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gas Transfer: Experiments and Geochemical Implications

  • Chapter
Air-Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIC,volume 108))

Abstract

The processes governing the transfer of gases across the air-sea interface have been reviewed by several authors (e.g. Bolin, 1960; Kanwisher, 1963; Broecker and Peng, 1974 Liss and Slater, 1976; Slinn et al.,l978). Basically, any net gas flux (F) across the interface must be driven by a concentration difference (ΔC) between air and surface water; the magnitude and direction of the flux being proportional to the numerical value and sign of ΔC, i.e.,

$$F = K \Delta C$$
(1)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, D.F., S.O. Farwell, M.R. Pack and W.L. Bamesberger, 1979: Preliminary measurements of bogenic sulfur-containing gas emissions from soils. J. Air Pollut. Control Ass., 29, 380–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, L.P., 1973: Effect of air bubble solution on air-sea gas exchange. J. Geophys. Res., 78, 962–968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atlas, E., R. Foster and C.S. Giam, 1982: Air-sea exchange of high molecular weight organic pollutants: laboratory studies. Environ. Sci. Technol., 16, 283–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, G.P. and J.L. Gras, 1980: Ammonia gas concentrations over the Southern Ocean. Nature, 284, 539–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balls, P.W. and P.S. Liss, 1982: Exchange of H2S between water and air. Atmospheric Environment, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barger, W.R., W.H. Daniel and W.D. Garrett, 1974: Surface chemical properties of banded sea slicks. Deep-Sea Res., 21, 83–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, W.R., M.O. Andreae, W.E. Watkins, H. Bingemer and H.W. Georgii, 1982: The flux of dimethylsulfide from the oceans to the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8787–8793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, R. and W.F. Libby, 1969: Equilibration of atmospheric carbon dioxide with sea water: possible enzymatic control of the rate. Science, 164, 1395–1397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolin, B., 1960: On the exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the sea. Tellus, 12, 274–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brimblecombe, P. and D.J. Spedding, 1972: Rate of solution of gaseous sulphur dioxide at atmospheric concentrations. Nature, 236, 225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brockmam, U.H., H. Huhnerfuss, G. Kattner, H.-C. Broecker and G. Hentzschel, 1982: Artificial surface films in the sea area near Sylt. Limnol. Oceanogr., 27, 1050–1058.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, H.C., 1980: Effects of bubbles upon the gas exchange between atmosphere and oceans. In: Berichte SFB 94, Universität Hamburg, 127–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, H.C., J. Petermann and W. Siems, 1978: The influence of wind on CO2-exchange in a wind-wave tunnel, including the effects of monolayers. J. Mar. Res., 36, 595–610.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, W.S., 1965: An application of natural radon to problems in ocean circulation. In: Symposium on Diffusion in Oceans and Fresh Water (T. Ichiye, ed.), Columbia University, 116–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, W.S., 1974: Chemical Oceanography. Harcourt Bruce Jovanovitch, 214 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, W.S. and T.H. Peng, 1971: The vertical distribution of radon in the Bomex Area. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 11, 99–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, W.S. and T.H. Peng, 1974: Gas exchange rates between air and sea. Tellus, 26, 21–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, W.S., T. Takahashi, H.J. Simpson and T.H. Peng, 1979: Fate of fossil fuel carbon dioxide and the global carbon budget. Science, 206, 409–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y. and L.I. Gordon, 1979: Nitrous oxide production in the ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 347–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, R. and W. Seiler, 1982: Carbon monoxide in seawater (Atlantic Ocean). J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8839–8852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danckwerts, P.V., 1951: Significance of liquid-film coefficients in gas absorption. Ind. Engng. Chem., 43, 1460–1467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danckwerts, P.V., 1970: Gas-Liquid Reactions. McGraw-Hill, 276 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deacon, E.L., 1977: Gas transfer to and across an air-water interface. Tellus, 29, 363–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deacon, E.L., 1981: Sea-air gas transfer: the wind speed dependence. Boundary-Layer Met., 21, 31–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downing, A.L. and G.A. Truesdale, 1955: Some factors affecting the rate of solution of oxygen in water. J. Appl. Chem., 5, 570–581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehhalt, D.H. and U. Schmidt, 1978: Sources and sinks of atmospheric methane. Pure App. Geophys., 116, 452–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, S., 1975: Chemically enhanced CO2 gas exchange in a eutrophic lake: a general model. Limnol. Oceanogr., 20, 743–753.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, E., 1963: The yearly circulation of sulfur in nature. J. Geophys. Res., 68, 4001–4008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabian, P. and C.E. Junge, 1970: Global rate of ozone destruction at the earth’s surface. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. Ser. A., 19, 161–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, J.R.D., 1949: Laboratory experiments on wind-generated waves. J. Mar. Res., 8, 120–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frenkel, J., 1965: Evaporation Reduction. UNESCO, 79 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galbally, I.E. and C.R. Roy, 1980: Destruction of ozone at the earth’s surface. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 106, 599–620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gammon, R.H., J. Cline and D. Wisegarver, 1982: Chlorofluoro-methanes in the northeast Pacific Ocean: measured vertical distributions and application as transient tracers of upper ocean mixing. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 9441–9454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garland, J.A., 1977: The dry deposition of sulphur dioxide to land and water surfaces. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A., 354, 245–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garland, J.A. and H. Curtis, 1981: Emission of iodine from the sea surface in the presence of ozone. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 3183–3186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, W.D., 1965: Collection of slick-forming materials from the sea surface. Limnol. Oceanogr., 10, 602–605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, W.D., 1976: Damping of capillary waves at the air-sea interface by oceanic surface-active material. J. Mar. Res., 25, 279–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, W.D., 1971: Retardation of water drop vaporation with monomolecular surface films. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 816–819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, W.D., 1972: Impact of natural and man-made surface films on the properties of the air-sea interface. In: Nobel Symposium 20-The Changing Chemistry of the Oceans, Wiley Interscience, 75–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, W.D. and Bultman, J.D., 1963: Capillary-wave damping by insoluble organic monolayers. J. Colloid. Sci., 18, 798–801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Georgii, H.W. and G. Gravenhorst, 1977: The oceans as source or sink of reactive trace-gases. Pure Appl. Geophys., 155, 503–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graedel, T.E., 1979: Reduced sulfur emission from the open oceans. Geophys. Res. Letts., 6, 329–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granat, L., H. Rodhe, and R.O. Hallberg, 1976: The global sulphur cycle. Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm), 22, 89–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, J. 1979: The cycle of atmospheric nitrous oxide. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 209, 495–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahne, A., A. Volz, D.H. Ehhalt, H. Cosatto, W. Roether, W. Weiss, and B. Kromer, 1978: Depth profiles of chlorofluoromethanes in the Norwegian Sea. Pure App. Geophys., 116, 575–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hales, J.M. and D.R. Drewes, 1979: Solubility of ammonia in water of low concentrations. Atmos. Environ., 13, 1133–1147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, P.M., J.M. Hayes, W.J. Jenkins and R.B. Gagosian, 1978: Exploratory analyses of trichlorofluoromethane (F-11) in North Atlantic water columns. Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 645–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, M.H., K. Ingvorsen and B.B. Jorgensen, 1978: Mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide release from coastal marine sediments to the atmosphere. Limnol. Oceanogr., 23, 68–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasse, L., 1971: The sea surface temperature deviation and the heat flow at the sea-air interface. Boundary-Layer Met., 1, 368–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasse, L. and P.S. Liss, 1980: Gas Exchange across the air-sea interface. Tellus, 32, 470–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasse, L., N. Grunewald, J. Wucknitz, M. Dunckel and D. Schriever, 1978: Profile derived turbulent fluxes in the surface layer under disturbed and undisturbed conditions during GATE. „Meteor” Forsch.-Ergebnisse B 13, 24–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heidt, L.E., J.P. Krasnec, R.A. Lueb, W.H. Pollock, B.E. Henry and P.J. Crutzen, 1980: Latitudinal distributions of CO and CH4 over the Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 7329–7336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helas, G., A. Broll and P. Warneck, 1981: NO2 measurement in marine air. Abstracts ROAC Symposium, IAMAP Meeting, Hamburg, August 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herr, F.L. and W.R. Barger, 1978: Molecular hydrogen in the near-surface atmosphere and dissolved in waters of the tropical North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 6199–6205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks, B.B. and P.S. Liss, 1976: Transfer of SO2 and other reactive gases across the air-sea interface. Tellus, 28, 348–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higbie, R., 1935: The rate of absorption of a pure gas into a still liquid during short periods of exposure. Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Engr., 35, 365–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, F.B., V.P. Aneja and R.M. Felder, 1978: A technique for measurement of biogenic sulfur emission fluxes. J. Environ. Sci. Health A13, 199–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoover, T.E. and D.C. Berkshire, 1969: Effects of hydration on carbon dioxide exchange across an air-water interface. J. Geophys. Res., 74, 456–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huhnerfoss, H., W. Walter and G. Kruspe, 1977: On the variability of surface tension with mean wind speed. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 567–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, K.A. and P.S. Liss, 1977: The input of organic material to the oceans: air-sea interactions and the organic chemical composition of the sea surface. Mar. Chem., 5, 361–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, K.A. and P.S. Liss, 1981: Organic sea surface films. In: Marine Organic Chemistry (E.K. Duursma and R. Dawson, eds.) Elsevier, 259–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter-Smith, R.J., P.W. Balls and P.S. Liss, 1983: Henry’s law constants and the air-sea exchange of various low molecular weight halocarbon gases. Tellus, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingvorsen, K. and B.B. Jorgensen, 1979: Combined measurement of oxygen and sulfide in water samples. Limnol. Oceanogr., 24, 390–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jahne, B. and K.O. Munnich, 1980: Momentum induced gas exchange through a smooth water surface, models and experimental results from linear and circular wind-water-tunnels. In: Berichte SFB 94, Universität Hamburg, 55–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahne, B., K.O. Munnich and U. Siegenthaler, 1979: Measurements of gas exchange and momentum transfer in a circular wind-water-tunnel. Tellus, 31, 321–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis, N.L., C.O. Timmons and W.A. Zisman, 1962: The effect of monomolecular films on the surface temperature of water. In: Retardation of Evaporation by Monolayers: Transport Processes (V.K. La Mer ed.) Academic, 41–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K.S., R.M. Pytkowicz and C.S. Wong, 1979: Biological production and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the sea surface in Stuart Channel, British Columbia. Limnol. Oceanogr., 24, 474–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E.P. and S.D. Smith, 1977: A first measurement of sea-air CO2 flux by eddy correlation. J. Geophys. Res., 82, 5990–5992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabel, R.L., 1976: Atmospheric impact on nutrient budgets. J. Great Lakes Res., 2, 114–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanwisher, J., 1963: On the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the sea. Deep-Sea Bes., 10, 195–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerman, B.R., 1983: A model of gas transfer at the air-sea interface by breaking waves. J. Geophys. Res., submitted.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kromer, B. and W. Roether, 1983: Field measurements of air-sea gas exchange by the radon deficit method during JASIN 1978 and FGGE 1979. “Meteor” Forsch.-Ergebnisse A, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Mer, V.K., 1962: Preface. In Retardation of Evaporation by Monolayers: Transport Processes. Academic, xiii–xiv.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Mer, V.K. and T.W. Healy, 1965: Evaporation of water: its retardation by monolayers. Science, 148, 36–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Y.N. and S.E. Schwartz, 1981a: Reaction kinetics of nitrogen dioxide with liquid water at low partial pressures. J. Phys. Chem., 85, 840–848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Y.N. and S.E. Schwartz, 1981b: Evaluation of the rate of uptake of nitrogen dioxide by atmospheric and surface liquid water. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 11,971–11,983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lenschow, D.H., R. Pearson and B.B. Stankov, 1982: Measurements of ozone vertical flux to ocean and forest. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8833–8837.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lion, W. and J.O. Leckie, 1981: The biogeochemistry of the air-sea interface. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 9, 449–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liss, P.S., 1971: Exchange of SO2 between the atmosphere and natural waters. Nature, 233, 327–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liss, P.S., 1973: Processes of gas exchange across an air-water interface. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 221–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liss, P.S., 1975: Chemistry of the sea surface microlayer. In: Chemical Oceanography (J.P. Riley and G. Skirrow, eds.), Vol. 2, Academic Press, 193–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liss, P.S., 1977: Effect of surface films on gas exchange across the air-sea interface. Rapp. P.-v. Reun. Cons. in Explor. Mer., 171, 120–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liss, P.S. and P.G. Slater, 1974: Flux of gases across the air-sea interface. Nature, 247, 181–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liss, P.S. and P.G. Slater, 1976: Mechanism and rate of gas transfer across the air-sea interface. In: Atmosphere-Surface Exchange of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants (1974), (R.J. Engelmann and G.A. Sehmel, eds.), ERDA, 354–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liss, P.S. and F.N. Martinelli, 1978: The effect of oil films on the transfer of oxygen and water vapour across an air-water interface. Thalassia Jugoslavica, 14, 215–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liss, P.S., P.W. Balls, F.N. Martinelli and M. Coantic, 1981: The effect of evaporation and condensation on gas transfer across an air-water interface. Oceanologica Acta, 4, 129–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, J.A., B.M. McElroy, S.C. Wofsy, and M.J. Prather, 1979: Oxidation of CS2 and COS: sources for atmospheric SO2. Nature, 281, 185–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock, J.E., 1974: CS2 and the natural sulphur cycle. Nature, 248, 625–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock, J.E., R.J. Maggs and R.A. Rasmussen, 1972: Atmospheric dimethyl sulphide and the natural sulphur cycle. Nature, 237, 452–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock, J.E., R.J. Maggs and R.J. Wade, 1973: Halogenated hydrocarbons in and over the Atlantic. Nature, 241, 194–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, D.C. and U. Schmidt, 1981: Formaldehyde in marine air. Abstracts ROAC Symoosium, IAMAP Meeting, Hamburg, August 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumby, J.R. and A.R. Folkard, 1956: Variation in the surface tension of sea water in situ. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco, No. 1080, 19 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacIntyre, F., 1971: Enhancement of gas transfer by interfacial ripples. Phys. Fluids, 14, 1596–1604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacIntyre, F., 1974a: Chemical fractionation and sea-surface microlayer processes. In: The Sea (E.D. Goldberg, ed.), Wiley, Vol. 5, 245–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacIntyre, F., 1974b: The top millimeter of the ocean. Scientific American, May 1974, 62–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, D. and A.T.K. Yuen, 1981: Transfer rates of gaseous pollutants between the atmosphere and natural waters. In: Atmospheric Pollutants in Natural Waters, (S.J. Eisenreich, ed.), Ann Arbor Science, 55–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mancy, K.H. and D.A. Okun, 1965: The effects of surface active agents on aeration. J. Wat. Pollut. Control Fed., 37, 212–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maroulis, P.J., A.L. Torres, A.B. Goldberg and A.R. Bandy, 1980: Atmospheric SO2 measurements on project Gametag. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 7345–7349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinelli, F.N., 1979: The effect of surface films on gas exchange across the air-sea interface. Thesis, University of East Anglia, 320 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merlivat, L., 1980: Study of gas exchange in a wind tunnel. In: Berichte SFB 94, Universität Hamburg, 49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merlivat, L. and M. Coantic, 1975: Study of mass transfer at the air-water interface by an isotopic method. J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3455–3464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merlivat, L. and L. Memery, 1983: Gas exchange across an air-water interface: Experimental results and modeling of bubble contribution to transfer. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 707–724.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meszaros, E., 1978: Concentration of sulfur compounds in remote continental and oceanic areas. Atmos. Environ., 12, 699–705.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyake, Y. and S. Tsunogai, 1963: Evaporation of iodine from the ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 68, 3989–3994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, B.C., A. Gaudry, B. Bonsang and G. Lambert, 1978: Reevaluation of the role of dimethyl sulphide in the sulphur budget. Nature, 275, 637–639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ockelmann, G., F.X. Meixner and H.W. Georgii, 1981: SO2 measurements over the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. Abstracts ROAC Symposium, IAMAP Meeting, Hamburg, August 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, T.H., T. Takahashi and W.S. Broecker, 1974: Surface radon measurements in the North Pacific Ocean Station Papa. J. Geophys. Res., 79, 1772–1780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, T.H., W.S. Broecker, G.G. Mathieu, Y.H. Li and A.E. Bainbridge, 1979: Radon evasion rates in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans as determined during the GEOSECS Program. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2471–2486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petermann, J., 1976: Der einfluss der oberflächenspannung wässriger systeme auf die kinetik des gasaustausches. Thesis, Universität Hamburg, 276 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pond, S., G.T. Phelps and J.E. Paquin, 1971: Measurements of the turbulent fluxes of momentum, moisture and sensible heat over the ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 901–917.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pytkowicz, R.M., 1964: Oxygen exchange rates off the Oregon coast. Deep-Sea Res., 11, 381–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, J.A. and N.C. Otto, 1971: Carbon dioxide exchange at the air-sea interface: flux augmentation by chemical reaction. J. Geophys. Res., 76, 1539–1549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, R.A., M.A.K. Khalil and S.D. Hoyt, 1982a: Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (OCS): Techniques for measurement in air and water. Chemosphere, 11, 869–875.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, R.A., M.A.K. Khalil, R. Gunawardena and S.D. Hoyt, 1982b: Atmospheric methyl iodide (CH3I). J. Geophys. Res., 87, 3086–3090.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, R.A., D. Pierotti, J. Krasnec and B. Halter, 1976: Trip report on the cruise of the Alpha Helix research vessel from San Diego, California to San Martin, Peru, March 5 to 20, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, R.A., L.E. Rasmussen, M.A.K. Khalil and R.W. Dalluge, 1980: Concentration distribution of methyl chloride in the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 7350–7356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redfield, A.C., 1948: The exchange of oxygen across the sea surface. J. Mar. Res., 7, 347–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt, H., 1951: Vollständige darstellung der turbulenten geschwindigkeitsverteilung in glatten leitungen. Z. angew. Math. Mech., 31, 208–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph, J. and D.H. Ehhalt, 1981: Measurements of C2-C5 hydrocarbons over the North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 11,959–11,964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, U., 1974: Molecular hydrogen in the atmosphere. Tellus, 26, 78–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, U. and C. Kulessa, 1981: The oceans as a source of atmospheric hydrogen (H2). Abstracts ROAC Symposium, IAMAP Meeting, Hamburg, August 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schooley, A.H., 1969: Evaporation in the laboratory and at sea. J. Mar. Res., 27, 335–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scranton, M.I. and P.G. Brewer, 1977: Occurrence of methane in the near-surface waters of the western subtropical North Atlantic. Deen-Sea Res., 24, 127–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seiler, W., 1974: The cycle of atmospheric CO. Tellus, 26, 116–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seiler, W., 1981: The ocean as a source and sink for atmospheric trace gases. Abstracts ROAC Symposium, IAMAP Meeting, Hamburg, August 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Setser, P.J., J.L. Bullister, E.C. Frank, N.L. Guinasso and D.R. Schink, 1982: Relationships between reduced gases, nutrients, and fluorescence in surface waters off Baja California. Deep-Sea Res., 29, 1203–1215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, J.C., H. Westberg, J.F. Hopper, K. Ganesan and P. Zimmerman, 1982: Inventory of global methane sources and their production rates. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 1305–1312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sieburth, J.McN. and J.T. Conover, 1965: Slicks associated with trichodesmium blooms in the Sargasso Sea. Nature, 205, 830–831.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegenthaler, U. and H. Oeschger, 1978: Predicting future atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Science, 199, 388–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, H.B., L.J. Salas, H. Shigeishi and E. Scribner, 1979: Atmospheric halocarbons, hydrocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride: global distributions, sources and sinks. Science, 203, 899–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slater, P.G., 1974: The exchange of gases across an air-water interface. Thesis, University of East Anglia, 205 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slinn, W.G.N., 1983: A Potpourri of deposition and resuspension topics. In: Proc. 4th.Int. Conf. on Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition and Resuspension (H.R. Pruppacher, A.G. Semonin, and W.G.N. Slinn, eds.), Pergamon Press, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slinn, W.G.N., L. Hasse, B.B. Hicks, A.W. Hogan, D. Lal, P.S. Liss, K.O. Munnich, G.A. Sehmel and O. Vittori, 1978: Some aspects of the transfer of atmospheric trace constituents past the air-sea interface. Atmos. Environ., 12, 2055–2087.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturdy, G. and W.H. Fischer, 1966: Surface tension of slick patches near kelp beds. Nature, 211, 951–952.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura, Y., E.R. Ibert and D.W. Hood, 1963: Mass transfer of carbon dioxide across sea surfaces. J. Mar. Res., 21, 11–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinnerton, J.W. and R.A. Lamontagne, 1974: Oceanic distribution of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. Baseline measurements. Environ. Sci. Tech., 8, 657–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sze, N.D. and M.K.W. Ko, 1979: CS2 and COS in the stratospheric sulphur budget. Nature, 280, 308–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, A.M., 1980: Wet and dry removal of tropospheric formaldehyde at a coastal site. Tellus, 32, 376–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, S.A., 1982: On the clouds of bubbles formed by breaking wind-waves in deep water, and their role in air-sea gas transfer. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 304, 155–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiefenau, H. and P. Fabian, 1972: The specific ozone destruction of the ocean surface and its dependence on horizontal wind velocity from profile measurement. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. Ser. A, 21, 399–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsunogai, S. and N. Tanaka, 1980: Flux of oxygen across the air-sea interface as determined by the analysis of dissolved components in sea water. Geochem. J., 14, 227–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turco, R.P., R.C. Whitten, O.B. Toon, J.B. Pollack and P. Hammill, 1980: OCS, stratospheric aerosols and climate, Nature, 283, 283–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wangersky, P.J., 1976: The surface film as a physical environment. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 7, 161–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, A.J., J.E. Lovelock and D.H. Stedman, 1980: The problem of atmospheric methyl chloride. In: Proc. NATO ASI on Atmospheric Ozone, (A.C. Aikin, ed.), U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, 365–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, E.K., G.I. Pearman and R. Leuning, 1980: Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 106, 85–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, R.F., 1981: Nitrous oxide and methane in ocean surface waters. Abstracts ROAC Symposium IAMAP Meeting, Hamburg, August 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wesley, M.L., D.R. Cook, R.L. Hart and R.M. Williams, 1982: Air-sea exchange of CO2 and evidence for enhanced upward fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8827–8832.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitman, W.G., 1923: The two-film theory of gas absorption. Chem. metall. Engng., 29, 146–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D.R., J.W. Swinnerton and R.A. Lamontagne, 1970: Production of carbon monoxide and gaseous hydrocarbons in seawater: relation to dissolved organic carbon. Science, 168, 1577–1579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wyman, J., P.F. Scholander, G.A. Edwards and I. Irving, 1952: On the stability of gas bubbles in sea water. J. Mar. Res., 11, 47–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaglom, A.M. and B.A. Kader, 1974: Heat and mass transfer between a rough wall and turbulent fluid flow at high Reynolds and Peclet numbers. J. Fluid Mech., 62, 601–623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zafiriou, O.C., 1975: Reaction of methyl halides with seawater and marine aerosols. J. Mar. Res., 33, 75–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zafiriou, O.C. and M. McFarland, 1980: Determination of trace levels of nitric oxide in aqueous solution. Anal. Chem., 52, 1662–1667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zafiriou, O.C., J. Alford, N. Herrerra, E. Peltzer, A.M. Thompson, and R.B. Gagosian, 1980a: Formaldehyde in remote marine air and rain: flux measurements and estimates. Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 341–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zafiriou, O.C., M. McFarland and R.H. Bromund, 1980b: Nitric oxide in seawater. Science, 207, 637–639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeininger, 1975: Loslichkeiten von Frigen 12 und Frigen 11 in meerwasser. Internal Report Dr. Z/Mu-5957 III.1 Farb. Hochst. AG. West Germany.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK

    Peter S. Liss

Authors
  1. Peter S. Liss
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK

    Peter S. Liss

  2. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, Richland, Washington, USA

    W. George N. Slinn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 D. Reidel Publishing Company

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Liss, P.S. (1983). Gas Transfer: Experiments and Geochemical Implications. In: Liss, P.S., Slinn, W.G.N. (eds) Air-Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles. NATO ASI Series, vol 108. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7169-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7169-1_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-7171-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-7169-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation