Abstract
The oceans are typically one thousand times broader than their depth. One can infer from this that their dynamics ought to be primarily two-dimensional, and this is in fact so, but important deviations occur. Both horizontal and vertical circulations have vital roles to play, as we shall see. The principal driving forces for the ocean are solar heating, the winds, and the attraction of the moon.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
General References
Bowman, M.J. and W.E. Esaias (eds.), 1978: Oceanic fronts in coastal processes. Proceedings of a Workshop, SUNY, Stony Brook, N.Y., May 25–27, 1977. Springer-Verlag, 114 pp.
Darwin, G.H., 1962: The tides. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 378 pp.
Dobson, F.W., L. Masse and R. Davis (eds.), 1980: Air-Sea Interaction: Instruments and Methods. Plenum Press, New York, 801 pp.
Kraus, E.B. (ed.), 1977: Modelling and Prediction of the Upper Layers of the Ocean. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 325 pp.
Oceanus, 1976: Ocean Eddies. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 19, 88 pp.
Oceanus, 1981: Oceanography from Space. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 24, 76 pp.
Phillips, O.M., 1977: The Dynamics of the Upper Ocean (2nd Ed.), Cambridge University Press, 326 pp.
Royal Society of London, 1981: Circulation and Fronts in Continental Shelf Areas. The Royal Society, London: 177 pp.
Stommel, H., 1960: The Gulf Stream: A Physical and Dynamical Description. University of California Press, 202 pp.
Sverdrup, H.U., M.W. Johnson and R.H. Fleming, 1942: The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1087 pp.
Warren, B.A. and C. Wunsch (eds.), 1981: Evolution of Physical Oceanography: Scientific Surveys in Honor of Henry Stommel. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 623 pp.
References
Angel, M., ed., 1977: A Voyage of Discovery: George Deacon Memorial Volume. Supplement of Deep-Sea Res., Pergamon Press, 696 pp.
Augstein, E., 1981: De Atmosphaerische und ozeanische grenzschichten in den niederen breiten. Hamb. Geosphys. Einzelschr. 53, 148 pp.
Banner, M.L. and O.M. Phillips, 1974: On the incipient breaking of small scale waves. J. Fluid Mech. 65, 647–656.
Batchelor, G.K., 1967: An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics. Cambridge Univ. Press, 615 pp.
Bowman, M.J. and W.E. Esaias, 1978: Oceanic fronts in coastal processes. Proc. Workshop at Marine Sciences Center, SUNY, Stonybrook, NY, May 25–27, 1977. Springer-Verlag, 114 pp.
Broecker, W. S., T. Takahashi, H.J. Simpson, and T.-H. Peng, 1979: Fate of fossil fed carbon dioxide and the global carbon budget. Science, 206, 409–418.
Budyko, M,I., 1974: Climate and Life. Academic Press, 508 pp.
Cartwright, D.E., 1977: Ocean Tides. In Reports on Progress in Physics, 40, 665–708.
Cox, C.S. and W.H. Munk, 1954: Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter. J. Mar. Res. 13, 198–227.
Craik, A.D.D. and S. Leibovich, 1976: A rational model for Langmuir circulations. J. Fluid Mech. 73, 401–426.
Csanady, G.T., 1979: The birth and death of a warm core ring. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 777–785.
Darwin, G.H., 1962: The Tides. Reissued by W.H. Freeman and Co., 378 pp.
Defant, A., 1958: Ebb and Flow: The Tides of Earth, Air and Water. U. Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 121 pp.
Dobson, F.W., 1971: Measurements of atmospheric pressure on wind-generated sea waves. J. Fluid Mech., 48, 91–127.
Dobson, F.W., 1974: The wind blows, the waves come. Oceanus, 17, 29–36.
Dobson, F.W., L. Hasse, and R. Davis (eds.), 1980: Air-Sea Interaction: Instruments and Methods. Plenum Press, 801 pp.
Ekman, V.W., 1905: On the influence of the earth’s rotation on ocean currents. Ark. Math. Astr. Fys. (Stockholm), 2, 1–52.
Favre, A. and K. Hasselmann (eds.), 1978: Turbulent Fluxes through the Sea Surface, Wave Dynamics, and Prediction. NATO Conference Series V, Plenum Press, 677 pp.
Fu, L.-L., and B. Holt, 1982: Seasat views oceans and sea ice with synthetic-aperture radar. NASA, Jet Propulsion Lab. Pub. 81–120, 200
Garrett, C.J.R., 1979: Mixing in the ocean interior. Dyn. Atm. and Oceans 3, 239–265.
Gordon, A.L., 1982: World ocean water masses and the saltiness of the Atlantic. Presented to Study Conference on Large-Scale Oceanographic Experiments in the WCRP, Tokyo, May 1982. WMO Secretariat, Geneva.
Gorshkov, S.G. (ed.), 1978: World Ocean Atlas, Vol. 2, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Hasselmann, K., 1967: Nonlinear interactions treated by the methods of theoretical physics (with application to the generation of waves by wind). Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 299, 77–100.
Hasselmann, K. et XV al., 1973: Measurements of wind wave growth during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP). Deutsches Hydrogr. Zeitschr. A., 12, 95 pp.
Holland, W.R., 1978: The role of mesoscale eddies in the general circulation of the ocean-numerical experiments using a wind-driven quasi-geostrophic model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 8, 363–392.
Holland, W.R., and P.B. Rhines, 1980: An example of eddy-induced ocean circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 10, 1010–1031.
Jerlov, N.G., 1976: Marine Optics. Elsevier Press, 231 pp.
Kawai, S., 1979: Generation of initial wavelets by instability of a coupled shear flow and their evolution to wind waves. J. Fluid Mech. 93, 661–703.
Knudsen, M., 1901: Hydrographical Tables. G.E.C. Gad, Copenhagen. Tables for the calculation of sigma-t from values of salinity and temperature, p. 63.
Kraus, E.B. (ed.), 1977: Modelling and Prediction of the Upper Layers of the Ocean. Pergamon Press, 325 pp.
Kraus, E.B. and Michèle Fieux (eds.), 1981: Large-scale transport of heat and matter in the ocean. Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Institute, Bonas, France, September 1981, 166 pp.
Langmuir, I., 1938: Surface motion of water induced by wind. Science 84, 119–123.
Leibovich, S. and S. Paolucci, 1980: The Langmuir circulation instability as a mixing mechanism in the upper ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 10, 186–207.
Miles, J.W., 1957: On the generation of surface waves by shear flows. J. Fluid Mech. 3, 185–204.
Munk, W.H., 1950: On the wind-driven ocean circulation. J. Meteorol. 7, 79–93.
Munk, W.H., 1966: Abyssal recipes. Deep-Sea Res. 13, 707–730.
Oceanus, 1976: Ocean Eddies. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 19, 88 pp.
Oort, A.B. and T.H. Vonder Haar, 1976: On the observed annual cycle in the ocean-atmosphere heat balance over the Northern Hemisphere. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6, 781–800.
Parker, C.E., 1971: Gulf Stream rings in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 18, 981–993.
Pedlosky, J., 1979: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Springer Verlag, 624 pp.
Phillips, O.M., 1957: On the generation of waves by turbulent wind J. Fluid Mech. 2, 417–445.
Phillips, O.M., 1958: The equilibrium range in the spectrum of wind-generated waves. J. Fluid Mech. 4, 426–434.
Phillips, O.M., 1977: The Dynamics of the Upper Ocean. Cambridge Univ. Press, Second Ed. 336 pp.
Pollard, R.T., 1970: On the generation by winds of inertial waves in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 17, 795–812.
Pollard, 1978: The Joint Air-Sea Interaction Experiment-JASIN 1978. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 59, 1310–1318.
Pollard, R.T., P.B. Rhines, and R.O.R.Y. Thompson, 1973: The deepening of the wind mixed layer. Geophys. Fluid Dyn. 3, 381–404.
Pond, S. and G.L. Pickard, 1978: Introductory Dynamic Oceanography. Pergamon Press, 241 pp.
Richardson, P.L., R.E. Cheney, and L.A. Martini, 1977: Tracking a Gulf Stream ring with a free drifting surface buoy. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7, 581–590.
Robinson, M.K., R.A. Bauer, and E.H. Schroeder, 1979: Atlas of North Atlantic-Indian Ocean monthly mean temperatures and mean salinities of the surface layer. U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office Ref. Pub. 18, Washington, D.C.
Roether, W., 1982: Transient Tracers in the Ocean. Contribution, Joint CCCO/JSC Study Conference on WCRP Oceanography, Tokyo, 1982. WMO WCRP White Paper, WMO Secretariat Geneva. To be published.
Rossby, C.-G., 1938: On the mutual adjustment of pressure and velocity distributions in certain simple current systems, II. J. Mar. Res. 1, 239–263.
Simpson, J.H. and J.R. Hunter, 1974: Fronts in the Irish Sea. Nature 250, 404–406.
Smith, J.A., 1980: Waves, currents and Langmuir circulation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Inst. Oceanography, Dalhousie University 242 pp.
Snyder, R.L., F.W. Dobson, J.A. Elliott and R.B. Long, 1981: Array measurements of atmospheric pressure above surface gravity waves. J. Fluid Mech. 102, 1–59.
Stokes, Sir G.G., 1880: Math. and Physical Papers 1, Cambridge University Press, 314–326.
Stommel, H., 1948: The westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 29, 202–206.
Stommel, H., 1960: The Gulf Stream, Univ. Calif. Press: 202 pp.
Stommel, H. and A.B. Aarons, 1960: On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean-II. An idealized model of the circulation pattern and amplitude in oceanic basins. Deep-Sea Res. 6, 217–233.
Sverdrup, H.U., 1947: Wind-driven currents in a baroclinic ocean; with application to the equatorial current of the eastern Pacific. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Wash. 33, 318–326.
Sverdrup, H.U., M.W. Johnson, and R.H. Fleming, 1942: The Oceans. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1087 pp.
Tabata, S. and L. Giovando, L., 1963: The seasonal thermocline at Ocean Weather Station “P” during 1956 through 1959. Fish. Res. Board Can., MS Rept. Ser. 157, 27 pp.
Turner, J.S., 1979: Buoyancy Effects in Fluids. Cambridge Univ. Press, 368 pp.
UNESCO, 1981a: Background Papers and Supporting data on the Practical Salinity Scale 1978. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science 37, UNESCO, Paris.
UNESCO, 1981b: Background papers and supporting data on the International Equation of State of Seawater, 1980. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science 38, UNESCO, Paris.
Warren, B.A. and C. Wunsch (eds.), 1981: Evolution of Physical Oceanography. MIT Press, 623 pp.
White, W.B. and J.P. McCreary, 1976: On the formation of the Kuroshio meander and its relationship to the large-scale ocean circulation. Deep-Sea Res. 23, 33–47.
Woods, J.D., 1968: Wave-induced shear instability in the summer thermocline. J. Fluid Mech. 32, pp. 791–800.
Woods, J.D., 1980: Diurnal and seasonal variation of convection in the wind-mixed layer of the ocean. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 106, 379–394.
Woods, J.D., 1982: Climatology of the upper boundary layer of the ocean. In Proceedings of Joint JSC/CCCO Study Conference on Oceanographic Experiments in the WCRP. To be published, WMO Secretariat, Geneva.
World Meteorological Organization, 1981: On the assessment of the role of CO2 on climate variations and their impact. WMO Secretariat WCRP White paper No. 3, 29 pp.
Worthington, V., 1969: An attempt to measure the volume transport of Norwegian Sea overflow water through the Denmark Strait. F.C. Fuglister 60th Anniv. Vol. Deep-Sea Res. 16 (Supplement), 421–432.
Wunsch, C., 1981: The promise of satellite altimetry. Oceanus 24, 17–26.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 D. Reidel Publishing Company
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dobson, F. (1983). Introductory Physical Oceanography. In: Liss, P.S., Slinn, W.G.N. (eds) Air-Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles. NATO ASI Series, vol 108. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7169-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7169-1_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-7171-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-7169-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive