Abstract
I have been invited to present a brief review of optical, infrared and ultraviolet observations of activity nuclei. I will only describe a small sub-set of these observations, in particular those which I believe are most likely to be important in elucidating those properties of the central energy source to which we attribute the origin of all high energy phenomena. I will therefore restrict my remarks to certain aspects of BL LAc objects, optically violently variable quasars, quasars, Seyfert I galaxies and broad line radio galaxies. If we could understand these systems, we should be able to account for most other types of active nuclei, the Seyfert II galaxies, narrow line radion galaxies, all other types of Markarian galaxy, compact blue galaxy, etx. In my view, the recent observations of NGC 4151 provide us with a benchmark against which we should measure all other observations of activity nuclei.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allen, D.A., Ward, M.J. and Hyland, A.R., 1982. Mon.Not.R.astr.Soc., 199, 969.
Beichman, C.A., Neugebauer, G., Soifer, B.T., Wotten, H.A., Roellig, T., and Harvey, P.M., 1981. Nature, 293, 711.
Blandford, R.D. and Rees, M.J., 1978. “BL Lac Objects”, Pittsburgh Conference, (ed. A.M. Wolfe), 117, University of Pittsburgh.
Bregman, J.N., Lebofsky, M.J., Aller, M.F., Rieke, G.H., Aller, H.D., Hodge, P.E., Glassgold, A.E. and Huggins, P.J., 1981. Nature, 293, 714.
Ferland, G.J. and Netzer, H., 1982. Preprint.
Harvey, P.M. Wilking, B.A. and Joy, M., 1982. Astrophys. J., 254, L29.
Hyland, A.R. and Allen, D.A., 1982. Mon.Not.R.astr.Soc., 199, 943.
Impey, C.D. and Brand, P.W.J.L., 1981. Nature, 292, 814.
Impey, C.D., Brand, P.W.J.L. and Tapia, S., 1982. Mon.Not.R.astr.Soc., 198, 1.
Malkan, M.A. and Sargent, W.L.W., 1982. Astrophys, J., 254, 22.
Penston, M.V., 1982. 3rd European IUE Conference, 69, ESA SP-176.
Rieke, G.H. and Lebofsky, M.J., 1980. “Objects of High Redshift”, IAU Symposium No. 92 (ed. G.O. Abell and P.J.E. Peebles), 263, D. Reidel and Co.
Ulrich, M.H., Boksenberg, A., Bromage, G., Carswell, R., Elvius, A., Gabriel, A., Gondhalekar, P.M., Lind, J., Lindegren, L., Longair, M.S., Penston, M.V., Perryman, M.A.C., Pettini, M. Perola, C.G., Rees, M., Sciama, D., Snijders, M.A.J., Tanzi, E., Tarenghi, M. and Wilson, R., 1980. Mon.Not.R.astr.Soc., 192, 561.
Ward, M., Allen, D.A., Wilson, A.S., Smith, M.G. and Wright, A.E., 1982. Mon.Not.R.astr.Soc., 199, 953.
Woistencroft, R.D., Gilmore, G. and Williams, P.M., 1982. Mon.Not.R.astr.Soc., (in press).
Wu, C.C., Boggess, A. and Gull, T.R., 1982. Preprint.
References
Ambartsumian V.A.: 1958, La structure et 1’evolution de l’univers, p. 241, Solvay Conference, Ed. R. Stoops, Brussel. Ambartsumian V.A.: 1962, Trans. IAU XIB, p. 145, Academic Press, London-New York.
Ambartsumian V.A.: 1965, The Structure and Evolution of Galaxies, p. 1, Interscience Publ., London.
Arp H.C., Heidmann J., Khachikian E. Ye.: 1974, Astrofizika, 10, 7.
Kazarian M.A.: 1979, Astrofizika, 15, 5.
Kazarian M.A. & Khachikian E. Ye.: 1977, Astrofizika, 13, 415.
Khachikian E. Ye.: 1968, A.J., 73, 891.
Khachikian E. Ye.: 1970, IAU Symp. N° 44, p. 160, Ed. D.E. Evans, Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland.
Khachikian E. Ye.: 1972, Astrofizika, 8,529.
Khachikian E. Ye.: 1976, Astron. Nachr., 297, 287.
Khachikian E. Ye.: 1979, Star and Star Systems, p. 107, Fourth Reg. Meet, in Astron., Uppsala.
Khachikian E. Ye., Petrosian A.R., Sahakian K.A.: 1978, Astrofizika, 14, 69.
Khachikian E. Ye., Petrosian A.R., Sahakian K.A.: 1979a, Astrofizika, 15, 209.
Khachikian E. Ye., Petrosian A.R., Sahakian K.A.: 1979b, Astrofizika, 15, 373.
Khachikian E. Ye., Petrosian A.R., Sahakian K.A.: 1980, Astrofizika, 16, 621.
Khachikian E. Ye., Korovyakovskiy Yu. P., Petrosian A.R., Sahakian K.A., 1981, Astrofizika, 17, 231.
Markarian B.E.: 1967, Astrofizika, 3, 55.
References
Baan, W. A. and Haschick, A. D.: 1981, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 243, L143.
Baldwin, J. A. and Netzer H.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 226, 1.
Bell, A. R.: 1978, M.N.R.A.S. 182, 147.
Bertola, F.: 1966, Pub. Obs. Padova Nr. 134.
Blandford, R. D. and Ostriker, J. P.: 1978, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 221, L29.
Blandford, R. D. and Königl, A.: 1979, Astrophys. Letters 20, 15.
Booler, R. V., Pedlar, A. and Davies, R. D.: 1982, M.N.R.A.S. 199, 229.
Bradt, H. V. et al.: 1978, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 226, Llll.
Bridle, A. H. 1982, In “Extragalactic Radio Sources”, IAU Symposium Nr. 97, Eds. D. S. Heeschen and C. M. Wade p. 121.
Clements, E. D.: 1981, M.N.R.A.S. 197, 829.
Condon, J. J. et al.: Astrophys. J. 252, 102.
de Bruyn, A. G. and Wilson, A. S.: 1976, Astron. Astrophys. 53, 93.
De Young, D. S.: 1981, Nature 293, 43.
Eilek, J. A. and Henriksen, R. N.: 1982, In “Extragalactic Radio Sources”, IAU Symposium Nr. 97, Eds. D. S. Heeschen and C. M. Wade p. 233.
Elvis, M., Briel, U. G. and Henry, J. P.: 1982, preprint.
Feigelson, E.: 1982, In “Extragalactic Radio Sources” IAU Symposium Nr. 97, Eds. D. S. Heeschen and C. M. Wade p. 107.
Grandi, S. A.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 221, 501.
Heckman, T. M. et al.: 1981, Astrophys. J. 247, 403.
Heckman, T. M. et al.: 1982, Astrophys. J. (in press).
Henriksen, R. N., Vallee, J. P. and Bridle, A. H.: 1981, Astrophys. J. 249, 40.
Hyland, A. R. and Allen, D. A.: 1982, M.N.R.A.S. 199, 943.
Johnston, K. J. et al.: 1982, Astrophys. J. (in press).
Johnston, K. J. et al.: 1982, Astrophys. J. (in press).
Keel, W. C.: 1980, Astron. J. 85, 198.
Koski, A. T. S.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 223, 56.
Meaburn, J. et al.: 1982, Nature 296, 331.
Miller, J. S.: 1982, Private Communication.
Osterbrock, D. E.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 215, 733.
Osterbrock, D. E.: 1983, in “Planetary Nebulae”, IAU Symposium No. 103,
D. R. Flower (ed.), to publish. Pedlar, A. et al.: 1982, preprint.
Readhead, A. C. S. and Pearson, T. J.: 1982, In “Extragalactic Radio Sources”, IAU Symposium Nr. 97, Eds. D. S. Heeschen and C. M. Wade p. 279.
Rees, M. J.: 1978, M.N.R.A.S. 184, 61P.
Rieke, G. H.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 226, 550.
Rieke, G. H.: 1982, In “Extragalactic Radio Sources”, IAU Symposium Nr. 97, Eds. D. S. Heeschen and C. M. Wade p. 239.
Schmidt, G. D. and Miller, J. S.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 240, 759.
Shuder, J.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 240, 32.
Simkin, S. M., Su, H. J. and Schwarz, M. P.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 237, 404.
Tananbaum, H. et al.: 1979, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 234, L9.
Tohline, J. E. and Osterbrock, D. E.: 1982, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 252, L49.
Ulrich, M. H.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 181, 51.
Ulvestad, J. S., Wilson, A. S. and Sramek, R. A.: 1981, Astrophys. J. 247, 419.
Ulvestad, J. S. and Wilson, A. S.: 1982, Astrophys. J. (Letters) (in press).
van Breugel, W. and Heckman, T.: 1982, In “Extragalactic Radio Sources”, IAU Symposium Nr. 97, Eds. D. S. Heeschen and C. M. Wade p. 61.
van der Hulst, J. M., Crane P. C. and Keel, W. C.: 1981, Astron. J. 86, 1175.
Walker, M. F.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 151, 71.
Ward, M. J. et al.: 1982, M.N.R.A.S. 199, 953.
Wilkinson, P. N.: 1982, In “Extragalactic Radio Sources”, IAU Symposium Nr. 97, Eds. D. S. Heeschen and C. M. Wade p. 149.
Wilson, A. S.: 1979, Proc. Roy Soc. Lond. A. 366, 461.
Wilson, A. S.: 1982, In “Extragalactic Radio Sources”, IAU Symposium Nr. 97, Eds. D. S. Heeschen and C. M. Wade p. 179.
Wilson, A. S. and Willis, A. G.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 240, 429.
Wilson, A. S. and Ulvestad, J. S.: 1982a, Astrophys. J. 260, 56.
Wilson, A. S. and Ulvestad, J. S.: 1982b, Astrophys. J. (in press, Dec 15 issue).
Woltjer, L.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 146, 597.
References
Wittels, J.J.,Cotton, W.D., and Shapiro, I.I. 1978, Astrophys. J. Letters 225, L47.
Jones, D.L., Sramek, R.A., and Terzian, Y. 1981, Astrophys. J. 246, 28.
Linfield, R. 1981, Astrophys. J. 244, 436.
Shaffer, D.B. and Marscher, A.P. 1979, Astrophys. J. Letters 233, L105.
Preuss, E. et al. 1977, Astron, & Astrophys. 54, 297.
Pauliny-Toth, I.I.K. et al. 1976, Astron. and Astrophys. 52, 471.
Bartel, N. et al. 1982, Astrophys. J. (in press).
Kellermann, K.I. 1976, Astrophys. J. 210, L121.
Geldzahler, B.J. et al. 1977, Astrophys. J. Letters 215, L5.
Schilizzi, R.T. et al., 1979, Astron. & Astrophys. 77, 1
Biermann, P. et al. 1981, AStrophys. J. Letters 250, L49.
Jauncey, D. et al., Nature (in press).
Kellermann, K. I. et al. 1975, Astrophys. J. Letters 197, L113
Pearson, T. and Readhead, A.C.S. 1981, Astrophys. J. 248, 61.
Preuss, E. et al. 1980, Astrophys. J. Letters 240, L7.
Kellermann, K.I. et al. 1981, Astron. & Astrophys. 97, L1.
References
Angel, J.R.P., and Stockman, H.S.: 1980, Ann. Rev. 18, 321.
Arp, H.: 1981, ESO Workshop on Optical Jets in Galaxies.
Bartel, N. et al.: 1982, Astrophys. J. (in press)
Gopal-Krishna et al.: 1980, Nature 288, 344.
Heeschen, D.S., and Puschell, J.J.: 1982 (in press).
Jones, D.L. et al.: 1981, Astrophys. J. 247, L57.
Kapahi, V.K., and Saikia, D.J.: 1981, Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India 9, 177.
Kapahi, V.K., and Saikia, D.J.: 1982, Indian Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy (in press).
Kaufmann et al.: 1981, Astron. & Astrophys. 100, 189.
Kellermann, K.I. et al.: 1975, Astrophys. J. Letters 197, L113.
Kellermann, K.I. et al.: 1976, Astrophys. J. Letters 210, L121.
Kellermann, K.I. et al.: 1978, Physica Scripta 17, 257.
Kellermann, K.I. et al.: 1981, Astron. & Astrophys. 97, LI.
Linfield, R.: 1981a, Astrophys. J. 244, 436.
Linfield, R.: 1981b, Astrophys. J. 250, 464.
Lo, K.Y. et al.: 1981, Astrophys. J. 249, 504.
Owen, F.N. et al.: 1980, Astrophys. J. Letters 239, Lll.
Preuss, E. et al.: 1977, Astron. & Astrophys. 54, 297.
Preuss, E. et al.: 1980, Astrophys. J. Letters 240, L7.
Preuss, E.: 1981, ESO/EAS Workshop on Jets, p. 97.
Preuss, E. et al.: 1981, IAU Symp. No. 97, Extragalactic Radio Sources, p. 289.
Reid, M. et al.: 1982, Astrophys. J. (in press).
Romney, J. et al.: 1981, IAU Symp. No. 97, Extragalactic Radio Sources, p. 291.
Saikia, D.J.: 1981a, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 197, 1097.
Saikia, D.J.: 1981b, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 197, lip.
Saikia, D.J., and Wiita, P.J.: 1982, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 200, 83.
Scheuer, P. and Readhead, A.C.S.: 1979, Nature 277, 182.
Schilizzi, R.T.: 1976, Astron. J. 81, 946.
Schilizzi, R.T. et al.: 1979, Astronomy & Astrophys. 77, 1.
Shaffer, D.B. et al.: 1981, IAU Symp. No. 97, Extragalactic Radio Sources, p. 367.
Shaffer, D.B., and Marscher, A.P.: 1979, Astrophys. J. Letters 233, L105.
Simkin, S.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 217, 145.
Strittmatter, P.A. et al.: 1980, Astron. & Astrophys. 88, L12.
Unwin, S. et al.: 1982, Astrophys. J. 256, 83.
von Groningen et al.: 1980, Astronomy & Astrophys. 90, L7.
Walker, R.C. et al.: 1982, Astrophys. J. 257, 56.
Young, P. et al.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 221, 721.
References
Barr, P., White, N., Sanford, P. and Ives, J.: 1977, Monthly Notices Roy.Astron.Soc., 181, 43 P.
Blandford, R.D. and Rees, M.J.: 1978, in Pittsburgh Conference on BL Lac Objects, ed. A.M. Wolfe, Pittsburgh, pp 328.
Cavaliere, A.: 1981, in Plasma Astrophysics, Varenna.
Cavaliere, A.: 1983, this volume, p. 511.
Cavallo, G. and Rees, M.J.: 1978, Monthly Notices Roy.Astron.Soc., 183,359. Fabian, A.C.: 1979, Proc.Roy.Soc., 366, 449.
Fabian, A.C. and Rees, M.J.: 1979, in X-ray Astronomy, ed. W.A. Baity and L.E. Peterson, Pergamon.
Fabian, A.C., Kembhavi, A.K. and Ward, M.J.: 1981, Space Sci.Rev., 30, 113.
Gould, R.J.: 1982. Astrophys.J., 254, 755.
Guilbert, P.W.: 1981, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge.
Guilbert, P.W.: 1982, private communication.
Guilbert, P.W. and Fabian, A.C.: 1982, Nature 296, 226.
Guilbert, P.W., Fabian, A.C. and Stepney, S.: 1982, Monthly Notices Roy.Astron.Soc., 199, 19 P.
Guilbert, P.W., Fabian, A.C. and McCray, R.: 1982, Astrophys.J. in press.
Guilbert, P.W., Fabian, A.C. and Ross, R.R.: 1982, Monthly Notices Roy.Astron.Soc., 199, 763.
Katz, J.I.: 1976, Astrophys.J., 206, 910.
Krolik, J.H., McKee, C.F. and Tarter, C.B.: 1981, Astrophys.J., 249, 422.
Ku, W.H.M., Helfand, D.J. and Lucy, L.B.: 1980, Nature, 288, 323.
Lightman, A.P.: 1981, in X-ray Astronomy in the 1980’s, ed. S.S. Holt, NASA, p. 143.
Lightman, A.P., Giacconi, R. and Tananbaum, H.: 1978, Astrophys.J., 224, 375.
Lightman, A.P.: 1982, Astrophys.J., 253, 842.
Maccacaro, T., Perola, G.C. and Elvis, M.: 1982, Astrophys.J., 257, 47.
Marshall, N., Warwick, R.S. and Pounds, K.A.: 1981, Monthly Notices Roy.Astron.Soc., 194, 987.
Marshall, F.E., Becker, R.H., Holt, S.S. and Mushotzky, R.F.: 1981, Bull.Am.Astron.Soc., 12, 796.
Matilsky, T., Shrader, C. and Tananbaum, H.: 1982, Astrophys.J.Lett., 258, LI.
McCray, R.: 1979, in Active Galactic Nuclei, ed. C. Hazard and S. Mitton, Cambridge University Press.
Mushotsky, R.F.: 1982, Astrophys.J., 256, 92.
Perotti, F., Delia Ventura, A., Villa, G., Di Cocco, G., Bassani, L., Butler, R.C., Carter, J.N. and Dean, A.J.: 1981, Astrophys.J., 247, L63.
Piccinotti, G., Mushotzky, R.F., Boldt, E.A., Holt, S.S., Marshall, F.E., Serlemitsos, P.J. and Shafer, R.A.: 1982, Astrophys.J., 253, 485.
Rothschild, R.E., Mushotzky, R.F., Baity, W.A., Gruber, D.E. and Matteson, J.L.: 1982, preprint.
Schönfelder, V.: 1982, talk at X XIV COSPAR meeting, Ottawa.
Spitzer, L.: 1956, Physics of fully ionized gases, Wiley.
Svensson, R.: 1982, Astrophys.J., 258, 335.
Takahara, F. and Tsuruta, S.: 1982, Prog.Theo.Phys., 67, 485.
Tananbaum, H., Avni, Y., Branduardi, G., Elvis, M., Fabbiano, G., Feigelson, E., Giacconi, R., Henry, J.P., Pye, J.P., Soltan, A. and Zamorani, G.: 1979, Astrophys.J., 239, L9.
Tananbaum, H.: 1980, in X-ray Astronomy, eds. R. Giacconi and G. Setti, D. Reidel, p. 291.
Tananbaum, H., Peters, G., Forman, W., Giacconi, R., Jones, C. and Avni, Y.: 1978, Astrophys.J., 223, 74.
Tennant, A.F., Mushotzky, R.F., Boldt, E.A. and Swank, J.H.: 1981, Astrophys.J., 251, 15.
Tennant, A. and Mushotzky, R.F.: 1982, preprint.
Urry, C.M. and Mushotzky, R.F.: 1982, Astrophys.J., 253, 38.
Worrall, D.M., Boldt, E.A., Holt, S.S., Mushotzky, R.F. and Serlemitsos, P.J.: 1981, Astrophys.J., 243, 53.
Zamorani, G., Henry, J.P., Maccacaro, T., Tananbaum, H., Soltan, A., Liebert, J., Stocker, J., Strittmatter, P.A., Weymann, R.J., Smith, M.G. and Condon, J.J.: 1981, Astrophys.J., 245, 357.
References
Brant, H.V., et al. 1979, Ap.J. (Letters), 230, L5.
Cavallo, G., and Rees, M.J. 1978, M.N.R.A.S., 183, 359.
Charles, P., Thorstensen, J. and Bowyer, S. 1979, Nature,281.285.
Dower, R.G., et al. 1980, Ap.J., 235, 355.
Elvis, et al. 1978, M.N.R.A.S. 183. 129.
Fabian, A.C., 1979, Proc. R. Soc. London, A, 366, 449.
Maccagni, D. and Tarenghi, M. 1981, Space Sci. Rev., 30, 55.
Marshall, N., Warwick, R.S. and Pounds, K.A. 1981, M.N.R.A.S., 194, 987.
Matilsky, T., et el. 1982, Ap.J. (Letters), 258, L1.
Mufson, S.L. and Hutter, D.J. 1981, Ap.J. (Letters), 248. L61.
Mushotzky, R.F., et al., 1978, Ap.J. (Letters), 225. L115.
Ricketts, M.J., Cooke, B.A., and Pounds, K.A. 1976, Nature, 259, 546.
Schwartz, D.A., et al. 1979, Ap.J. (Letters), 229. L53.
Snyder, W.A., et al. 1980, Ap.J. (Letters), 237. Lll.
Snyder, W.A., 1982, Ap.J., 259. 38.
Tananbaum, H. 1980, in X-Ray Astronomy, R. Giacconi and G. Setti, eds., ( Dordrecht: D. Reidel ), 291.
Tananbaum, H. 1978, Ap.J., 223. 74.
Tananbaum, H.D. et al. 1979, Ap.J. (Letters), 234, L9.
Tennant, A.F., et al. 1981, Ap.J., 251, 15.
Urry, C.M., et al. 1982, Ap.J., (in press).
Wilson, A.S., et al. 1979, M.N.R.A.S., 187, 109.
References
Bignami,G.F.,Fichtel,C.E.,Hartman,R.C.,and Thompson,D.J.:1979,Ap.J. 232, p. 649.
Eilek,J.A.,and Kafatos,M.:1982,Ap.J.,submitted.
Fichtel,C.E.,and Trombka,J.I.:1981,“Gamma Ray Astrophysics”,NASA SP-453. Hall,R.D.,Meegan,C.A.,Walraven,G.D.,Djuth,F.T.,and Haymes.:1976,Ap.J. 210,p.631.
Holt,S.S., and McCray,R.:1982,Ann.Rev.Astr. & Ap. 20.
Jones,T.W.:1979,Ap.J. 233.
Jones,T.W.,01 Dell,S.L.,and Stein,W.A.:1974,Ap.J. 188,p.353.
Kafatos,M.:1980,Ap.J. 236,p.99.
Kafatos,M.,and Eilek,J.A.:1982a,Ap.J.Letters, submitted.
Kafatos,M. ,and Eilek,J.A.:1982b, in preparation.
Kafatos,M.,Shapiro,M.M.,and Silbereberg,R.:1981,Comm. on Ap. 9,p.179. Katz,J.I.:1976,Ap.J. 206,p.910.
Kazanas,D.:1982, preprint.
Leventhal,M.,MacCallum,C.J.,and Stang,P.D.:1978,Ap.J.Letters 225,p.Lll.
Liang,E.T.P.:1980,Nature 283,p.642.
Lovelace,R.V.E.,MacAuslan,J.,and Burns,M.L.:1979,in “Particle Acceleration Mechanisms in Astrophysics”,ed.Arons,McKee and Max,AIP Conf. 56,p.399. Matteson,J.L.:1982,in “The Galactic Center”,ed.Riegler and Blandford, AIP Conf. Proc. 83,p.109.
McBreen,B.:1979, Astr. & Ap. 71,p.L21.
Novikov,I.D.,and Thorne,K.S.:1973,in “Black Holes”,ed. DeWitt and DeWitt (New York:Gordon & Breach).
Perotti,F.,et al.:1979,Nature 282,p.484.
Rees,M.J.,Begelman,M.C.,Blandford,R.D.,and Phinney,E.S.:1982,Nat.295,p.19.
Rothschild,R.E.,et al.:1982,Ap.J., submitted.
Schlickeiser,R.:1980,Ap.J. 236,p.945.
Shapiro,S.L.,Lightman,A.P.,and Eardley,D.M.:1976,Ap.J. 204,p.187.
Zanrosso, E.M., et al.:1979, in “Proc. 16th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf.” 1, p. 112.a.
References
Angel, J.R.P. and Stockman, H.S.: 1980, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 8, p. 321.
Blandford, R.D.: 1976, MNRAS 176, p. 465.
Blandford, R.D. and Znajek, R.L.: 1977, MNRAS 179, p. 433.
Blandford, R.D. and Rees, M.J.: 1978, nProc. Pittsburg Conference on BL Lac Objects” Wolfe ed., p. 328.
Blandford, R.D. and Payne, D.G.: 1982, MNRAS 199, p. 883.
Cavaliere, A., Morrison, P. and Wood, K.: 1971, Ap.J, 170, p. 223. Cavaliere, A. and Morrison, P.: 1980, Ap.J.Lett. 238, p. L63.
Cavaliere, A.: 1981 “Plasma Astrophysics” ESA SP-161, p. 97 (Paris).
Cavaliere, A., Giallongo, E., Messina, A. and Vagnetti, F.: 1982, to be published in Astron. Astrophys.
Cavallo, G. and Rees, M.J.: 1978, MNRAS 183, p. 359.
Cheney, J.E. and Rowan-Robinson, M.: 1981, MNRAS 497, p. 195.
Cowie, L.L. and Binney, J.: 1977, Ap.J, 215, p. 723.
Fabian, A.C. and Rees, M.J.: 1978, “X-Ray Astronomy” Baity and Peterson eds, Pergamon Press, p. 381.
Guilbert, P.W., Fabian, A.C. and Ross, R,R,: 1982, MNRAS 199, p. 763.
Guilbert, P.W., Fabian, A.C. and Stepney, S.: 1982, MNRAS 199, p. 19 P
Königl, A.: 1981, Ap.J. 243, p. 700.
Lightman, A.P.: 1981, Ap.J. 253, p. 842.
Lovelace, R.V.E.: 1981, “Plasma Astrophysics” ESA SP-161, p. 215,(Paris).
Marshall, N., Warwick, R.S. and Pounds, K.A.: 1981, MNRAS 194, p. 197.
McMillan, S.L.W., Lightman, A.P. and Cohn, H.: 1981, Ap.J. 251, p. 436.
Ozernoy, L.H. and Usov, V.V.: 1973, Ap. Space Sci. 25, 149.
Pacini, F. and Salvati, M.: 1978, Ap.J.Lett. 255, p. L99.
Peacock, J.A. and Gull, S.F.: 1981, MNRAS 196, p. 611.
Peacock, J.A.: 1982, MNRAS 199, p. 987.
Rees, M.J., Begelman, M.C. and Blandford, R.D.: 1980, 10th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics, Ramaty and Jones eds., p. 254 ( New York Academy of Sciences, New York),
Rees, M.J.: 1981, “X-ray Astronomy” R.D. Andresen ed., p. 87 (Reidel, Dordrecht).
Rees, M.J., Begelman, M.C., Blandford, R.D, and Phinney; E.S,: 1982, Nature 295, p. 17,
Rieke, G.H., Lebofsky, M.J, and Wisniewski, W.Z.: 1982, preprint.
Scheuer, P.A.G., Readhead, A.C.S.: 1979, Nature 277, 182.
Schmidt, M.: 1978, Phys. Scr. 17, 329,
Schmidt, M. and Green, R.F,: 1982, in “Astrophysical Cosmology”, Briick, Coyne and Longair eds., Pont, Acad. Scientiarum Scripta Varia 48, p. 281.
Setti, G. and Woltjer, L,: 1982, “Astrophysical Cosmology”, Brück, Coyne and Longair eds., Pont, Acad. Scientiarum Scripta Varia 48, p. 315,
Sunyaev, R.A. and Titarchuk, L.G.: 1980, Astron. Astrophys. 86, p. 21.
Svensson, R.: 1981, preprint.
Takahara, F.: 1980, Progr. Theor, Phys, 63, p. 1551.
Tennant, A.F. and Mushotsky, R.F. 1982, preprint.
van der Laan, H. and Windhorst, R.A.: 1982, “Astrophysical Cosmology”, Brück, Coyne and Longair eds. Pont. Acad. Scientiarum Scripta Varia 48, p. 349.
Wall, J., Benn, C.: 1982, in “Extragalactic Radio Sources”, Heeschen and Wolstencroft, R.D., Gilmore, G. and Williams, P.M.: 1982, preprint.
Wolstencroft, R.D., Gilmore, G. and Williams, P.M.: 1982, preprint.
References
Bussard, R. W., Ramaty, R. and Drachman, R. J.: 1979, Ap. J. 228, 928.
Eardley, D. M. et al.: 1978, Ap. J. 224, 53.
Gardner, B. M. et al.: 1982, The Galactic Center ( AIP: New York ), p. 144.
Haymes, R. C. et al.: 1975, Ap. J. 201, 593.
Johnson, W. N., Harden, F. R. and Haymes, R. C.: 1972, Ap. J. 172, LI.
Johnson, W. N. and Haymes, R. C.: 1973, Ap. J. 184, 103.
Lacy, J. H. et al.: 1980, Ap. J. 241, 132.
Leventhal, M. et al.: 1982, Ap. J. 260, LI.
Leventhal, M., MacCallum, C. J. and Stang. P. D.: 1978, Ap. J. 225, Lll.
Lingenfelter, R. E. and Ramaty, R.: 1982, The Galactic Center ( AIP: New York ), p. 148.
Lo, K. Y. et al.: 1981, Ap. J., 249, 504.
Lynden-Bell, D. and Rees, M. J.: 1971, M.N.R.A.S., 152, 461.
Matteson, J. L.: 1982, The Galactic Center (AIP: New York), p. 109. McKinley, J. M. and Ramaty R.: 1983, Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. (in press).
Okeke, P. N. and Rees, M. J.: 1980, Astron. Astrophys. 81, 263.
Ozernoy, L. M.: 1979, Large Scale Characteristics of the Galaxy ( Reidel: Dordrecht ), p. 395.
Paciesas, W. S. et al.: 1982, Ap. J. 260, L7.
Ramaty, R. and Lingenfelter, R. E.: 1979, Nature, 278, 127.
Ramaty, R. and Lingenfelter, R. E.: 1981, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., A301, 671.
Riegler, G. R. et al.: 1981, Ap. J. 248, L13.
Sturrock, P. A. and Baker, K. B.: 1979, Ap. J. 234, 612.
Weaver, T. A.: 1976, Phys. Rev., 13A, 1563.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 International Astronomical Union
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pacini, F. et al. (1983). Active Galactic Nuclei. In: West, R.M. (eds) Highlights of Astronomy. International Astronomical Union / Union Astronomique Internationale, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7110-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7110-3_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-277-1565-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-7110-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive