Abstract
How might a climate change, induced by increased CO2 in the atmosphere, affect societies? What is the range of existing and potential mechanisms for societal response? And how might research contribute to a reduction of the adverse impacts (or enhancement of the unique opportunities) of a climate change by providing greater understanding of the processes involved in climate and society interaction? This paper reflects an initial effort to shed light on these questions. It offers first a framework for identifying key issues in climate-society interaction; eight major questions are suggested by the framework. A discussion of each major question is then presented with the purpose of reviewing the current state of knowledge, identifying the gaps in understanding, and offering opportunities for research to fill those gaps. In all, twenty-two research needs are outlined and are summarized at the conclusion of the paper. The perspective is interdisciplinary, but the review draws heavily from the geographic literature, reflecting the disciplinary bias of the authors.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ausubel, J.: 1980, ‘Economics in the Air’, in A. K. Biswas (ed.), Climatic Constraints and Human Activities, 13–59. Oxford, Pergamon Press.
Baerreis, D. A. and Bryson, R. A.: 1968, ‘Climatic Change and the Mill Creek Culture of Iowa’, J. Iowa Archaeological Society 15, 1.
Baker, E. J., and McPhee, J. G.: 1975, Land Use Management and Regulation in Hazardous Areas: A Research Assessment. Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.
Baier, W.: 1977, ‘Crop-Weather Models and Their Use in Yield Assessments’, World Metorological Organization Technical Note No. 151. Geneva, WMO.
Baier, W. and Williams, G. D. V.: 1974, ‘Regional Wheat Yield Predictions From Weather Data in Canada’, Proceedings of the WMO Symposium Agrometeorology of the Wheat Crop, Braunschwg, Federal Republic of Germany, 22 October, 1973. WMO No. 396, 265–283. Geneva, WMO.
Barnett, C. V.: 1972, ‘Weather and the Short-Term Forecasting of Electricity Demand’, in J. A. Taylor (ed.), Weather Forecasting for Agriculture and Industry, Rutherford, Farleigh, Dickinson University Press.
Barnett, H. J. and Morse, C. M.: 1963, Scarcity and Growth: The Economics of Natural Resource Availability, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press.
Baumgartner, A.: 1979, ‘Climate Variability and Forestry’, in World Meteorological Organization (ed.), World Climate Conferences: A Conference of Experts on Climate and Mankind, Geneva, WMO.
Bennett, R. J. and Chorley, R. J.: 1978, Environmental Systems. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
Biswas, A. K.: 1980a, ‘Climate and Economic Development’, The Ecologist 9, 188.
Biswas, A. K.: 1980b, ‘Crop-Climate Models: A Review of the State of the Art’, in J. Ausubel and A. K. Biswas (eds.), Climatic Constraints and Human Activities, 75–92. Oxford, Pergamon Press.
Biswas, M. R.: 1979, ‘Energy and Food Production’, in A. K. Biswas and M. R. Biswas (eds.), Food, Climate and Man, J. Wiley and Sons.
Biswas, M. R., and Biswas, A. K., eds.’ 1979, Food, Climate and Man, New York, J. Wiley and Sons.
Boulding, K.: 1980, ‘Science: Our Common Heritage’, Science 207, 831.
Bowden, M. J., Kates, R., Kay, P., Riebsame, W., Gould, H., Johnson, D., Warrick, R., and Weiner, D.: 1981, ‘The Effect of Climate Fluctuations on Human Populations: Two Hypotheses’, in M. Ingram, G. Farmer, and T. M. L. Wigley (eds.), Climate and History, Cambridge University Press.
Bryson, R. A.: 1975, ‘Some Cultural and Economic Consequences of Climatic Change’, Report No. 60. Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Bryson, R. A., Lamb, H. H., and Donley, D. L.: 1974, ‘Drought and the Decline of Mycenae’, Antiquity 48, 46.
Bryson, R. A. and Padoch, C.: 1980, ‘On the Climates of History’, J. of Interdisciplinary History 10, 583.
Burton, I., Kates, R. W., and White, G. F.: 1968, ‘The Human Ecology of Extreme Geophysical Events’, Natural Hazards Research Working Paper No. 1, Department of Geography, University of Toronto.
Burton, I., Kates, R. W., and White, G. F.: 1978, The Environment as Hazard, New York, Oxford University Press.
Burton, I., Billingsley, D., Blacksell, M., Chapman, V., Kirkby, A., Foster, L., and Wall, G.: 1974, ‘Public Response to a Successful Air Pollution Control Program’, in J. A. Taylor (ed.), Climatic Resources, London, David and Charles.
Carpenter, R.: 1968, Discontinuity in Greek Civilization, New York, W. W. Norton.
Caviedes, C. N.: 1975, ‘El Niño 1972: Its Climatic, Ecological, Human, and Economic Implications’, Geogr. Rev. 65, 493.
Center for Environmental Assessment Services: 1980, ‘Climate Impact Assessment: Annual Summary’. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Commerce.
Christy, F. T. and Scott, A.: 1965, The Common Wealth in Ocean Fisheries. Johns Hopkins, Baltimore.
Cochrane, H. C.: 1975, ‘Natural Hazards: Their Distributive Impacts’, Boulder, Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.
Cochrane, H. C., Haas, J. E., and Kates, R. W.: 1974, ‘Social Science Perspectives on the Coming San Francisco Earthquake: Economic, Prediction, and Reconstruction’, Natural Hazards Research Working Paper No. 25. Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.
Craddock, J. M.: 1965, ‘Domestic Fuel Consumption and Winter Temperatures in London’, Weather 20, 257.
Cushing, D. H.: 1979, ‘Climatic Variation and Marine Fisheries’, in World Meteorological Organization (ed.), World Climate Conference: A Conference of Experts on Climate and Mankind, Geneva, WMO.
d’Arge, R.: 1979, ‘Climate and Economic Activity’, in World Meteorological Organization (ed.), World Climate Conference: A Conference of Experts on Climate and Mankind, Geneva.
Dacy, D. C. and Kunreuther, H.: 1969, The Economics of Natural Disasters: Implications for Federal Policy. New York, Free Press.
Deevey, E. S., Rice, D., Rice, P., Vaughan, H., Brenner, M., and Flannery, M.: 1979, ‘Mayan Urbanism: Impact on a Tropical Karst Environment’, Science 206, 298.
Dracup, J. A.: 1977, ‘Impact on the Colorado River Basin And Southwest Water Supply’, in National Academy of Sciences (ed.), Climate, Climatic Change and Water Supply, Washington, D.C., National Academy of Sciences.
Dynes, R. R.: 1970, Organized Behavior in Disaster. Lexington, Massachusetts, D.C. Heath.
Ehrenfeld, D.: 1972, Conserving Life on Earth. New York, Oxford.
Ehrlich, P. R. and Ehrlich, A. H.: 1970, Population, Resources, Environment: Issues in Human Ecology, San Francisco, Freeman.
Environmental Data Information Service (EDIS): 1979, ‘The Large-Area Crop Inventory Experiment’, Environmental Data Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C.
Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA): 1966, ‘Weather and the Construction Industry’, ESSA/PI660013. Washington, D.C., GPO.
Enzer, S., Drobnick, R., and Alter, L.: 1978, Neither Feast nor Famine, Lexington, Massachusetts, Lexington Books.
Food and Climate Forum: 1981, Food and Climate Review 1980–81, Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies. Boulder, Colorado.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): 1974, Environment and Development, Thirteenth FAO Regional Conference for Latin America, Panama City, Panama. Rome FAO.
Fossey, W. R.: 1977, ‘Talkin’ Dust Dowl Blues: A Study of Oklahoma’s Cultural Identity During the Great Depression’, Chronicles of Oklahoma 55, 12.
Friesema, H. P., Caporaso, J., Goldstein, G., Lineberry, R., and McCleary, R.: 1979, Aftermath; Communities After National Disasters, Beverly Hills, Sage.
Garcia, R. and Escudero, J.: 1980 (draft), ‘The Constant Catastrophe’, Vol. 2; An IFIAS Report on ‘Drought and Man: The 1972 Case History’.
Great Plains Committee: 1937, The Future of the Great Plains, 75th Congress, First Session, Document No. 144, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, D.C., GPO.
Grossman, L.: 1977, ‘Man-Environment Relationships in Anthropology and Geography’. Annals. Assoc. Amer. Geogr. 67, 126.
Grove, A. T.: 1973, ‘Desertification in the African Environment’, in D. Dalby and R. H. Church (eds.), Drought in Africa, London, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies.
Gupta, U. S. (ed.): 1975, Physiological Aspects of Dryland Farming, New Delhi, Oxford and IBH Publishers.
Haigh, P.: 1977, ‘Separating the Effects of Weather and Management on Crop Production’, Contract Report, C. F. Kettering Foundation, Grant # ST-77-4. Columbia, Missouri.
Hare, F. K.: 1979, ‘Climatic Variation and Variability: Empirical Evidence From Meteorological and Other Sources’, in World Meteorological Organization (ed.), World Climate Conference: A Conference of Experts on Climate and Mankind, Geneva, WMO.
Harris, D. R.: 1969, ‘The Ecology of Agricultural Systems’, in R. U. Cooke and J. H. Johnson (ed.), Trends in Geography, Oxford, Pergamon Press.
Harrison, P.: 1979, ‘The Curse of the Tropics’, New Scientist 22, 602.
Heathcote, R. L.: 1974, ‘Drought in South Australia’, in G. F. White (ed.), Natural Hazard: Local, National, Global, New York, Oxford University Press.
Heberlein, T. A.: 1973, ‘The Three Fixes: Technological, Cognitive and Structural’, paper presented at the Water Community Conference. Seattle, Washington.
Heilbroner, R. L.: 1974, An Inquiry into the Human Prospect, New York, Norton and Co.
Hewitt, K.: 1980, ‘Perspectives on Development and Small Settlements in the Third World With Special Reference to Pakistan’, in P. O’Keefe and K. Johnson (eds.), Environment and Development: Community Perspectives, Program on International Development, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts.
Holcomb Research Institute: 1976, Environmental Modeling and Decision-Making: The United States Experience, New York, Praeger Publishers.
Holling, C. S.: 1973, ‘Resilience and Stablility in Ecological Systems’, Ann. Rev. Eco. and Systematics 4, 1.
Huntington, E.: 1915, Civilization and Climate, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
Huszar, P.: 1975, Frost Hazard in the United States: A Research Assessment, Boulder, Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.
Jacobsen, T.: 1958, ‘Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture’, Science 128, 1251.
Jackson, R. H.: 1979, ‘Drought in the Western United States: Perception and Adjustment 1976–1977’, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting, Association of American Geographers. Philadelphia, PA, April 22–25.
Johnson, J. H.: 1976, ‘Effects of Climate Changes on Marine Food Production’, Appendix A in National Academy of Sciences, Climate and Food: Climatic Fluctuation and U.S. Agricultural Production, Washington, D.C., NAS.
Johnson, K.: 1976, ‘Do As the Land Bids: A Study of Otomi Resource-Use on the Eve of Irrigation’, Ph.D. dissertation, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, MA.
Kates, R. W.: 1962, Hazard and Choice Perception in Flood Plain Management, Research Paper No. 78. Chicago, University of Chicago, Department of Geography.
Kates, R. W.: 1980a, ‘The Methodology of Climate Impact Assessment: A Note’, unpublished MS, Clark University, Worcester, MA.
Kates, R. W.: 1980b, ‘Climate and Society: Lessons From Recent Events’, Weather 35, 17.
Katz, R.: 1977, ‘Assessing the Impact of Climatic Change on Food Production’, Climatic Change 1, 85.
Kellogg, W. W. and Schware, R.: 1981, Climate Change and Society: The Consequences of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.
Kneese, A. V., Ayres, R. U., and d’Arge, R. C.: 1970, Economics and the Environment: A Materials Balance Approach, Washington, D.C., Resources for the Future.
Lambert, L. D.: 1975, ‘The Role of Climate in the Economic Development of Nations’, Land Economics 47, 339.
Linnemann, H., DeHoogh, J. Keyzer, M. A., and van Heemst, H. D. J.: 1979, MOIRA: Model of International Relations in Agriculture. Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Company.
Manners, I. R.: 1974, ‘The Environmental Impact of Modern Agricultural Technologies’, in I. R. Manners and M. W. Mikesell (eds.), Perspectives on Environment, Washington, D.C., Assoc. Amer. Geographers.
Margolis, H.: 1979, ‘Estimating Social Impacts of Climate Change: What Might Be Done vs. What Is Likely to Be Done’, Paper present to AAAS/DOE Workshop on Environmental and Societal Consequences of a Possible CO2-Induced Climate Change, Annapolis, Maryland.
Maunder, W. J., Johnson, S. R., and McQuigg, J. D.: 1971, ‘The Effect of Weather on Road Construction: Application of a Simulation Model’. Monthly Weather Rev. 99, 946.
McGovern, T. H.: 1981, ‘The Economics of Extinction in Norse Greenland’, in M. Farmer, M. Ingram, and T. M. Wigley (eds.), Climate and History, Cambridge, University of Cambridge Press.
McKernan, D.: 1972, ‘World Fisheries World Concern’, in B. Rothschild (ed.), World Fisheries Policy: Multidisciplinary Views, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
McQuigg, J. D.: 1975, Economic Impacts of Weather Variability, Columbia, Missouri, Atmospheric Science Department, University of Missouri-Columbia.
McQuigg, J. D., Thompson, L., LeDuc, S., Lockard, M., McKay, G.: 1973, The Influence of Weather and Climate on United States Grain Yields: Bumper Crops or Droughts, Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Commerce.
Mitchell, J. M. Jr., Felch, R. E., Gilman, D. L., Quinlan, F. T., and Rotty, R. M.: 1973, ‘Variability of Seasonal Total Heating Fuel Demand in the United States’, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Washington, D.C.
Murray, T., Ingham, M., LeDuc, S. K., and Steyaert, L. T.: 1980, ‘Impact of Climatic Factors on Early Life Stages of Atlantic Mackerel’, paper presented at the Conference on Climatic Impacts and Societal Response of the American Meteorological Society, August. Milwaukee, WI.
National Academy of Sciences (NAS): 1972, Genetic Vulnerability of Major Crops, Washington, D.C., NAS.
National Academy of Sciences (NAS): 1977, Climate, Climatic Change and Water Supply, Washington, D.C., NAS.
National Defense University: 1978, Climate Change to the Year 2000: A Survey of Expert Opinion, Washington, D.C., GPO.
National Defense University: 1980, Crop Yields and Climate Change to the Year 2000, Washington, D.C., GPO.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): 1974, ‘Variability of Seasonal Total Fuel Demand in the United States’, Environmental Data Service, January, 5–9.
Newman, J. E.: 1978, ‘Drought Impacts on American Agricultural Productivity’, in N. E. Rosenberg (ed.), North American Droughts, Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.
Norwine, J.: 1978, Climate and Human Ecology, Houston, D. Armstrong.
O’Keefe, P., and Wisner, B.: 1975, ‘African Drought: The State of the Game’, in P. Richards (ed.), African Environment, London, International African Institute.
Parry, M. L.: 1978, Climatic Change, Agriculture and Settlement, Kent, UK, Dawson.
Pattison, W. D., 1964: ‘The Four Traditions of Geography’, Journal of Geography 63, 211.
Post, J. D.: 1977, The Last Great Subsistence Crisis in the Western World, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
Quirk, W. J.: 1980, ‘Using Improved Climate Information to Better Manage Energy Systems’, Paper presented at the Conference on Climatic Impacts and Societal Response of the American Meteorological Society, August.
Rabb, T.: 1983, ‘Climate and Society in History: A Research Agenda’, in Chen, R. S., Boulding, E., and Schneider, S. H. (eds.), Social Science Research and Climate Change: An Interdisciplinary Appraisal, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 62–76 (this volume).
Radovich, J.: 1981, ‘The Collapse of the California Sardine Industry: What Have We Learned?’, in M. Glantz and J. D. Thompson (eds.), Resource Management and Environmental Uncertainty:
Rees, J. D.: 1970, ‘Paricutin Revisited: A Review of Man’s Attempts to Adapt to Ecological Changes Resulting From Volcanic Catastrophe’, Geoforum, April, 7–26.
Reifsnyder, W. E.: 1976, ‘Forest Lands’, Appendix B in National Academy of Sciences, Climate and Food: Climatic Fluctuation and U.S. Agricultural Production, Washington, D.C., National Academy of Sciences.
Regan, C.: 1980: ‘Underdevelopment, Vulnerability and Starvation: Ireland, 1845–48’, in P. O’Keefe and K. Johnson (eds.), Environment and Development: Community Perspectives, Worcester, Massachusetts: Program on International Development, Clark University.
Rettig, R. B.: 1978, ‘Managing Fisheries for Optimum Yield: The Need for Integrated Research in Physical, Life and Social Sciences’, in M. Glantz, H. van Loon, and E. Armstrong (eds.), Multidisciplinary Research Related to the Atmospheric Sciences, Boulder, Colorado, National Center for Atmospheric Research.
Riebsame, W.: 1981, ‘Adjustment to Drought in the Spring Wheat Area of North Dakota: A Case Study of Climate Impacts on Agriculture’, Ph.D. Dissertation, Clark University, Worcester, MA.
Roberts, P. R.: 1960, ‘Adverse Weather - Its Effects on Engineering Design and Construction’, Civil Engineering 30, 35.
Rotberg, R. I. and Rabb, T. K. (eds.): 1980, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press.
Russell, C. S., Arey, D. G., and Kates, R. W.: 1970, Drought and Water Supply, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
Russo, J. A., et al.: 1965, ‘The Operational and Economic Impact of Weather on the Construction Industry’, The Travelers Research Center, Inc., Hartford, CT.
Saarinen, T.: 1966, Perception of the Drought Hazard on the Great Plains, Research Paper No. 106. Chicago, Department of Geography, University of Chicago.
Saarinen, T. F.: 1974, ‘Problems in the Use of a Standardized Questionnaire for Cross-Cultural Resèarch on Perception of Natural Hazards’, in G. F. White (ed.), Natural Hazards: Local, National, Global, New York, Oxford University Press.
Schaake, J. D., Jr. and Kaczmarek, Z.: 1979, ‘Climate Variability and the Design and Operation of Water Resource Systems’, in World Meteorological Organization (ed.), World Climate Conference: A Conference of Experts on Climate and Mankind, Geneva, WMO.
Schneider, S. H. and Chen, R. S.: 1980, ‘Carbon Dioxide Warming and Coastline Flooding: Physical Factors and Climatic Impact’, Annual Review of Energy 5, 107.
Schneider, S. H. and Mesirow, L. E.: 1976, The Genesis Strategy, New York, Plenum.
Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE): 1978, Workshop on Climate I Society Interface, Paris, SCOPE Secretariat.
Sewell, W. R. D. and Burton, I. (eds): 1971, Perceptions and Attitudes in Research Management. Ottawa, Information Canada.
Simon, H. A.: 1956, ‘Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment’, Psych. Rev. 63, 129.
Smith, C. D. and Parry, M.: 1981, Consequences of Climatic Change, Department of Geography, University of Nottingham, UK.
Spitz, P.: 1980, ‘Drought and Self-Provisioning’, in J. Ausubel and A. K. Biswas (eds.), Climatic Constraints and Human Activities, 125–147. Oxford, Pergamon Press.
Stein, W. J.: 1973, California and the Dust Bowl Migration, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
Taaffe, E. J.: 1974, ‘The Spatial View in Context’, Annals Assoc. Amer. Geogr. 64, 1.
Takahashi, K. and Yoshino, M. M.: 1978, Climatic Change and Food Production, University of Tokyo Press.
Terjung, W. E.: 1981, ‘Toward Level-5 Geographical Modeling: A Working Structure’, Paper presented to 77th AAG Meeting. Los Angeles.
Thompson, J. D.: 1977, ‘Ocean Deserts and Ocean Oases’, Chapter 6 in M. Glantz (ed.), Desertification: Environmental Degradation in and around Arid Lands, Boulder, Westview Press.
Thompson, J. D.: 1981, ‘Climate, Upwelling, and Biological Productivity: Some Primary Relationships’, Chapter 2 in M. Glantz and J. D. Thompson (eds.), Resource Management and Environmental Uncertainty: Lessons from Coastal Up welling Fisheries, New York, John Wiley and Sons.
Thompson, L. M.: 1962, ‘Evaluation of Weather Factors in the Production of Wheat in the United States’, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 17, 149.
Thompson, L. M.: 1969a, ‘Weather and Technology in the Production of Wheat in the United States’, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 23, 219.
Thompson, L. M.: 1969b, ‘Weather and Technology in the Production of Corn in the U.S. Corn Belt’, Agronomy Journal 61, 453.
Timmerman, P.: 1981, ‘Vulnerability, Resilience and the Collapse of Society’, Environmental Monograph No. 1. Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto.
Torry, W. I.: 1979, ‘Anthropological Studies in Hazardous Environments: Past Trends and New Horizons’, Current Anthropology, Vol. 20, No. 3.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA): 1974, The World Food Situation and Prospects to 1980, Foreign Agriculture Report No. 98. Washington, D.C., GPO.
U.S. Department of Transportation: 1975, ‘Impacts of Climatic Change on the Biosphere’, CIAP Monograph 5, Part 2, Climatic Effects. Washington, D.C., GPO.
van Loon, H. and Williams, J.: 1978, ‘The Association Between Mean Temperature and Interannual Variability’, Monthly Weather Rev. 106, 1012.
Waddell, E.: 1975, ‘How the Enga Cope With Frosts: Responses to Climatic Perturbations in the Central Highlands of New Guinea’, Human Ecology 3, 249.
Warrick, R. A.: 1980, ‘Drought in the Great Plains: A Case Study of Research on Climate and Society in the U.S.A.’, in J. Ausubel and A. K. Biswas (eds.), Climatic Constraints and Human Activities, Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Warrick, R. A. (with Trainer, P. B., Baker, E. J., and Brinkman, W.): 1975, Drought Hazard in the United States: A Research Assessment. Boulder, Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.
Warrick, R. A. and Bowden, M. J.: 1981, ‘Changing Impacts of Drought in the Great Plains’, in M. Lawson and M. Baker (eds.), The Great Plains, Perspectives and Prospects, Lincoln, Nebraska, Center for Great Plains Studies.
Warrick, R. A. and Kates, R.: 1981, ‘Testing Hypotheses About the Effects of Climate Fluctuations on Human Populations’, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Toronto.
Water Resources Council (WRC): 1976, Unified National Program for Flood Plain Management. Washington, D.C., GPO.
White, G. F.: 1961, ‘The Choice of Use in Resource Management’, Natural Resources Journal 1, 23.
White, G. F.: 1966, ‘Formation and Role of Public Attitudes’, in H. Jarrett (ed.), Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press.
White, G. F.: 1969, Strategies of American Water Management, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
White, G. F.: 1973, ‘Natural Hazards Research’, in R. J. Chorley (ed.), Directions in Geography, London, Methuen.
White, G. F. (ed.): 1974, Natural Hazards: Local, National, Global, New York, Oxford University Press.
White, G. F. and Haas, J. E.: 1975, Assessment of Research on Natural Hazards. Cambridge, MIT Press.
Whyte, I.: 1981, ‘Human Response to Short- and Long-Term Climatic Fluctuations: The Example of Early Scotland’, in C. D. Smith and M. Parry (eds.), Consequences of Climatic Change, 17–29. Department of Geography, University of Nottingham.
Wigley, T. M. L., Ingram, M. J., and Farmer, G. (eds.): 1981, Climate and History, Cambridge University Press.
Wisner, B.: 1978, ‘The Human Ecology of Drought in Eastern Kenya’, Ph.D. Dissertation, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University.
World Meteorological Organization: 1974, ‘Intercomparison of Conceptual Models Used in Operational Hydrological Forecasting’, Operational Hydrology Report No. 7. Geneva: WMO.
Worster, D : 1979, Dust Bowl: The Southern Great Plains in the 1930s, New York, Oxford University Press.
Wright, J. D., Rossi, P. H., Wright, S. R., and Weber-Burdin, E.: 1979, After the Clean-up: Long-Range Effects of Natural Disasters, Beverly Hills, California, Sage.
Yevjevich, V., Hall, W. A., and Salas, J. D.: 1978, Drought Research Needs, Fort Collins, Water Resources Publications.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 D. Reidel Publ. Co.,Dordrecht, Holland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Warrick, R.A., Riebsame, W.E. (1983). Societal Response to CO2-Induced Climate Change: Opportunities for Research. In: Chen, R.S., Boulding, E., Schneider, S.H. (eds) Social Science Research and Climate Change. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7001-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7001-4_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-7003-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-7001-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive