Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of analgesic drug combinations

  • Chapter
Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology

Abstract

The experimental pharmacological assessment of the therapeutic value of a single drug for a well-defined indication often requires more than one animal model. The evaluation of drug combinations is even more complicated, because it necessitates a quantification of effects, which implies the assessment of dose-response relationships of the individual components of the combination and the efficacy of the combination itself for a specified effect.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ariëns, E. J. (1954). Affinity and intrinsic activity in the theory of competitive inhibition.Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther,99, 32–49

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bluth, R. (1981). Zur Priifung analgetisch wirksamer Substanzen.Pharmazie,36, 566–72

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bolton, J. P., Palmer, D. and Cohen, M. M. (1976). Effects of the E2 prostaglandins on gastric mucus production in rats.Surg. Forum,27, 402–3

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bonta, I. L. and Parnham, M. J. (1978). Prostaglandins and chronic inflammation.Biochem. Pharmacol,27, 1611–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bonta, I. L. and Parnham, M.J. (1979). Time-dependent stimulatory and inhibitory effects of prostaglandin Ei on exudative and tissue components of granulomatous inflammation in rats.Br. J. Pharmacol,65, 465–72

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bonta, I. L. and Parnham, M. J. (1980). Essential fatty acids or prostaglandins: therapeutic modulators of chronic inflammation?T.I.P.S,1, 347–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bonta, I. L., Parnham, M. J. and Bragt, P. C. (1979). Involvement and effects of prostaglandin E in experimental granulomatous inflammation.Int. J. Tiss. Reac,1, 51–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bray, M. A. and Morley, J. (1981). Prostaglandins and immunity. In Berti, F. and Velo, G. P. (eds.) The Prostaglandin System, pp. 193–202. ( New York: Plenum )

    Google Scholar 

  9. Brune, K., Glatt, M. and Graf, P. (1976). Mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory drugs.Gen. Pharmacol, 7, 27–33

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Brune, K., Graf, P. and Rainsford, K. D. (1977). A pharmaco-kinetic approach to the understanding of therapeutic effects and side effects of salicylates.Agents Actions, Suppl,1, 9–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Brune, K., Schweitzer, A. and Eckert, H. (1977). Parietal cells of the stomach trap salicylates during absorption.Biochem. Pharmacol,26, 1735–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Cioli, V., Silvestrin, B. and Dordoni, F. (1967). Evaluation of the potential of gastric ulceration after administration of certain drugs.Exp. Molecul. Pathol,6, 68–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Clark, A. J. (1933).The Mode of Action of Drugs on Cells. ( Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins )

    Google Scholar 

  14. Clark, W. G. (1979). Mechanisms of antipyretic action.Gen. Pharmacol,10, 71–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Collier, H. O. J., Dinneen, L. C., Johnson, C. A. et al. (1968). The abdominal constriction response and its suppression by analgesic drugs in the mouse.Br. J. Pharmacol,32, 295–310

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cooke, A. R. (1973). The role of acid in the pathogenesis of aspirin-induced gastrointestinal erosions and hemorrhage.Am. J. Dig. Dis., 18, 225–37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Corell, T. and Jensen, K. M. (1979). Interaction of salicylates and other non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents in rats as shown by gastro-ulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory activities, and plasma concentrations.Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol,45, 225–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Cranston, W. I. (1979). Prostaglandins as mediators of pyrexia.Agents Actions, Suppl,8, 79–82

    Google Scholar 

  19. Cranston, W. I., Duff, G. W., Hellon, R. F. etal. (1976). Evidence that brain prostaglandin synthesis is not essential in fever.J. Physiol,259, 239–51

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cranston, W. I., Hellon, R. F. and Mitchell, D. (1975). A dissociation between fever and prostaglandin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid.J. Physiol,253, 583–93

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Croft, D. N. (1966). The action of analgesic substances on the gastric mucosa.J. Pharm. Pharmacol,18, 354–61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. D’Amour, F. E. and Smith, D. L. (1941). A method for determining loss of pain reaction.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther,72, 74–9

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dai, S. and Ogle, C. W. (1974). Gastric ulcers induced by acid accumulation and by stress in pylorus-occluded rats.Eur. J. Pharmacol,26, 15–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Dajani, E. A., Collison, D. A. and Bertermann, R. E. (1978). Effects of E–prostaglandins on canine gastric potential difference.Am. J. Dig. Dis.,23, 436–42

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Davenport, H. W., Warren, H. A. and Code, C. F. (1964). Functional significance of gastric mucosal barrier to sodium.Gastroenterology,47, 142–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Dey, P. K., Feldberg, W., Gupta, K. P. et al. (1974). Further studies on the role of prostaglandin in fever.J. Physiol,241, 629–46

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Domer, F. R. (1971). Techniques for evaluation of analgetics. In Animal Experiments in Pharmacological Analysis, pp. 275–318. ( Springfield: C. C. Thomas )

    Google Scholar 

  28. Dowd, J. E. and Riggs, D. S. (1965). A comparison of estimates of Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants from various linear transformations.J. Biol. Chem,240, 863–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Egan, R. W., Paxton, J. and Kuehl, F. A., Jr. (1976). Mechanism for irreversible self-deactivation of prostaglandin synthetase.J. Biol. Chem,251, 7329–35

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Egan, R. W., Yale, P. H. and Kuehl, F. A., Jr. (1979). Reduction of hydroperoxides in the prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway by a microsomal peroxidase.J. Biol. Chem,254, 3295

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ezer, E., Palosi, E., Hajös, G. et al. (1976). Antagonism of the gastrointestinal ulcerogenic effect of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents by sodium salicylate.J. Pharm. Pharmacol,28, 655–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ezer, E., Pdlosi, E., Hajös, G. et al. (1979). Comparative pharmacology of a 1:10 combination of indomethacin-sodium salicylate.Agents Actions, Suppl.,1, 117–23

    Google Scholar 

  33. Famaey, J. P. (1978). Recent developments about non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their mode of action.Gen. Pharmacol, 9, 155–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Feldberg, W. and Gupta, K. P. (1973). Pyrogen fever and prostaglandin-like activity in cerebrospinal fluid.J. Physiol, 228, 41–53

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ferreira, S. H. (1972). Prostaglandins, aspirin-like drugs and analgesia.Nature New Biol,240, 200–3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ferreira, S. H. (1981). Prostaglandins and inflammatory hyperalgesia. In Berti, F. and Velo, G. P. (eds.) The Prostaglandin System, pp. 127–38. ( New York: Plenum )

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ferreira, S. H., Lorenzetti, B. B. and Correa, F. M. A. (1978). Blockade of central and peripheral generation of prostaglandins explains the antialgic effect of aspirin like drugs.Pol. J. Pharmacol. Pharm,30, 133–40

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Flower, R. J. (1974). Drugs which inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis. Pharmacol. Rev.,26, 33–64

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Flower, R. J. (1977). The role of prostaglandins in inflammatory reactions. Naunyn- Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol.,297, S77–9

    Google Scholar 

  40. Flower, R. J. and Vane, J. R. (1972). Inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase in brain explains the antipyretic activity of paracetamol (4-acetamido-phenol).Nature New Biol,240, 410–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Flower, R. J. and Vane, J. R. (1974). Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis.Biochem. Pharmacol,23, 1439–50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Fukuhara, M. and Tsurufuji, S. (1969). The effect of locally injected anti-inflammatory drugs on the carrageenin granuloma in rats.Biochem. Pharmacol,18, 475–84

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Glenn, E. M., Bowman, B. J. and Rohloff, N. H. (1979). Anomalous biological effects of salicylates and prostaglandins.Agents Actions,9, 257–64

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Glenn, E. M. and Gray, J. (1965). Adjuvant-induced polyarthritis in rats. I. Biologic and histologic background.Am. J. Vet. Res,26, 1180–5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gregg, E. C., Jr. (1952). Effects of non-opiate analgesics and other drugs on the vibratory threshold.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther,106, 1–13

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Grotto, M., Dikstein, S. and Sulman, F. G. (1965). Additive and augmentative synergism between analgesic drugs.Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther,155, 365–72

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Gryglewski, R. J. (1981). Pharmacological interference in arachidonic acid cascade. In Berti, F. and Velo, G. P. (eds.) The Prostaglandin System, pp. 85–96. ( New York: Plenum )

    Google Scholar 

  48. Gryglewski, R. J., Panczenko, B., Korbut, R. et al. (1975). Corticosteroids inhibit prostaglandin release from perfused mesenteric blood vessels of rabbit and from perfused lungs of sensitized guinea–pigs. Prostaglandins,10, 343–55

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Haffner, F. (1929). Experimentelle Priifung schmertzstillender Mittel. Deutsch.Med. Wschr,55, 731–3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Hemler, M. E. and Lands, W. E. M. (1980). Evidence for a peroxide–initiated free radical mechanism of prostaglandin biosynthesisJ. Biol. Chem,255, 6253–61

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Higgs, G. A. and Flower, R. J. (1981). Anti-inflammatory drugs and the inhibition of arachidonate lipoxygenase. In Piper, P. J. (ed.) SRS-A and Leukotrienes. pp. 197–207. ( New York: Wiley )

    Google Scholar 

  52. Inatomi, N., Ishihara, Y. and Okabe, S. (1979). Effects of anti-ulcer agents on thermal-cortisone-induced ulcers in rats.Japan J. Pharmacol,29, 486–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Jager, L. P., Seegers, A. J. M. and van Noordwijk, J. (1981). Interactions between aspirin and other compounds in analgesic medicines on gastric mucosal damage in rats. InThe Prostaglandin System, pp. 401–15. ( New York: Plenum )

    Google Scholar 

  54. Jain, A. K., McMahon, F. G., Ryan, J. R. et al. (1978). Aspirin and aspirin-caffeine in postpartum pain relief.Clin. Pharmacol. Ther,24, 69–75

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Juan, H. (1977). Mechanism of action of bradykinin-induced release of prostaglandin E.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol,300, 77–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Juan, H. and Lembeck, F. (1976). Release of prostaglandins from the isolated perfused rabbit ear by bradykinin and acetylcholine.Agents Actions,6, 642–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kawano, O., Sawabe, T., Misaki, N. et al. (1978). Studies on combination dosing. III. Aspirin and ethenzamide.Japan. J. Pharmacol,28, 829–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. van Kolfschoten, A. A., Zandberg, P., Jager, L. P. etal. (1982). The influence of paracetamol on the erosive activity of indomethacin in the rat stomach.Agents Actions,12, 247–53

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. van Kolfschoten, A. A., Dembinska–Kiec, A. and Basista, M. (1981). Interaction between aspirin and paracetamol on the production of prostaglandins in the rat gastric mucosa.J. Pharm. Pharmacol,33, 462–3

    Google Scholar 

  60. Kuehl, F. A., Humes, J. L., Egan, R. W. etal. (1977). Role of prostaglandin endoperoxide PG G2 in inflammatory processes.Nature New Biol,265, 170–2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kuehl, F. A., Humes, J. L., Beveridge, G. C. et al. (1977). Biologically active derivatives of fatty acids: prostaglandins, thromboxanes and endoperoxides. Inflammation, 2, 285–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lands, W. E. M. (1981). Actions of anti-inflammatory drugs.T.I.P.S,2, 78–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Lim, R. K. S., Miller, D. G., Guzman, F. et al. (1967). Pain and analgesic evaluated by the intraperitoneal bradykinin evoked pain method in man. Clin.Pharmacol. Ther,8, 521–42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Malseed, R. T. and Malseed, Z. K. (1978). Aspirin: a pharmacologic profile.Am. J. Pharm,150, 99–106

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. McCarty, D. J., Jr., Phelps, P. and Pyenson, J. (1966). Crystal–induced inflammation in canine joints. I. An experimental model with quantification of the host response.J. Exp. Med,124, 99–114

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. McDonald-Gibson, W. J. and Collier, H. O. J. (1979). Paracetamol potentiates acetyl-salicylate in inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. Eur. J. Pharmacol.,58, 497–500

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Menassé-Gdynia, R. and Krupp, P. (1974). Quantitative measurement of gastrointestinal bleeding in rats: the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol,29, 389–96

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Menassé. R. (1979). Evaluation of ulcerogenic effects.Pharmacol. Ther,5, 191–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Mikhail, A. A. and Holland, H. C. (1966). Evaluating and photographing experimentally induced stomach ulcers.J. Psychosomat. Res,9, 349–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Milton, A. S. (1976). Modern views on the pathogenesis of fever and the mode of action of antipyretic drugs.J. Pharm. Pharmacol,28, 393–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Moncada, S., Flower, R. J. and Vane, J. R. (1980). Prostaglandins, prostacyclin, and thromboxane A2. In Goodman Gilman, A., Goodman, L. S. and Gilman, A. (eds.)The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, pp. 668–81. ( New York: Macmillan )

    Google Scholar 

  72. Moncada, S. and Vane, J. R. (1979). Pharmacology and endogenous roles of prostaglandin– endoperoxides, thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin.Pharmacol. Rev,30, 293–331

    Google Scholar 

  73. Mule, S. J., Clements, T. H., Layson, R. C. et al. (1968). Analgesia in guinea–pigs: a measure of tolerance development.Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther,173, 201–12

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Nicak, A. (1965). New methods of evaluation of analgesics based on ultrasound pain stimulation.Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther,153, 214–17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Paalzow, G. and Paalzow, L. (1973). The effects of caffeine and theophylline on nociceptive stimulation in the rat.Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol,32, 22–32

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Prescott, L. F. (1976). Antipyretic analgesics. In Dukes, M. N. G. (ed.) Meyler’s Side Effects of Drugs. Vol. 8, pp. 154–206. ( Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica) (and subsequent annuals )

    Google Scholar 

  77. Rainsford, K. D. and Whitehouse, M. W. (1977). Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs: combined assay for anti-edemic potency and gastric ulcerogenesis in the same animal.Life Sci,21, 371–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Rainsford, K. D. and Whitehouse, M. W. (1980). Are all aspirins really alike? A comparison of gastric ulcerogenicity with bio-efficacy in rats. Pharmacol. Res. Commun.,12, 85–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Rainsford, K. D. (1978). Structure-activity relationships of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. 1. Gastric ulcerogenic activity.Agents Actions, Suppl,6, 587–605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Rainsford, K. D. (1978). The role of aspirin in gastric ulceration: some factors involved in the development of gastric mucosal damage induced by aspirin in rats exposed to various stress conditions.Am. J. Dig. Dis.,23, 521–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Rainsford, K. D. (1979). Prostaglandins and the development of gastric mucosal damage by anti–inflammatory drugs.Agents Actions, Suppl.,6, 193–200

    Google Scholar 

  82. Ramwell, P. W. (1981). Biologic importance of arachidonic acid.Arch. Int. Intern. Med,141, 275–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Randall, L. O. and Selitto, J. J. (1957). A method for measurement of analgesic activity on inflamed tissue.Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther,111, 409–19

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Robak, J., Wieckowski, A. and Gryglewski, R. J. (1978). The effect of 4-acetaminofenol on prostaglandin synthetase activity in bovine and ram seminal vesicle microsomes.Biochem. Pharmacol,27, 391–6

    Google Scholar 

  85. Robert, A. (1981). Cytoprotection and enteral pooling by prostaglandins. In Berti, F. and Velo, G. P. (eds.) The Prostaglandin System, pp. 393–400. ( New York: Plenum )

    Google Scholar 

  86. Robert, A., Nezamis, J. E., Lancaster, C. et al. (1979). Cytoprotection by prostaglandins in rats. Gastroenterology,77, 433–43

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Robert, A., Nezamis, J. E., Lancaster, C. et al. (1976). Enteropooling assay: a test for diarrhea produced by prostaglandins.Prostaglandins,11, 809–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Robert, A., Nezamis, J. E. and Phillips, J. P. (1976). Inhibition of gastric secretion by prostaglandins.Am. J. Dig. Dis.,12, 1073–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Rothschild, B. M. (1979). Hematologic perturbations associated with salicylate. Clin.Pharmacol. Ther,26, 145–52

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. de Roij, T. A. J. M. (1978). Neurotransmitters in het centrale thermo-regulatie systeem. InDopamine in Central Thermoregulation, pp. 13–46. State University Utrecht, Thesis

    Google Scholar 

  91. Seegers, A. J. M., Jager, L. P. and van Noordwijk, J. (1978). Gastric erosions induced by analgesic drug mixtures in the rat.J. Pharm. Pharmacol,30, 84–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Seegers, A. J. M., Jager, L. P. and van Noordwijk, J. (1979). Effects of phenacetin, paracetamol and caffeine on the erosive activity of acetylsalicylic acid in the rat stomach: dose-response relationships, time course of erosion development and effects on acid secretion.J. Pharm. Pharmacol,31, 840–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Seegers, A. J. M., Jager, L. P. and van Noordwijk, J. (1980). An hypothesis concerning the protective action of paracetamol against the erosive activity of acetylsalicylic acid in the rat stomach. In Samuelsson, B. et al. (eds.)Advances in Prostaglandin and Thromboxane Research. Vol. 8, pp. 1547–51. ( New York: Raven Press )

    Google Scholar 

  94. Seegers, A. J. M., Oiling, M., Jager, L. P. et al. (1980). Interactions of aspirin with acetaminophen and caffeine in rat stomach: pharmacokinetics of absorption and accumulation in gastric mucosa.J. Pharm. Sci,69, 900–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Seegers, A. J. M., Jager, L. P., Zandberg, P. et al. (1981). The anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of non-narcotic analgesic drug mixtures in rats.Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther,252, 237–54

    Google Scholar 

  96. Shay, H., Komarov, S. A., Fels, S. S. et al. (1945). A simple method for the uniform production of gastric ulceration in the rat.Gastroenterology,5, 43–61

    Google Scholar 

  97. Szelenyi, I. and Thiemer, K. (1978). Distension ulcer as a model for testing of drugs for ulcerogenic side effects.Arch. Toxicol,41, 99–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Takeuchi, K., Okabe, S., Takagi, K. et al. (1977). Influence of aspirin on healing of chronic gastric ulcers in dogs.Digestion,16, 51–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Urushidani, T., Okabe, S., Takeuchi, K. etal. (1978). Strain differences in aspirin–induced gastric ulceration in rats.Japan, J. Pharmacol,28, 569–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Vane. J. R. (1971). Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin–like drugs.Nature New Biol,232, 232–5

    Google Scholar 

  101. Vane, J. R. (1978). The mode of action of aspirin-like drugs.Agents Actions, 8, 430–1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Vane, J. R. (1976). Prostaglandins as mediators of inflammation. In Samuelsson, B. and Paoletti, R. (eds.)Advances in Prostaglandin and Thromboxane Research. Vol.2, pp. 791–802. ( New York: Raven Press )

    Google Scholar 

  103. Veale, W. L. and Cooper, K. E. (1975). Comparison of sites of action of prostaglandin E and leucocyte pyrogen in brain. In Lomax, P. et al. (eds.)Temperature Regulation and Drug Action, pp. 218–26. ( Basle: Karger )

    Google Scholar 

  104. Walker, J. R., Smith, M. J. H. and Ford–Hutchinson, A. W. (1976). Anti–inflammatory drugs, prostaglandins and leukocyte migration.Agents Actions,6, 602–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Weitzman, E. D. and Ross, G. S. (1962). A behavioural method for the study of pain perception in the monkey. The effects of some pharmacological agents.Neurology (Minneap.),12, 264–72

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Wilhelmi, G. and Menassé-Gdynia, R. (1972). Gastric mucosal damage induced by nonsteroid anti–inflammatory agents in rats of different ages. Pharmacology,8, 321–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Williams, T. J. and Peck, M. J. (1977). Role of prostaglandin-mediated vasodilatation in inflammation.Nature New Biol,270, 530–2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Wilson, D. E. and Kaymakcalan, H. (1981). Prostaglandins: gastrointestinal effects and peptic ulcer disease. Med. Clin. N. Am., 65, 773–87

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Winder, C. V., Pfeiffer, C. C. and Maison, G. L. (1946). The nociceptive contraction of the cutaneous muscle of the guinea–pig as elicited by radiant heat.Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther, 72, 329–59

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Winter, C. A., Risley, E. A. and Nuss, G. W. (1962). Carrageenin-induced edema in the hind paw of the rat as an assay for anti-inflammatory drugs. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.,111, 544–7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Woolfe, G. and MacDonald, A. D. (1944). The evaluation of the analgesic action of pethidine hydrochloride (Demerol).J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther,80, 300–7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Yeomans, N. D. (1976). Electron microscopic study of the repair of aspirin-induced gastric erosions. Dig. Dis.,21, 533–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. A. J. M. Seegers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. P. Jager
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. van Noordwijk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23, chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cédex, France

    Yves Ruckebusch

  2. Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, INRA, 180, chemin de Tournefeuille, 31300, Toulouse, France

    Pierre-Louis Toutain

  3. College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 61801, Urbana, Illinois, USA

    Gary D. Koritz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 MTP Press Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Seegers, A.J.M., Jager, L.P., van Noordwijk, J. (1983). Evaluation of analgesic drug combinations. In: Ruckebusch, Y., Toutain, PL., Koritz, G.D. (eds) Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6604-8_49

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6604-8_49

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-6606-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-6604-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation