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Applications of Genetic Engineering to Crop Improvement pp 25–52Cite as

In Vitro Systems for Studying Nitrogen Fixation

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Part of the book series: Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology ((AABI,volume 10))

Abstract

Although almost eighty percent of the earth’s atmosphere is molecular nitrogen, plants are unable to use directly this vast nitrogen source for growth. Instead, they depend upon nitrogen being available in a fixed form such as ammonium or nitrate. Under agricultural conditions, the amount of fixed nitrogen removed from the ecosystem is usually greater than the nitrogen input. Consequently, agricultural productivity is often limited by the input of fixed nitrogen to the soil (I). The addition of combined nitrogen to agricultural soils results primarily from either biological or industrial nitrogen fixation, with present estimates of the annual turnover of nitrogen in the biosphere ranging from 100 million (2) to 200 million metric tons (3). Of this, sixty to seventy percent comes from biological sources. Although the level of biological nitrogen fixation has remained constant during the present century, there have been increasing additions of combined nitrogen to agricultural soils as nitrogenous fertilisers produced by industrial fixation. Currently, world agricultural productivity is in moderate excess of the world’s average food requirements. However, an increase of nitrogen input into agricultural soils will be necessary to support the projected doubling of the world’s population that will occur by early next century. Some of this nitrogen input may be achieved by exploiting both industrial and biological nitrogen fixation more effectively and extensively than in the past, but the high energy costs and environmental impact of industrial fixation have led many to argue for the greater use of biological nitrogen fixation to provide the increased nitrogen input (4).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Genetic Manipulation Group, Department of Botany, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, USA

    M. R. Davey

  2. School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Western Australia, Australia

    G. W. O’hara

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  1. M. R. Davey
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  2. G. W. O’hara
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

    Glenn B. Collins

  2. United AgriSeeds Inc, Champaign, Illinois, USA

    Joseph G. Petolino

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© 1984 Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht

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Davey, M.R., O’hara, G.W. (1984). In Vitro Systems for Studying Nitrogen Fixation. In: Collins, G.B., Petolino, J.G. (eds) Applications of Genetic Engineering to Crop Improvement. Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology, vol 10. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6207-1_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6207-1_2

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