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Colonial Cities: Global Pivots of Change

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Colonial Cities

Part of the book series: Comparative Studies in Overseas History ((CSOH,volume 5))

Abstract

How useful is the concept of the ‘colonial city’? Had time permitted, the first task of this introduction would have been to review the origin and development of this concept in the recent history of ideas. Scholars, stereotypically untidy in their behaviour, nonetheless like order in their thoughts: the ‘colonial city’ label provides a neat way of tidying into a single category historical urban phenomena which do not fit other theoretical pigeon-holes. With a disregard of classifying criteria, urban geography texts contain sections on ‘The Colonial City’ along with others on the ‘non-Western’ or ‘Socialist City’.1 In the quest for a viable theory, recent references or formulations2 are seized on to make sense of the present; historical differences are glossed over3 and one-time colonial cities (such as Boston or Sydney) are ignored.

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Notes

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  15. Various writings of André Gunder Frank, Samir Amin and Immanuel Wallerstein, especially I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-System (New York, 1974);. Wallerstein, The Modern World-System (New York, 1974); ‘The rise and future demise of the world capitalist system. Concepts for comparative analysis’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 16 (1974): 387–415; W.L. Goldfrank (ed.), The World System of Capitalism: Past and Present (New York, 1979) and recent critiques in L. Blussé, H.L. Wesseling and G.D. Winius (eds.), History and Underdevelopment (Leiden, 1980 ).

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  17. L. Wirth, ‘Urbanism as a way of life’, in: A.J. Reiss (ed.), Louis Wirth on Cities and Social Life (Chicago, 1964), pp. 84-98. This is not to deny that urbanismcan be an additional variable.

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  18. Johnston, City and Society, sees the extraction of surplus in terms oflocal anddistant colonial expansion, pp. 67–76.

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  21. C.f. Gilbert A. Stelter: ‘We must look in a comparative way beyond Canada to the cities of the US and other countries which were the products of European expansion if we wish to fully understand our own experience’. B.M. Stave, ‘A conversation with Gilbert A. Stelter: Urban history in Canada’, Journal of Urban History 6 (1980): 177–209.

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  22. E. Giese, ‘Transformation of Islamic cities in soviet Middle Asia into socialist cities’, in: R.A. French and F.E.I. Hamilton (eds.), The Socialist City. Spatial Structure and Urban Policy (Chichester, 1979); J. Friedmann and R. Wulff, The Urban Transition: Comparative Studies of Newly Industrialising Societies (London, 1976 ), pp. 13–14.

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  24. G.J. Telkamp, Urban history and European expansion. A review of recent literature concerning colonial cities and a preliminary bibliography.Intercontinenta 1 (Leiden, 1978):

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  25. G. Balandier, ‘The colonial situation: a theoretical approach’, in: I. Wallerstein (ed.), Social Change: The Colonial Situation (New York, 1966), pp. 34–61

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  26. Johnston, City and Society, pp. 71–72. Johnston acknowledges this oversimplification in his aim of developing theory, p. 10.

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  27. Johnston, City and Society, pp. 28–29 (and other authors) divide such societies on the basis of socio-economic organisation as reciprocal exchange and rank-redistribution. For our purposes here, a more detailed categorisation would be necessary.

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  28. The distinction here between colonialism and imperialism needs to be elaborated. See Horvath, ‘In search of a theory’ and $#x2018;A definition of colonialims’, Current Anthropology 13 (1972): 45–57; also G. Omvedt, ‘A definition of colonialism’, The Insurgent Sociologist (Spring, 1973): 1–24.

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  29. Resources are technological and cultural appraisals… their quantity is dependent upon individual preferences existing in the population and the cognitive skills which people possess to help them exploit the resource system.’ Harvey, Social Justice, p. 69.

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  30. Horvath, ‘In search of a theory’, uses the term ‘intervening group’ for populations imported from a third territory in the colonial system, such as, for example, the Asians in Uganda.

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  31. King, Buildings and Society.

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  32. Harvey, Social Justice, p. 250.

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  33. See P.J. Cain and A.G. Hopkins, ‘The political economy of British expansion overseas, 1750–1914’, Economic History Review 33 (1980): 463–490.

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  34. It is possibly at this level that the volume edited by D.K. Basu (ed.), The Rise and Growth of the Colonial Port Cities in Asia (Santa Cruz, 1979), Center for South Pacific Studies, University of California, is located. I was unable to obtain this volume in time to undertake this essay.

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  35. I am indebted to Deryck Holdsworth for this example; equally trivial, though useful as a symbol, is the ‘tropical ukelele’, sold by a Welshman’s music store (branches in Calcutta and Mussoorie) found in the North England industrial city of Leeds in 1978 and displayed at the workshop in Leiden on Colonial Cities (1980).

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  36. G. Breese (ed.), The City in Newly-developing Countries (New Jersey, 1969); D.J. Dwyer (ed.), The City in the Third World (London, 1974)

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  37. G. Breese (ed.), The City in Newly-developing Countries (New Jersey, 1969); D.J. Dwyer (ed.), The City in the Third World (London, 1974)

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  38. R.R. Reed, Colonial Manila. The Context of Hispanic Urbanism and the Process of Morphogenesis, University of California publications in geography, 22 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1978 ).

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  39. A. Van Oss, ‘The colonial city in Spanish America’. CEDLA, University of Amsterdam, unpublished typescript, 1980.

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  40. Reed, Colonial Manila. See conclusion.

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  41. It seems necessary to mention this only in the context of much current economic determinism in studies of contemporary urbanism in the West.

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  42. For a bibliography on these, see R.R. Reed, City of Pines. The Origins of Baguio as a Colonial Hill Station. Center for south and southeast Asian studies, University of California (Berkeley, 1976 ).

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  43. See Kooiman’s essay in this volume; also S.J. Lewandowski, ‘Changing form and function in the ceremonial and colonial port city in India’Modern Asian Studies 11 (1977): 183–213.

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  44. Reed, Colonial Manila, Appendix.

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  45. Van Oss, ‘The colonial city in Spanish America’; also L. Benevolo, The History of the City (London, 1980 ).

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  46. King, Buildings and Society; alsoThe Bungalow: the Production of a Global Culture (London, 1984).

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  47. See Kooiman in this volume.

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  49. M. Cross, Urbanisation and urban growth in the Caribbean (London, 1979), p. 9

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  50. The phrase is from Castells, The Urban Question, pp. 47–48; see also C. Clarke, Kingston, Jamaica. Urban Development and Social Change, 1692–1962 (London, 1975) and Clarke’s essay in this volume.

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  51. King, Buildings and Society. See especially ‘Introduction’ and essays on the asylum, hospital, prison, office by Scull, Forty, Tomlinson and Duffy.

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  52. King, Colonial Urban Development, pp. 87–88, 172–175.

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  53. The distinctive status of Shanghai sets it apart from other colonial cities.

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  54. King, Colonial Urban Development. Chapter 3.

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  55. Ibid.

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  56. Ibid.

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  57. ‘Ethnomedicine’ to use the appropriate anthropological term.

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  58. C. Furedy, ‘The development of modern elite retailing in Calcutta, 1890-1920’, Indian Economic and Social History Review 16 (1979): 377–392. Research by Mahrukh Tarapor of New York also suggests the role of government-sponsored Schools of Design in the process of Westernisation and consumerism.

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  59. M.W. Swanson, ‘Urban origins of separate development’, Race 10 (1969): 31–40; J. Rex, Race, Colonialism and the City (London, 1973).

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  62. King, Colonial Urban Development. Chapter 7; K. Ballhatchet, Race, Sex and Class under the Raj (London, 1979).

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  63. E.g. Scargill, The Form of Cities.

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  66. J.E. Vance, ‘Land assignment in the pre-capitalist, capitalist and post-capitalist city’, Economic Geography 47 (1971): 101–120.

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  67. For Delhi, see King, Colonial Urban Development. Chapter 8; for Madras, S.M. Neild, ‘Colonial urbanism: the development of Madras city in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries’, Modern Asian Studies 13 (1979): 217–246.

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  68. See Abu-Lughod, ‘Moroccan cities’; also review of King, Colonial Urban Development by R. Lewcock inModern Asian Studies 13 (1979): 164–167; also A.D. King, ‘The development of the modern south Asian city: some theoretical considerations’, in: K. Ballhatchet and J. Harrison, The City in South Asia (London, 1980), pp. 1–19, andThe Bungalow.

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  69. For Latin America, see B. Roberts, Cities of Peasants (London, 1979)

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  70. I. Wallerstein, ‘The rise and future demise of the world capitalist system’, p. 390.

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  71. Probably the most detailed work on this process are the exemplary studies of Professor Abu-Lughod; see also for Latin America, Roberts, Cities of Peasants.

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  72. King, Colonial Urban Development, p. 27.

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  73. For an insight into the contemporary manifestation of trans-nationalisation, see O. Sunkel, E.F. Fuenzalida, ‘Transnationalisation and its national consequences’, in: J.J. Villamil (ed.), Transnational Capitalism and National Development (Sussex, England, 1979), pp. 67–93. I am grateful to Michael Safier for this reference.

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  74. Johnston, City and Society, Giese, ‘Transformation of Islamic cities in soviet Middle Asia’, suggests that the main exception to this largely global pattern is the urban culture of state capitalism or socialism. See also King, Bungalow, chapter 8.

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  75. R.F. Betts, ‘The architecture of French African Empire. A neglected history’. Department of History, University of Kentucky, n.d. unpublished paper. On colonial architecture, see also issue ofLotus International, 26 (1980) on this theme.

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  76. Reed, City of Pines; see also J.C. Spencer and W.L. Thomas, ‘The hill stations and summer resorts of the orient’, Geographical Review 39 (1948): 637–651; King, Colonial Urban Development. Chapter 7.

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  77. Betts, ‘The architecture of French African Empire’.

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  78. Research on this subject, as important in providing an essential comparative dimension to the understanding ofmetropolitan cities as it is for understanding the colonial and ex-colonial cities themselves, is only just begining. For the French in North Africa, see Abu-Lughod, especially, ‘Moroccan cities’ andRabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco (Princeton, 1980) and also in West Africa, Betts, ‘The architecture of French African empire’; for Vietnam, G. Wright and P. Rabinow, ‘Savoir et pouvoir dans l’urbanisme moderne colonial d’Ernest Hebrard’, Cahiers de la Recherche Architecture (1981); for British South Asia and British Africa, A.D. King, ‘Exporting planning: the colonial and post-colonial experience’ in G.E. Cherry (ed.), Shaping an Urban World: Planning in the Twentieth Century (London, 1980), pp. 203–226; on the USA in the Philippines, T. Hines, ‘The imperial facade: D.H. Burnham and American architectural planning in the Philippines’, Pacific Historical Review 61 (1972): 35–53; on Italians in North Africa, G. Reitani, ‘Politica territoriale e urbanistica in Tripolitania, 1920–40’ and A. Boralevi, ‘Le “Citta’ deirimpero”: Urbanistica fascista in Etiopia, 1936–41’, both in A. Moini (ed.), Urbanistica Fascista Milan, 1980); for diffusion of British planning concepts to Australia, see L. Sandercock, Cities for Sale (Melbourne, 1975) and to Canada, Stave, ‘A conversation with G.A. Stelter’; on earlier export of British public health/sanitation measures to India, J.B. Harrison ‘Allahabad. A sanitary history’ in Ballhatchet and Harrison, The City in South Asia, pp. 167–198. A. Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City: Germany, Britain, the United States and France, 1790–1914 (Oxford, 1981), which deals with the diffusion of planning ideology in the industrialised nations, appeared after this chapter was written

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  80. Some of these will be taken up in King, The Bungalow (forthcoming); see also A.G. Hopkins, ‘Property rights and empire building: Britain’s annexation of Lagos, 1861’, The Journal of Economic History 40 (1980):777-798; for the role of consumer goods as an incentive to wage labour, see Fetter, Elizabethville, p. 81.

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  82. Written by the French Minister for the Colonies in 1945. Betts, ‘Architecture of French African Empire’.

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  85. J. Abu-Lughod, Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious ( Princeton, 1971 ); Giese, ‘Transformation of Islamic cities in soviet Middle Asia’. The use of the term ‘modernisation’ here does not imply adherance to the tenets of modernisation theory.

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  86. Castells, The Urban Question, ‘Afterword’, p. 441.

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  87. Since this paper was written in 1980, some of the issues have been developed in A.D. King, ‘“The world economy is everywhere”: urban history and the world system’, Urban History Yearbook (Leicester, 1983): 7–18; ‘Culture and the political economy of building form’, Habitat International 7 (1983): 237–248; ‘Colonial architecture re-visited: some issues for further debate’, in K. Ballhatchet (ed.), Changing South Asia: City and Culture (Hong Kong, 1984) (in press); ‘Capital city: physical and social aspects of London’s role in the world economy’, in J. Friedmann and G. Wolff (eds.), ‘World city formation’. Special issue ofDevelopment and Change (The Hague, 1984) (in press);The Bungalow (London, 1984) (in press).

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Robert J. Ross Gerard J. Telkamp

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King, A.D. (1985). Colonial Cities: Global Pivots of Change. In: Ross, R.J., Telkamp, G.J. (eds) Colonial Cities. Comparative Studies in Overseas History, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6119-7_2

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