Skip to main content

Planting-Stock Selection: Meeting Biological Needs and Operational Realities

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Forestry Sciences ((FOSC,volume 11))

Abstract

The tremendous variability in Northwest planting sites requires a variety of planting stock. Genetic, physiological, and morphological seedling characteristics must be matched to site and organizational objectives. Vegetation classification schemes help foresters select species, and seed zones help them determine areas where seedlings of any species can safely be moved from their source. Local species and seed sources should always be preferred unless documented research proves otherwise. Large seedlings, if properly conditioned, will grow faster on favorable sites. Seedlings with tall shoots are better suited to brushy areas and where animal damage may be a problem; largecaliper seedlings will perform better where heat, insects, or physical bending are problems. Droughty conditions require seedlings with well-developed roots. Containergrown seedlings can be used to extend the planting season, but spraying soil-active herbicides over them immediately after planting is risky.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Arnott, J. T. 1974. Performance in British Columbia. Pages 283– 290 in Proc., North American containerized forest tree seedling symp. (R. W. Tinus, W. I. Stein, and W. E. Balmer, eds.). Great Plains Agric. Res. Publ. 68.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Arnott. J. T. and D. Beddows. 1982. Influence of styroblock container size on field performance of Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and Sitka spruce. Tree Planters ’ Notes 33(3): 3 1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Baer, N., F. Ronco, and C. W. Barney. 1977. Effects of watering, shading, and size of stock on survival of planted lodgepole pine. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Rocky Mt. Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Fort Collins, Colorado. Res. Note RM-347. 4 p.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bailey, A. W. 1966. Forest associations and secondary plant succession in the southern Oregon Coast Range. Ph.D. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 164 p.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Campbell, R. K. 1979. Genecology of Douglas-fir in a watershed in the Oregon Cascades. Ecology 60: 1036–1050.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Campbell, R. K., and F. C. Sorensen. 1978. Effect of test environment on expression of clines and delimination of seed zones in Douglas-fir. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 51: 233–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Chavasse, C. G. R. 1977. The significance of planting height as an indicator of subsequent seedling growth. New Zealand I. Forestry 22 (2): 283–296.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ching, K. K., and D. P. Lavender. 1978. Seeds. Pages 47–62 in Regenerating Oregon’s forests (B. D. Cleary, R. D. Greaves, and R. K. Hermann, eds.). Oregon State Univ. Ext. Serv., Corvallis.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Cleary, B., and R. Greaves. 1976. Determining planting stock needs. Pages 60–81 in Tree planting in the inland Northwest (D. M. Baumgartner and R. I. Boyd, eds.). Washington State Univ. Ext. Serv., Pullman.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Cleary, B., and R. Tinus. 1980. Preservation of nursery stock quality through packaging, storage, transport and planting. New Zealand J. Forestry Sci. 10 (l): 295–296.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Colby, M. K., and G. D. Lewis. 1973. Economics of containerized conifer seedlings. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Rocky Mt. Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Bottineau, North Dakota. Res. Pap. RM-108. 7 p.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Cooper, S. V. 1975. Forest habitat types of northwestern Wyoming and contiguous portions of Montana and Idaho. Ph.D. thesis, Washington State Univ., Pullman. 190 p.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Dahl, H. A., and L. A. Nicholson. 1970. Management decisions relating to off-site plantations. Pages 26–27 in Regeneration of ponderosa pine (R. K. Hermann, ed.). Oregon State Univ., Forest Res. Lab., Corvallis.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Daubenmire, R., and J. B. Daubenmire. 1968. Forest vegetation of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Washington Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 60. 104 p.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Dobbs, R. C. 1976. Effect of initial mass of white spruce and lodgepole pine planting stock on field performance in the British Columbia interior. Can. Forestry Serv., Pacific Forest Res. Centre. Rep. BC-X-149. 14 p.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Dougherty, P. M. 1980. The influence of site and climate factors on regeneration at high elevations in the Pacific Northwest. Page 68 in Executive summaries. Proc., 1980 Western forestry conf. Western Forestry and Conservation Assoc., Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Dyrness, C. T., I. F. Franklin, and W. H. Moir. 1974. A preliminary classification of forest communities in the central portion of the Western Cascades in Oregon. U.S./International Biological Program, Coniferous Forest Biome. Bull. 4. 123 p.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Franklin, J. F., and C. T. Dyrness. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Pacific NW Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Portland, Oregon. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8. 417 p.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Franklin, J. F., and I. S. Rothacher. 1962. Are your seedlings being buried? Tree Planters ’ Notes 51: 7–9.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Gutzwiler, J. R. 1976. Plantation damage by the weevil Stremnius carinatus (Boheman). Page 85 in Executive summaries, Proc., 1976 Western forestry conf. Western Forestry and Conservation Assoc., Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hahn, P. F., and A.J. Smith. 1983. Douglas-fir planting stock performance comparison after the third growing season. Tree Planters ’ Notes 34 (l): 33–39.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hall, F. C. 1973. Plant communities of the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon and southwestern Washington. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Pacific NW Region Area Guide. Guide 3–1. 62 p.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Handley. D. L. 1976. The yield potential of western hemlock. Pages 221–227 in Western hemlock management (W. A. Atkinson and R. J. Zasoski, eds.). Coll. of Forest Resources, Univ. of Washington, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hartwell, H. D. 1969. Control of damage by snowshoe hares on forest plantations. Pages 80–83 in Wildlife and reforestation in the Pacific Northwest (H. C. Black, ed.). Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Harvey, G. M. 1974. Epidemiology of Lophodermella morbida in plantations of ponderosa pine in western Oregon. Ph.D. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 103 p.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hayes, G. L., and W. E. Hallin. 1962. Tree species to grow in the south Umpqua drainage. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Pacific NW Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Portland, Oregon. Res. Note 221. 7 p.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Hermann, R. K. 1964. Importance of top-root ratios for survival of Douglas-fir seedlings. Tree Planters ’ Notes 64: 7–11.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Hermann, R. K., and D. P. Lavender. 1968. Early growth of Douglas-fir from various altitudes and aspects in southern Oregon. Silvae Genetica 17: 143–151.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hobbs, S. D., R. H. Byars, D. C. Henneman, and C. R. Frost. 1980. First year performance of 1-0 containerized Douglas-fir seedlings on droughty sites in southwestern Oregon. Oregon.State Univ., Forest Res. Lab., Corvallis. Res. Pap. 42. 15 p.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Howard, K. M. 1978. The influence of serai coast range vegetation on the growth habit of juvenile Douglas-fir. M.S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 208 p.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Iverson, R. D. 1981. Effects of site preparation and seedling caliper on initial performance of ponderosa pine. International Paper Co., Western Forest Res. Center, Lebanon, Oregon. Res. Letter 48. 7 p.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Iverson. R. D., and M. Newton. 1980. Large Douglas-fir seedlings perform best on Oregon coastal sites. International Paper Co., Western Forest Res. Center, Lebanon, Oregon. Tech. Note 55. 9 P.

    Google Scholar 

  33. James, G. A. 1958. Port Orford cedar plantations in the Pacific Northwest. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Pacific NW Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Portland, Oregon. Res. Note 164. 2 p.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Jaworsky, J. M. 1958. Some problems concerning Douglas-fir nursery stock reflected in experimental planting at Sutton Creek, spring 1954 and 1955. Assoc. of B.C. Foresters thesis, Faculty of Forestry, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver. 118 p.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Klinka, K. 1977. Guide for the tree species selection and prescribed burning in the Vancouver forest district. B.C. Forest Serv., Res. Div., Vancouver. 42 p.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Koon, K. B., and T. O’Dell. 1977. Effects of wrenching on drought avoidance of Douglas-fir seedlings. Tree Planters ’ Notes 28 (2): 15–16.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Krygier, J. T. 1958. Survival and growth of thirteen tree species in coastal Oregon. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Pacific NW Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Portland, Oregon. Res. Pap. 26. 20 p.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kummel, J. F., C. A. Rindt, and T. T. Munger. 1944. Forest planting in the Douglas-fir region. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Portland, Oregon. 1 54 p.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Lavender, D. P., and B. D. Cleary. 1974. Coniferous seedling production techniques to improve seedling establishment. Page 177 in Proc., North American containerized forest tree seedling symp. (R. W. Tinus, W. I. Stein, and W. E. Balmer, eds.). Great Plains Agric. Res. Publ. 68.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Lopushinsky, W. 1976. Relationship of shoot-root ratio to survival and growth of outplanted Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine seedlings. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Pacific NW Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Portland, Oregon. Res. Note PNW-274. 7 p.

    Google Scholar 

  41. McMinn, R.G. 1982. Size of container-grown seedlings should be matched to site conditions. Pages 307–312 in Proc., Canadian containerized tree seedling symp. (I. B. Scarrett, C. Glerum, and C. A. Plexman, eds.). Sault Ste. Marie. Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Newton, M. 1978. Test of western hemlock wildlings in brushfield reclamation. Oregon State Univ., Forest Res. Lab., Corvallis. Res. Pap. 39. 22 p.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Newton. M. 1982. Herbaceous weeds—new information. Unpubl. paper presented at OSU workshop on the use of herbicides in forest vegetation management. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, March 2–4.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Newton, M., and H. C. Black. 1965. Large planting stock of Douglas-fir helps evade damage by animals and sprouting brush on favorable sites. Western Weed Control Conf. res. progress reps. 3 p.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Nicholson, L. A. 1974. Seedling size description. Pages 74–86 in Proc., Western Forest Nursery Council meeting. Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Pfister, R. D. 1972. Vegetation and soil in the subalpine forest of Utah. Ph.D. thesis. Washington State Univ., Pullman. 98 p.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Pfister, R. D. 1976. Choosing tree species for planting. Pages 193–204 in Tree planting in the inland Northwest (D. M. Baumgartner and R. J. Boyd, eds.). Washington State Univ. Ext. Serv., Pullman.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Reed, R. M. 1969. A study of vegetation in the Wind River Mountains, Wyoming. Ph.D. thesis, Washington State Univ., Pullman. 77 p.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Rehfeldt, J. 1981. Seed transfer guidelines for the northern Rocky Mountains. Paper presented at Western Reforestation Coordinating Committee meeting, Western Forestry conf., Dec. 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Revel, J. 1974. Planting stock-planting site interactions. B. C. Forest Serv. Reforestation Notes l(l): 7–8.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Richen, C. W. 1976. Attitudes of management toward western hemlock. Pages 7–9 in Western hemlock management (W. A. Atkinson and R. J. Zasoski, eds.). Coll. of Forest Resources, Univ. of Washington, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Riech, F. P. 1966. Influence of static bending stress on growth and wood characteristics of nine-year-old Douglas-fir from two geographic sources. M.S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 58 p.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ruth, R. H. 1956. Plantation survival and growth in two brushthreat areas in coastal Oregon. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Pacific NW Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Portland, Oregon. Res. Pap. 17. 14 p.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Silen, R. R. 1956. Use of temperature pellets in regeneration research. J. Forestry 54: 311–312.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Smith, I. H. G. 1975. Big stock vs. small stock. Paper presented at Western Reforestation Coordinating Committee meeting, Western Forestry conf., Dec. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Smith, J. H. G., and G. S. Allen. 1962. Improvement of Douglasfir planting stock. Faculty of Forestry, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver. Res. Pap. 55. 16 p.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Stein, W. I. 1976. Prospects for container-grown nursery stock. Pages 89–103 in Tree planting in the inland Northwest (D. M. Baumgartner and R.J. Boyd, eds.). Washington State Univ. Ext. Serv., Pullman.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Stein, W. I. 1978. Naturally developed seedling roots of five western conifers. Pages 28–3 5 in Proc., Root form of planted trees symp. (E. Van Eerden and J. M. Kinghorn, eds.). B.C. Ministry of Forests/Can. Forestry Serv., Victoria. Joint Rep. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Streeby, L. L. 1978. Economic aspects of reforestation decisions. Pages 39–45 in Regenerating Oregon’s forests (B. D. Cleary, R. D. Greaves, and R. K. Hermann, eds.). Oregon State Univ. Ext. Serv., Corvallis.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Strothman, R. O. 1980. Large stock and fertilizer improve growth of Douglas fir planted on unstable granitic soil in northern California. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Pacific SW Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Berkeley, California. Res. Note PSW-345. 7 p.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Sutton, R. F. 1979. Planting stock quality and grading. Forest Ecology and Management 2(2): 123–1 32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Tanaka, Y., A. J. Long, and J. K. Winjum. 1974. Effects of undercutting and wrenching on 2–0 Douglas-fir seedlings. Pages 60–71 in Proc., Western Forest Nursery Council meeting, Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Timmis, R. 1974. Effect of nutrient status on growth, bud set, and hardiness in Douglas-fir seedlings. Pages 187–193 in Proc., North American containerized forest tree seedling symp. (R. W. Tinus, W. I. Stein, and W. E. Balmer, eds.). Great Plains Agric. Res. Publ. 68.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Wierman, C. A. (Date unknown.) Early survival and growth of planted seedlings graded by root collar diameter. Univ. of Washington, Seattle. Unpubl. pap.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Williams, W. T. 1976. Containerized seedlings in eastern Oregon. Page 82 in Executive summaries, Proc., 1976 Western Forestry conf. Western Forestry and Conservation Assoc., Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Wirsing, J. M., and R. R. Alexander. 1975. Forest habitat types on the Medicine Bow National Forest, southeastern Wyoming. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Rocky Mt. Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Fort Collins, Colorado. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-12. 11 p.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Zaerr, J. B., and D. P. Lavender. 1976. Size and survival of 2–0 Douglas-fir seedlings. Oregon State Univ., Forest Res. Lab., Corvallis. Res. Pap. 32. 6 p.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Iverson, R.D. (1984). Planting-Stock Selection: Meeting Biological Needs and Operational Realities. In: Duryea, M.L., Landis, T.D., Perry, C.R. (eds) Forestry Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seedlings. Forestry Sciences, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6110-4_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6110-4_24

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-6112-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-6110-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics