Abstract
Molecules are remarkably durable systems which are able to exist in significant abundance in environments that are inhospitable to their formation and hostile to their survival. They occur in a diversity of astronomical surroundings ranging from the recombination era of the early Universe to the circumstellar shells of red giants. Because of the complexity of their energy level structure and of their emission and absorption spectra, molecules are unique diagnostic probes of the physical conditions in which they are found. Molecular observations have been used to study the interstellar gas in external galaxies, molecular clouds and galactic structure, masers and star formation, circumstellar shells and mass loss, protostars, HII regions, planetary nebulae, Herbig-Haro objects, sun spots, comets and the atmospheres of the planets and their satellites. Molecules remain to be discovered elsewhere in intergalactic space, active galactic nuclei and quasars.
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Dalgarno, A. (1985). Molecular Astrophysics. In: Diercksen, G.H.F., Huebner, W.F., Langhoff, P.W. (eds) Molecular Astrophysics. NATO ASI Series, vol 157. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5432-8_1
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