Abstract
Selected properties of ice, particularly those that may be useful for remote sensing in the planetary system or understanding the behavior of ice there, or that will help to predict properties that planetary scientists need, are reviewed. Among them are the phase diagram, including a new easy transformation of ice Ih at 77 K near the extrapolated melting line, the microwave spectrum of ice Ih as determined from an extrapolation of the far-infrared spectrum and used to determine the thickness of ice in Saturn’s rings, and the use of halos to detect crystals of hexagonal and cubic ice. Many properties of ice that are needed for planetary studies may need to be calculated from molecular potential functions. These can be tested by predicting the energies of the phases of ice at zero temperature, which can be evaluated from experimental measurements.
N.R.C. No. 23718
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Murray, James A. H., ed., Henry Bradley, Author, 1901, A new English dictionary. Clarendon, Oxford, Vol. IV, p. 192.
Gove, Philip Babcock, 1971, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. Merriam, Springfield, p. 961.
Hobbs, Peter V.. Ice Physics, Clarendon, Oxford, 19 74.
Tammann, G., 1900, Uber die Grenzen des Festens Zus tandes IV. Ann. Physik 4te Series 2, pp. 1–31.
Bridgman, P. W., 1911, Water, in the liquid and five solid forms, under pressure. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 47, pp. 441–558.
Babb, Stanley E., 1963, Some notes concerning Bridgman’s manganin pressure scale. In “High pressure measurement”, ed. A. A. Giardini and Edward C. Lloyd. Butterworths, Washington, pp. 115–123.
Kell, G. S. and Whalley, E., 1968, Equilibrium line between ice I and III. J. Chem. Phys., 48, pp. 2359–2361.
Bridgman, P. W., 1935, The pressure–volume–temperature relations of the liquid, and the phase diagram of heavy water. J. Chem. Phys., 3, pp. 597–605.
Evans, L. F., 1967, Selective nucleation of the high–pressure ices. J. Appli. Phys., 38, pp. 4930–4932.
Engelhardt, H. and Whalley, E., 1972, Ice IV. J. Chem. Phys., 56, pp. 2678–2684.
Nishibata, K., 1972, Growth of ice IV and equilibrium curves between liquid water, ice IV, ice V and ice VI. Japan. J. Appl. Phys., 11, pp. 1701–1708.
Bridgman, P. W., 1937, The phase diagram of water to 45.000 kg/cm2. J. Chem. Phys., 5, pp. 964–966.
König, Hans, 1943, Eine kubische eismodifikation. Z. Kristallogr., 105, pp. 279–286.
Gormley, J. A., 1968, Enthalpy changes and heat capacity changes in the transformations from high–surface–area amorphous ice to stable hexagonal ice. J. Chem. Phys., 48, pp. 503–508.
Di Marzio, E. A. and Stillinger, F. H., 1964, Residual entropy of ice. J. Chem. Phys., 40, pp. 1577–1581.
Nagle, J. F., 1966, Lattice statistics of hydrogenbonded crystals. I. The residual entropy of ice. J. Math. Phys., 7, pp. 1484–1491.
Tajima, Y., Matsuo, T. and Suga, H., 1982, Phasetransition in KOH–doped hexagonal ice. Nature, 299, pp. 810–812.
Whalley, E., 1976, The hydrogen bond in ice. In “The hydrogen bond. III. Dynamics, thermodynamics and special systems”. Ed. P. Shuster, G. Zundel and C. Sandorfy. North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 1425–1470.
Hamilton, W. C., Kamb, B., LaPlaca, S. J. and Prakash, A., 1971, Ordered proton configuration in ice II from single–crystal neutron diffraction. J. Chem. Phys., 55, pp. 1934–1945.
Wilson, G. J., Chan, R. K., Davidson, D. W. and Whalley, E., 1965, Dielectric properties of ices II, III, V and VI, J. Chem. Phys.$143, pp. 2384–239 1.
Kamb, B., 1964, Ice II: A proton–ordered form of ice. Acta Cryst., 17, pp. 1437–1449.
Whalley, E. and Davidson, D. W., 1965, Entropy changes at the phase transitions in ice. J. Chem. Phys. 43, pp. 2148–2149.
Whalley, E. and Davidson, D. W., 1965, Entropy changes at the phase transitions in ice. J. Chem. Phys. 43, pp. 2148–2149.
Whalley, E., 1969, Structure problems of ice. In “Physics of Ice”. Ed. N. Riehl, B. Bullemer and H. Engelhardt. Plenum, New York, pp. 19–43.
Wong, P. T. T. and Whalley, E., 1976, Raman spectrum of ice VIII. J. Chem. Phys., 64, pp. 2359–2366.
Whalley, E., Davidson, D. W. and Heath, J. B. R., 1966, Dielectric properties of ice VII. Ice VIII: a new phase of ice. J. Chem. Phys., 46, pp. 3976–3982.
Brown, A. J. and Whalley, E., 1966, A preliminary investigation of the phase boundaries between ice VI and VII and ice VI and VIII. J. Chem. Phys., 45, pp. 4360–4361.
Johari, G. P., Lavergne, A. and Whalley, E., 1974, The dielectric properties of ice VII and VIII and the phase boundary between ice VI and VII. J. Chem. Phys., 61, pp. 4202–4300.
Whalley, E., Heath, J. B, Rt and Dayidson, D. W., 1968, Ice IX: An antiferroelectric phase related to ice III. J, Chem. Phys., 48, pp. 2362–237Q.
Nishibata, K. and Whalley, E., 1974, Thermal effects of the transformation ice III–IX. J. Chem. Phys., 60, pp. 3189–3194.
LaPlaca, S. J., Hamilton, W. C., Kamb, B. and Prakash, A., 1974, A nearly proton–ordered structure for ice IX. J. Chem. Phys., 58, pp. 567–580.
Mishima, O. and Endo, S., 1980, Phase relations of ice under pressure. J. Chem. Phys., 73, pp. 2454–2456.
Johari, G. P. and Whalley, E., 1976, Dielectric properties of ice VI at low temperatures. J. Chem. Phys., 64, pp. 4484–4489.
Kamb, B., 1973, Crystallography of ice. In “Physics and chemistry of ice”, ed. E. Whalley, S. J. Jones and L. W. Gold. Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, pp. 28–41.
Johari, G. P. and Whalley, E., 1979, Evidence for a very slow transformation in ice VI at low temperatures. J. Chem. Phys., 70, pp. 2094–2097.
Miller, Stanley L.. Clathrate hydrates in the solar system. This volume.
Davidson, D. W., 1973, Clathrate hydrates. In “Water, a comprehensive treatise”, ed. F. Franks, Plenum, New York, pp. 115–234.
Burton, E. F. and Oliver, W. F., 1938, The crystal structure of ice at low temperatures. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 153, pp. 166–172.
Tammann, G. and Starinkewitsch, J., 1913, (Uber die Bildung von Glas auf Dampf. Z. Physik Chem ., 85, pp. 573–578.
Olander, David S. and Rice, Stuart A., 1972, Preparation of amorphous solid water. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 69, pp. 98–100.
Bütiggeller, Peter and Mayer, Erwin, 1980, Complete vitrification in pure liquid water and dilute aqueous solutions. Mature, 288, pp. 569–571.
Mayer, Erwin and Briiggeller, Peter, 1982, Vitrification of pure liquid water by high pressure jet freezing. Nature, 298, pp. 715–717.
Kanno, H., Speedy, R. J. and Angell, C. A., 1975, Science 189, pp. 880–881.
Bertie, J. E., Calvert, L. D. and Whalley, E., Transformations of ice II, ice III, and ice V at atmospheric pressure. J. Chem. Phys., 38, pp. 840–846.
Bertie, J. E., Calvert, L. D. and Whalley, E., Transformation of ice VI and ice VII at atmospheric pressure. Can. J. Chem., 42, pp. 1373–1378.
Mishima, O., Calvert, L. D. and Whalley, E., 1984, “Melting” ice I at 77 K. A new method of making amorphous solids. Nature, 310, pp. 393–395.
Mishima, 0., Calvert, L. D. and Whalley, E., In preparation.
Klinger, J., 1983, Extraterrestial ice. A review. J. Phys. Chem., 87, pp. 4209–4214.
Bertie, John E. and Devlin, J. Paul, 1983, Infrared spectroscopic proof of the formation of the structure I hydrate of oxirane from annealed low–temperature condensate. J. Chem. Phys.$178, pp. 6340–634 1.
Torchet, G., Schwartz, P., Farges, J., de Feraudy, M. F., and Raoult, B., 1983, Structure of solid water clusters formed in a free jet expansion. J. Chem. Phys., 79, pp. 6196–6202.
Bertie, J. E. and Whalley, E., 1964, Infrared spectra of ices Ih and Ic in the range 4000 to 350 cm-1. J. Chem. Phys., 40, pp. 1637–1645.
Bertie, John E. and Jacobs, Stephen M., 1977, Far infrared absorption in ices Ih and Ic at 4.3 K and the powder diffraction pattern of ice Ic. J. Chem. Phys., 67, pp. 2445–2558.
Whalley, E. and Bertie, J. E., 1967, Optical spectra of orientationally disordered crystals. I. Theory for trans1 ationa1 lattice vibrations. J. Chem. Phys., 46, pp. 1264–1270.
Bertie, J. E. and Whalley, E., 1967, Optical spectra of orientationa11y disordered crystals. II. Infrared spectrum of ice Ih and Ic from 360 to 50 cm–1. J. Chem. Phys., 46, pp. 1271–1284.
Greenberg, J. Mayo. Chemical evolution of inters tellar dust ice. This volume.
Mishima, O., Klug, D. D. and Whalley, E., 1983, The far-infrared spectrum of ice Ih in the range 8–25 cm-1. Sound waves and difference bands, with application to Saturn’s rings. J. Chem. Phys., 78, pp. 6399–6404.
Whalley, E. and Labbe, H. J., 1969, Optical spectra of orientationally disordered crystals. III. Infrared spectra of the sound waves. J. Chem. Phys., 51, pp. 3120–3127.
Szigeti, B., 1960, The infrared spectra of crystals. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 258, pp. 377–401.
Epstein, Eugene E., Janssen, Michael A., Cuzzi, Jeffrey N., Fogarty, William G. and Mattmann, John, 1980, Saturn’s rings: 3 -mm observations and derived properties. Icarus, 41, pp. 103–118.
Epstein, Eugene E., Janssen, Michael A., Cuzzi, Jeffrey N., Fogarty, William G. and Mattmann, John, 1980, Saturn’s rings: 3 -mm observations and derived properties. Icarus, 41, pp. 103–118.
Epstein, Eugene E., Janssen, Michael A., Cuzzi, Jeffrey N., Fogarty, William G. and Mattmann, John, 1980, Saturn’s rings: 3 -mm observations and derived properties. Icarus, 41, pp. 103–118.
Bertie, J. E., Labbe, H. J. and Whalley, E., 1969, Absorptivity of ice I in the range 4000–30 cm-1. J. Chem. Phys., 50, pp. 4501–4520.
Gammon, P. H., Kiefte, H. and Clouter, M. J., 1983, Elastic constants of ice samples by Brillouin spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem., 87, pp. 4025–4029.
Greeler, Robert, 1980, Rainbows, halos and glories. Cambridge University Press.
Merwin, H. E., 1930, Internat. Crit. Tables, Vol. 7, p. 17.
LaPlaca, S. and Post, B., 1960, Thermal expansion of ice. Acta Cryst., 13, pp. 503–505.
Brill, R. and Tippe, A., 1967, Gitterparameter von Eis I bei tiefen temperaturen. Acta Cryst., 23, pp. 343–345.
Whalley, E., 1983, Cubic ice in nature. J. Phys. Chem., 87, pp. 4174–4179.
Whalley, E., 1981, Scheiner’s halo: evidence for ice Ic in the atmosphere. Science 211, pp. 389–390.
Takahaski, T. and Kobayashi, T., 1983, The role of the cubic structure in freezing of a supercooled water droplet on an ice substrate. J. Cryst. Growth 64, pp. 593–603.
O’Leary, Brian T., 1966, The presence of ice in the Venus atmosphere as inferred from a halo effect. Astrophys. J. 146, pp. 754–766.
Veverka, J., 1971, A polarimetric search for a Venus halo during the 1969 inferior conjunction. Icarus, 14, pp. 282–283.
Konnen, G. P., 1983, Polarization and intensity distribution of refraction halos. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 73, pp. 1629–1640.
Tricker, R. A. R., 1979, Arcs associated with halos of unusual radii. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 69, pp. 1093–1100.
Tricker, R. A. R., 1979, Ice crystal halos. Optical Society of America, Washington.
de Forcrand, R., 1883, Recherches sur les hydrates sulphydres. Ann. Chim. Phys., 28, pp. 5–66.
Villard, P., 1897, Etude experimentale des hydrates de gaz. Ann. Chim. Phys. Ser. 7, 11, pp. 289–394.
Villard, P., 1897, Etude experimentale des hydrates de gaz. Ann. Chim. Phys. Ser. 7, 11, pp. 289–394.
Huler, E. and Zunger, A., 1976, Calculation of the equilibrium configuration and intermo1ecular frequencies of water dimers and hexagonal ice. Chem. Phys., 13, pp. 433–440.
Morse, M. D. and Rice, S. A., 1981, A test of the accuracy of an effective pair potential for liquid water. J. Chem. Phys., 74, pp. 6514–6516.
Morse, M. D. and Rice, S. A., 1982, Tests of effective pair potentials for water: predicted ice structures. J. Chem. Phys., 76, pp. 650–660.
Whalley, E., 1957, The difference in the intermolecular forces of H20 and D20. Trans. Faraday Soc. 53, pp. 1578–1585.
Walrafen, G. E., Abebe, M., Mauer, F. A., Block, S., Piermarini, G. J. and Munro, R. G., 1982, J. Chem. Phys., 77, pp. 2166–2174.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 D. Reidel Publishing Company
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Whalley, E. (1985). The Physics of Ice: Some Fundamentals of Planetary Glaciology. In: Klinger, J., Benest, D., Dollfus, A., Smoluchowski, R. (eds) Ices in the Solar System. NATO ASI Series, vol 156. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5418-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5418-2_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8891-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-5418-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive