Abstract
Embedded within the quasi-permanent large-scale circulation components discussed in Chapter 6 are transient disturbances in which intense weather tends to be concentrated. The purpose of the present chapter is to review the large-scale environmental setting, and the regional and seasonal characteristics of prominent synoptic weather systems. Atmospheric disturbances are individuals rather than identical replicas of each other. Synoptic models are meant to recognize the traits common to a family of individuals, to bring some order into the diversity, and to serve in the practical tasks of weather analysis and forecasting. Where diversity prevails over commonality the design of a synoptic model may be difficult and not helpful. For the midlatitudes, the Norwegian cyclone model continues to provide a successful frame of reference, work throughout the better part of this century notwithstanding. For the tropics, the development of synoptic models (see reviews by Forsdyke, 1960; La Seur, 1964; Johnson, 1964; Riehl, 1954, pp. 210–234, 281–357, 1979, pp. 315–496; Ramage, 1971, pp. 38–85, 91–100) begins only in the 1940’s, except for the Tropical Cyclone. Moreover, synthesis is rendered difficult by the great diversity of tropical weather phenomena. Nevertheless, models have been proposed for various weather systems in low latitudes. Of these concepts some, such as the Tropical Storm (Section 7.2), are widely accepted; others as the Subtropical Cyclone (Section 7.7) and the Central American Temporales (Section 7.8) have provoked no major objections; while Waves in the Easterlies (Section 7.5) and Squall Lines (Section 7.4) are at the focus of ongoing research.
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Hastenrath, S. (1985). Climatology of Weather Systems. In: Climate and circulation of the tropics. Atmospheric Sciences Library, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5388-8_7
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