Abstract
As a muscular pump with the specific task of ensuring the optimal circulation of blood under the most variable conditions, the heart continuously consumes energy at a very high rate. A large quantity of high energy phosphates are produced continuously to meet its specific requirements which makes a normal oxygen and substrate delivery, removal of wastage and an undisturbed cellular metabolism essential. During myocardial ischemia however, myocardial blood-flow and hence the oxygen and substrate supply is reduced. Due to diminished venous efflux from the ischemic area metabolic endproducts accumulate and myocardial metabolism and function quickly deteriorates.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Rubio R, Berne RM, Release of adenosine by the normal myocardium in dogs and its relationship to the regulation of coronary resistance. Circ. Res. 25: 407, 1969.
Rubio R, Berne RM, Dobson JG, jr, Sites of adenosine production in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Amer. J. Physiol. 225: 938, 1973.
Berne RM, Rubio R, Regulation of coronary bloodflow. Advanc. Cardiol. 12: 303, 1974.
Olsson RA, Davis CJ, Khouri EM, Patterson RE, Evidence for an adenosine receptor on the surface of dog coronary myocytes. Circulat. Res. 39: 93, 1976.
Olsson RA, Changes in content of purine nucleosides in canine myocardium during coronary occlusion. Circulat. Res. 26: 301, 1970.
Fox AC, Reed GE, Glassman E, et al, Release of adenosine from human hearts during angina induced by rapid atrial pacing. J. Clin. Invest. 53: 1447, 1974.
De Jong JW, Verdouw PD, Remme WJ, Myocardial nucleoside and carbohydrate metabolism and hemodynamics during partial occlusion and reperfusion of pig coronary artery. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 9: 297, 1977.
Remme WJ, De Jong JW, Verdouw PD, Effects of pacing induced myocardial ischemia on hypoxanthine efflux from the human heart. Amer. J. Cardiol. 40: 55, 1977.
Remme WJ, De Jong JW, Verdouw PD, Changes in purine nucleoside content in human myocardial efflux during pacing-induced ischemia. In: Recent advances in studies on cardiac structure and metabolism. Vol. 12: Cardiac adaptation. Kobrynski T, Ito Y, Rowa G, (eds), University Park Press, Baltimore, p 409, 1978.
Kugler G, Myocardial release of lactate, inosine and hypoxanthine during atrial pacing and exercise-induced angina. Circulation 59: 43, 1979.
Schaper W, Regulation of coronary bloodflow. In: The pathophysiology of myocardial perfusion. Schaper W, (ed), Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, p 181, 1979.
Bretschneider HJ, Die hemodynamische Determinanten des myokardialen Sauerstoff verbrauchs. In: Die therapeutische Anwendung sympathicolytischer Stoffe. Dengler (ed), Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1972.
Opherk D, Zebe H, Weihe E, Mall G, Dürr C, et al, Reduced coronary dilatory capacity and ultrastructural changes of the myocardium in patients with angina pectoris but normal coronary arteriograms. Circulation 63: 817, 1981.
Gould KL, Lipscomb K, Hamilton GW, Physiology basis for assessing critical coronary stenosis. Amer. J. Cardiol. 33: 87, 1974.
Schwartz JS, Carlyle PF, Cohn JN, Decline in bloodflow in stenotic coronary arteries during increased myocardial energetic demand in response to pacing induced tachycardia. Amer. Heart J. 101: 435, 1981.
Schaper W, Lewi P, Flameng W, et al, Myocardial steal produced by coronary vasodilatation in chronic coronary artery occlusion. Basic Res. Cardiol. 68: 3, 1973.
Becker LC, Conditions for vasodilator-induced coronary steal in experimental myocardial ischemia. Circulation 57: 1103, 1978.
McKeever WP, Gregg DE, Canney PC, Oxygen uptake of the non-working left ventricle. Circulat. Res. 6: 612, 1958.
Prinzmetal M, Kennamer R, Merliss R, et al, Angina pectoris, I. A variation form of angina pectoris. Amer. J. Med. 27: 375, 1959.
Maseri A, Chierchia S, Coronary artery spasm: Demonstration, definition, diagnosis and consequences. Progr. cardiovasc. Dis. 25, no. 3: 169, 1982
Vatner SF, Alpha-adrenergic regulation of the coronary circulation in the conscious dog. Amer. J. Cardiol. 52, no. 2: 15a, 1983.
Hamberg M, Svensson J, Samuelsson B, Thromboxanes: A new group of biologically active compounds derived from prostaglandin enderoperoxides. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 72: 2994, 1975.
Moncada S, Vane JR, Unstable metabolites of arachidonic acid and their role in haemostasis and thrombosis. Brit. Med. Bull. 34: 129, 1978.
Martin IJ, Smith IL, Noland RD, et al, Prostanoids in platelet-vascular interactions. Amer. J. Cardiol. 52, no. 2: 22a, 1983.
Dalen JE, Ockene MD, Alpert JS, Coronary spasm, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction. A hypothesis concerning the pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction. Amer. Heart J, 104: 1119, 1982.
Liedtke AJ, Alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the acutely ischemic heart. Progr. cardiovasc. Dis. 23, no. 5: 321, 1981.
Spitzer JJ, Effect of lactate infusion on canine free fatty acid metabolism in vivo. Amer. J. Physiol. 226: 213, 1974.
Stein O, Stein Y, Lipid synthesis, intracellular transport and storage. J. Cell. Biology 36: 62, 1968.
Vasdev SC, Kako KJ, Incorporation of fatty acids into rat heart lipids. In vivo and in vitro studies. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 9:617, 1977.
Kobayaski K, Neely JR, Control of maximum rates of glycolysis in rat cardiac muscle. Circulat. Res. 44: 166, 1979.
Idell-Wenger JA, Neely JR, Effects of ischemia on myocardial fatty acid oxidation. In: Pathophysiology and therapeutics of myocardial ischemia. Lefer AM, Kelliher GJ, Rovetto MJ (eds), Spectrum Publications, New York, pp 227–238, 1976.
Opie LH, Effects of regional ischemia on metabolism of glucose and fatty acids. Circulat. Res. (suppl. 1) 38: 52, 1976.
Whitmer JT, Idell-Wenger JA, Rovetto MJ, et al, Control of fatty acid metabolism in ischemic and hypoxic heart. J. biol. Chem. 253: 4305, 1978.
Shrago E, Shug AL, Sul H, Bittar N, et al, Control of energy production in myocardial ischemia. Circulat. Res. (suppl. 1) 38: 75, 1976.
Wood JM, Bush B, Pitts BJR, et al, Inhibition of bovine heart Na+, K+-ATP-ase by palmitylcarnitine and palmityl-CA. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 74: 677, 1977.
Cohen D, Wang T, Sumida M, et al, Effect of palmitylcarnitine on cardiac and skeletal sarcoplasmatic reticulum. Fed. Proc. 37: 376, 1978.
Borst P, Loos JA, Christ EJ, et al, Uncoupling activity of long-chain fatty acids. Biochim. biophys. Acta 62: 509, 1962.
Pande SV, Mead JF, Inhibition of enzyme activities by free fatty acids. J. biol. Chem. 243: 6180, 1968.
Cornblath M, Randle PJ, Parmeggiani, et al, Regulation of glyco-genolysis in muscle: Effects of glucagon and anoxia on lactate production, glycogen content and Phosphorylase activity in the perfused rat heart. J. biol. Chem. 2339: 1592, 1963.
Braasch W, Cubjarnason S, Puri PS, et al, Early changes in energy metabolism in the myocardium following acute coronary artery occlusion in anesthetized dogs. Circulat. Res. 23: 429, 1968.
Remme WJ, Krauss XH, Storm CJ, et al, Improved assessment of lactate production during pacing-induced ischemia. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 13: 76, 1981.
Rovetto MJ, Neely JR, Carbohydrate metabolism during ischemia. In: Pathophysiology and therapeutics of myocardial ischemia. Lefer AM, Kelliher GJ, Rovetto MJ, (eds), Spectrum Publications, New York, 1976.
Mochizuki S, Neely JR, Control of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in cardiac muscle. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 11: 221, 1979.
Katz AM, Mechanism and control of the cardiac contractile process. In: Physiology of the heart. Katz AM (ed), Raven Press, New York, 1977.
Dudel J, Rudel R, Voltage and time dependence of excitatory sodium current in cooled sheep fibers. Pflügers Eur. J. Phys. Arch. 315: 136, 1970.
Beeler GW, jr, Reuter K, Voltage clamp experiments on ventricular myocardial fibers. J. Physiol. 207: 165, 1970.
Langer GA, Effects of digitalis on myocardial ionic exchange. Circulation 46: 180, 1972.
Zimmer L, McCall D, D’Addabbo L, et al, Kinetics and characteristics of Thallium exchange in cultured cells. Circulation 59–60 11: 138, 1979.
Keung ECK, Aronson RS, Physiology of calcium current in cardiac muscle. Progr. cardiovasc. Dis. 25: 279, 1983.
Katz AM, Calcium fluxes during excitation-contraction coupling. In: Physiology of the heart. Katz AM (ed), Raven Press, New York, 1977.
Boucher CA, Zir LM, Beller CA, et al, Increased lung uptake of Thallium-201 during exercise myocardial imaging: Clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic implications in patients with coronary artery disease. Amer. J. Cardiol. 46: 189, 1980.
Katz AM, Effects of ischemia on the contractile processes of heart muscle. Amer. J. Cardiol. 32: 456, 1973.
Schwartz A, Wood JM, Allen JC, et al, Biochemical and morphologic correlates of cardiac ischemia. I. Membrane systems. Amer. J. Cardiol. 32: 46, 1973.
Leaf A, Cell swelling, a factor in ischemic injury. Circulation 48: 455, 1973.
Braasch W, Gubjarnason S, Puri PS, Ravens KB, Bing RJ, Early changes in energy metabolism in the myocardium following acute coronary artery occlusion in anesthetized dogs. Circulat. Res. 23: 429, 1968.
Jennings RB, Reimer KA, Biology of experimental, acute myocardial ischemia and infarction. In: Enzymes in cardiology, diagnosis and research. Hearse DJ, De Leiris J, (eds), John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, p 35, 1979.
Reimer KA, Lowe JE, Rasmussen MM, et al, The wavefront phenomenon of ischemic cell death. I. Myocardial infarct size vs duration of coronary artery occlusion in dogs. Circulation 56: 786, 1977.
Jennings RB, Reimer KA, Biology of experimental, acute myocardial ischemia and infarction. In: Enzymes in cardiology, diagnosis and research. Hearse DJ, De Leirus J, (eds), John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp 50–51, 1979.
Domenech RJ, Hoffman JIE, Noble MIM, et al, Total and regional coronary bloodflow measured by radioactive microspheres in conscious and anesthetized dogs. Circulat. Res. 25: 581, 1969.
Ashburn WL, Braunwald E, Simon AL, et al, Myocardial perfusion imaging with radioactive labelled particles injected directly into the coronary circulation of patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 44: 851, 1971.
Weller DA., Adolph RJ, Wellman HN, et al, Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy after intracoronary injection of Tc-99m-labelled human albumin microspheres. Circulation 46: 963, 1972.
Jansen C, Judkins MP, Grames GM, et al, Myocardial perfusion color scintigraphy with MMA. Radiology 109: 369, 1973.
Ritchie JL, Hamilton GW, Gould KL, et al, Myocardial imaging with Indium-113m and Technetium-99m-macroaggregated albumin. Amer. J. Cardiol. 35: 380, 1975.
Bing RJ, Hammond MM, Jandelsman JC, et al, Measurement of coronary bloodflow, oxygen consumption and efficiency of the left ventricle in man. Amer. Heart J. 38: 1, 1949.
Rau C, Messung der Koronardurchblutung mit der Argon-Fremdgasmethode. Arch. Kreisl. Forsch. 58: 322, 1969.
Tauchert M, Kochsiek K, Heiss HW, et al, Measurement of coronary bloodflow in man by the argon method. In: Myocardial bloodflow in man. Maseri A, (ed), Minerva Medica, Turin, p 139, 1972.
Pitt A, Friesinger GC, Ross RS, Measurement of bloodflow in the right and left coronary artery beds in humans and dogs using the 133 Xenon technique. Cardiovasc. Res. 3: 100, 1969.
Cannon PL, Dell RB, Dwyer EM, jr, Measurement of regional myocardial perfusion in man with 133 Xenon and a scintillation camera. J. clin. Invest. 51: 964, 1972.
Engel HJ, Assessment of regional myocardial bloodflow by the precordial 133 Xenon clearance technique. In: The pathophysiology of myocardial perfusion. Schaper W, (ed), Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, p 58, 1979.
Mclntyre WJ, Cannon PJ, Ashburn WL, Measurement of regional myocardial perfusion. In: Quantitative nuclear cardiology. Pierson RH, jr, Kriss JP, Jones RH, Mclntyre WJ, (eds), Wiley and Sons, New York, p 170, 1975.
Cannon PJ, Measurements of regional myocardial perfusion by intracoronary injection of xenon-133. In: Clinical nuclear cardiology. Berman DS, Mason DI, Grune and Stratton, New York, p 119, 1981.
Kaplan E, Mayron LW, Friedman AM, Gindler JE, Frazin L, Moran JM, Loeb H, Gunnar RM, Definition of myocardial perfusion by continuous infusion of Krypton-81m. Amer. J. Cardiol. 37: 878, 1976.
Selwyn AP, Jones T, Turner JH, Pratt T, Clark J, Lavender P, Contiuous assessment of regional myocardial perfusion in dogs using Krypton-81m. Circulat. Res. 42: 771, 1978.
Selwyn AP, Steiner R, Kivisaari A, Fox KM, Forse G, Krypton-81m in the physiologic assessment of coronary artery stenosis in man. Amer. J. Cardiol. 43: 547, 1979.
Selwyn AP, Forse G, Fox KM, Jonathan A, Steiner R, Pattern of disturbed myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 64: 83, 1981.
Remme WJ, Cox PH, Krauss XH, Continuous myocardial bloodflow distribution imaging in man with Krypton-81m intracoronary (abstract). Amer. J. Cardiol. 49: 979, 1982.
Remme WJ, Kruyssen HA, Cox PH, Krauss XH, Assessment of functionally significant coronary artery disease during continuous intracoronary administration of Krypton-81m. Eur. Heart J. 4: 32, 1983.
Remme WJ, Cox PH, Krauss XM, et al, Continuous myocardial bloodflow imaging with Krypton-81m selective intracoronary. In: Radioisotopes in Cardiology. Salvatore M, Porta E, (eds), Plenum Press, New York, p 155, 1983.
Remme WJ, Cox PH, Krauss XH, Visualization of myocardial blood-flow changes with intracoronary 81m Kr (this volume).
Lebowitz E, Greene MW, Bradley-Moore P, et al, Tl-201 for medical use. J. nucl. Med. 14: 421, 1973.
Pohost GM, Zir LM, Moor RK, et al, Differentiation of transiently ischemic from infarcted myocardium by serial imaging after a single dose of Tl-201. Circulation 55: 294, 1977.
Beller GA, Pohost GM, Mechanism for Tl-201 redistribution after transient myocardial ischemia. Circulation 56: 141, 1977.
Ritchie JL, Zaret BL, Strauss HW, et al, Myocardial imaging with Thallium-201: A multicenter study in patients with angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction. Amer. J. Cardiol. 42: 345, 1978.
Berman DS, Garcia EV, Maddahi J, Thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy in the detection and evaluation of coronary artery disease. In: Clinical nuclear cardiology. Berman DS, Mason DT, Grune and Stratton, New York, p 49, 1981.
Winkler B, Schaper W, Tracer kinetics of Thallium, a radionuclide used for cardiac imaging. In: The pathophysiology of myocardial perfusion. Schaper W (ed), Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, p 102, 1979.
Glaser J, Crystal and molecular structure of trisodium hexachlorothallium (111) and dodekahydrate, Na3TlCl612H2O. Acta Chem. Scand. a34: 141, 1980.
Cox PH, The comparative radiopharmacology of Thallium-201 in relation to potassium. In: Progress in Radiopharmacology. Cox PH, (ed), Elsevier /North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, p 19, 1981.
Maddahi J, Garcia EV, Berman DS et al, Improved noninvasive assessment of coronary artery disease by quantitative analysis of regional stress myocardial distribution and washout of Thallium-201. Circulation 64: 924, 1981.
Vogel RA, Kirck DL, Lefree MF, et al, Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: Results of standard and multi-pinhole tomographic techniques. Amer. J. Cardiol. 43: 787, 1979.
Selwyn AP, Allan RM, l’Abbate A, et al, Relation between regional myocardial uptake of Rubidium-82 and perfusion: Absolute reduction of cation uptake in ischemia. Amer. J. Cardiol. 50: 112, 1982.
Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ, Coleman RE, et al, Tomographic images of bloodpool and perfusion in brain and heart. J. nucl. Med. 17: 603, 1976.
Schelbert HR, Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ, et al, Regional myocardial perfusion assessed with N-13 labelled ammonia and positron emission computerized axial tonography. Amer. J. Cardiol. 43: 209, 1979.
Ter Pogossian MM, The assessment of myocardial integrity by positron emission computerized tomography. In: The pathophysiology of myocardial perfusion. Schaper W, (ed), Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, p 113, 1979.
Davidson S, Sonnenblick EH, Glutamine production by the isolated perfused rat heart during ammonium chloride perfusion. Cardiovasc. Res. 9: 295, 1975.
Chazov E, Smirnov VN, Mazaev AV, et al, Myocardial ammonia metabolism in patients with heart disease as revealed by coronary sinus catheterization study. Circulation 47: 1327, 1973.
Bergmann SR, Hack S, Tewson T, et al, The dependence of accumulation of 13NH3 by myocardium on metabolic factors and its implications for quantitative assessment of perfusion. Circulation 61: 34, 1980.
Weiss ES, Hoffman EJ, Phelps ME, et al, External detection and visualization of myocardial ischemia with C-substrates in vitro and vivo. Circulat. Res. 39: 24, 1976.
Schelbert HR, Henze E, Phelps ME, et al, Assessment of regional myocardial ischemia by positron-emission computed tomography. Amer. Heart J. 103: 588, 1982.
Schön HR, Schelbert HR, Najafi A, et al, C-11 labelled palmitic acid for the noninvasive evaluation of regional myocardial fatty acid metabolism with positron-computed tomography. II. Kinetics of C-11 palmitic acid in acutely ischemic myocardium. Amer. Heart J. 103: 548, 1982.
Machulla HJ, Stöcklin G, Kupfernagel C, et al, Comparative evaluation of fatty acids labelled with C-11, CL-34m, Br-77 and J-123 for metabolic studies of the myocardium: concise communication. J. nucl. Med. 19: 298, 1978.
Westera G, Labelled fatty acids. Synthesis and biological behaviour. A review. In: Progress in radiopharmacology. Cox PH, (ed), Elsevier/ North-Holland, Biomedical Press, p 29, 1981.
Freundlieb C, Höck A, Vyska K, et al, Anwendung von I-123 markierten langkettigen Fettsaüren zum Studium des Herzmuskelstoffwechels. In: Radioaktive Isotope in Klinik und Forschung. R. Höfe (ed), Wien, p 265, 1978.
Van der Wall EE, Heidendal GAK, Den Hollander W, et al, 123I labelled hexadecanoic acid in comparison with 201TI for myocardial imaging in coronary heart disease. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 5: 401, 1980.
Feinendegen LE, Vyska K, Freundlieb C, et al, Non-invasive analysis of metabolic reactions in body tissues. The case of myocardial fattt acids. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 61: 191, 1981.
Dudczak R, Schmoliner R, Angelberger P, et al, Myocardial scintigraphy using 123-I-phenylpentadecanoic acid. In: Radioisotopes in Cardiology. Salvatore M, Porta E, (eds), Plenum Press, New York, p 147, 1983.
Reske SN, Koischwitz D, Machulla KJ, et al, Myocardial extraction fraction and metabolism of W-P-I123-phenylpenta decanoic acid (IPPA) in patients with coronary artery and valvular heart disease. In: Radioisotopes in cardiology. Salvatore M, Porta E, (eds), Plenum Press, New York, p 255, 1983.
Okada RD, Elmalek D, Werre GS, et a,, Myocardial kinetics of 123I labelled 16-hexadecanoic acid. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 8: 211, 1983.
Visser FC, Westera G, Van der Wall EE, et al, Does the turnover rate of 123I-FFA reflect cardiac FFA metabolism? Eur. Heart J. 4: 92 (suppl E), 1983.
Parkey RW, Bonte FJ, Meyer SL, et al, A new method for radionuclide imaging of acute myocardial infarction in humans. Circulation 50: 540, 1974.
Willerson JT, Parkey RW, Bonte FJ, et al, Acute subendocardial myocardial infarction in patients: Its detection by Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigrams. Circulation 51: 436, 1975.
Holman BL, Tanaka TT, Lesch M, Evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals for the detection of acute myocardial infarction in man. Radiology 121: 427, 1976.
Willerson JT, Parkey RW, Bonte FJ, et al, The use of Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy to establish the presence of acute myocardial necrosis. In: Clinical nuclear cardiology. Berman DS, Mason DT, (eds), Grune and Stratton, New York, p 155, 1981.
Holman BL, Lesch M, Zweiman FG, et al, Detection and sizing of acute myocardial infarcts with Tc-99m-(Sn) tetracycline. New Engl. J. Med. 291: 159, 1974.
Buja LM, Parkey RW, Stokeley EM, et al, Pathophysiology of Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate and Thallium-201 scintigraphy of acute anterior myocardial infarcts in dogs. J. Clin. Invest. 57: 1508, 1976.
Buja LM, Tofe AJ, Mukkerjee A, et al, A role of elevated tissue calcium in myocardial infarct scintigraphy with Technetium phosphorus radiopharmaceuticals. Circulation 54: 219 (suppl2), 1976.
Schelbert H, Ingwall J, Sybers H, et al, Uptake of Tc-99m pyrophosphate and calcium in irreversible damaged myocardium. J. nucl. Med. 17: 534, 1976.
Poliner LR, Buja LM, Parkey RW, et al, Comparison of methods of infarcts sizing during myocardial infarction. J. nucl. Med. 18: 517, 1977.
Poliner LR, Hutcheson D, Buja LM, et al, Persistently positive Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigram after acute myocardial infarction. Clin. Res. 25: 7a, 1977.
Willerson JT, Parkey RW, Bonte FJ, et al, Technetium stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigrams in patients with chest pain of varying etiology. Circulation 51: 1046, 1975.
Abdulla AM, Canedo MJ, Cortez BC, et al, Detection of unstable angina by 99m-Technetium pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy. Chest 69: 168, 1976.
Poliner LR, Buja ML, Parkey RW, et al, Clinicopathologic findings in 52 patients studied by Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy. Circulation 59: 257, 1979.
Stokely EM, Buja LM, Lewis SE, et al, Measurement of acute myocardial infarcts in dogs with Tc-99m-stannous pyrophosphate scintigrams. J. nucl. Med. 17: 1, 1976.
Willerson JT, Parkey RW, Harris RA, et al, Sizing acute myocardial infarction utilizing Technetium stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigrams in dogs and man (abstr) Clin. Res. 23: 214a, 1975.
Strauss HW, Zaret BL, Hurley PJ, et al, A scintigraphic method for measuring left ventricular ejection fraction in man without cardiac catheterization. Amer. J. Cardiol. 28: 575, 1971.
Van Dijke D, Anger HO, Sullivan RW, et al, Cardiac evaluation from radioisotope dynamics. J. nucl. Med. 13: 585, 1972.
Schelbert HR, Verba JW, Johnson AD, et al, Non-traumatic determination of left ventricular ejection fraction by radionuclide angio-cardiography. Circulation 51: 902, 1975.
Berman DS, Salel AF, De Nardo GL, et al, Clinical assessment of left ventricular regional contraction patterns and ejection fraction by high resolution gated scintigraphy. J. nucl. Med. 16: 865, 1975.
Green MV, Ostrow HG, Douglas MA, et al, High temporal resolution ECG-gated scintigraphic angiocardiography. J. nucl. Med. 16: 95, 1975.
Burow RD, Strauss HW, Singleton R, et al, Analysis of left ventricular function from multiple gated acquisition cardiac bloodpool imaging: Comparison to contrast angiography. Circulation 56: 1024, 1977.
Bodenheimer MM, Banka VS, Fooshee CM, et al, Quantitative radionuclide angiography in the right anterior oblique view: Comparison with contrast ventriculography. Amer. J. Cardiol. 41: 718, 1978.
Tobernick E, Schelbert H, Henning H, et al, Right ventricular ejection fraction in patients with acute anterior and inferior myocardial infarction assessed by radionuclide angiocardiography. Circulation 57: 1078, 1978.
Hecht HS, Mirell SG, Rolett EL, et al, Left ventricular ejection fraction and segmental wall motion by peripheral first-pass radionuclide angiography. J. nucl. Med. 19: 17, 1978.
Jengo JA, Oren V, Conant R, et al, Effects of maximal exercise stress on left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease using first pass radionuclide angiocardiography: A rapid, non-invasive technique for determining ejection fraction and segmental wall motion. Circulation 59: 60, 1979.
Slutsky R, Karliner J, Ricci D, et al, Response of left ventricular volume to exercise in man assessed by radionuclide equilibrium angiography. Circulation 60: 565, 1979.
Pantaleo N, Freeman M, Van Train K, et al, A simple, objective method for measurement of absolute left ventricular end-diastolic volume with multiple gated equilibrium scintigraphy. Clin. Nucl. Med. 5: 329, 1980.
Folland ED, Hamilton GW, Larson SM, et al, The radionuclide ejection fraction: A comparison of three radionuclide techniques with contrast angiography. J. nucl. Med. 18: 1159, 1977.
Maddahi J, Berman DS, Silverberg R, et al, Validation of a two minute technique for multiple gated scintigraphic assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion. J. nucl. Med. 19: 669, 1978.
Gordon GD, Ashburn WL, Slutsky AR, Assessment of ventricular function by first-pass radionuclide angiography. In: Clinical nuclear cardiology. Berman DS, Mason DT, (eds), Grune and Stratton, New York, p 204, 1981.
Wackers FJ, Giles RW, Hoffer PB, et al, Gold-19501, a new generator-produced short-lived radionuclide for sequential assessment of ventricular reformance by first pass radionuclide angiocardiography. Amer. J. Cardiol. 50: 89, 1982.
Wackers FJT, Berger HJ, Hoffer PB, Lange RC, Zaret BL, 195mGold for assessment of cardiac function (this volume).
Dymond C, Caplin J, Flatman W, et al, The cold pressor test: Serial evolutionary changes in left ventricular function assessed with Gold-195m (T ½ 30.5 sec). Eur. Heart J. 4: 65 (suppl E), 1983.
Shapiro B, Pillay M, Cox PH, et al, “First-pass left ventricular ejection fraction with Au-198m on a 1/4” crystal gamma camera. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. (to be published) 1984.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Remme, W.J. (1985). Myocardial Ischemia: A Profile of its Pathophysiological Basis and its Detection by Nuclear Cardiology. In: Biersack, H.J., Cox, P.H. (eds) Radioisotope studies in cardiology. Developments in Nuclear Medicine, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5022-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5022-1_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8724-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-5022-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive