Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Proctitis

  • Chapter
Clinical Problems in Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Part of the book series: New Perspectives in Clinical Microbiology ((NPCM,volume 11))

Abstract

Man went to the moon to take a closer look. Unfortunately, venereologists do not have the same enthusiasm about the ano-rectal area. They may even feel that the rectum is an awkward organ, not delivering its diagnostic secrets to the outside world in the same spontaneous way as the urethra. Inspection of the anus and blind introduction of a swab to obtain rectal material are a poor substitute for viewing the rectum through a proctoscope and sigmoidoscope. Ironically, the reluctance with which this organ is inspected is matched by its ease of accessibility. This review decribes the rectum both in its normal and inflammed state. No apologies are made for going over anatomy, physiology, immunology and other basic sciences as they relate to rectal disease. They must be considered before the complex issue of proctitis can begin to be understood.

Do not regard anyone with contempt, and do not reject any thing, for there is no man who does not have his hour, and no thing which does not have its place.

Ethics of the Fathers. Chap IV.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Thomson JPS, Williams CB: Clinical Assessment. In: Colorectal disease. JPS Thomson, RJ Nichols and CB Williams (eds.). Heinemann, London, 1981, p. 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Baron JH, Connell JM, Lennard-Jones JE: Variation between observers in describing mucosal appearance in proctocolitis. Br Med J i: 89–92, 1964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Munday PE, Johnson AP, Thomas BJ, Jeffries DJ, Dawson SG, Osborn MJ, Philip S, Harris JRW, Taylor-Robinson D: A microbiological study of non-gonococcal proctitis in passive male homosexuals. Post Grad Med J 57: 705–711, 1981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Quinn TC, Corey L, Chaffee RG, Schuffler MD, Brancato FP, Holmes KK: The etiology of ano-rectal infections in homosexual men. Am J Med 71: 395–406, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. McMillan A, Lee FD: Sigmoidoscopic and microscopic appearance of the rectal mucosa in homosexual men. Gut 22: 1035–1041, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Butterworths’s Medical Dictionary. 2nd edn. Macdonald Critchley. Butterworths, London, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Adler MW: Diagnosis, treatment, and reporting criteria for non-specific genital infection in sexually transmitted disease clinics in England and Wales. 1. Diagnosis. Br J Vener Dis 54: 422–427, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Williams DC, Felman YM, Riccardi ND: The utility of anoscopy in the rapid diagnosis of symptomatic ano-rectal gonorrhea in men. Sex Transm Dis 8: 16–17, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Parks AG: Pathogenesis and treatment of fistula-in-ano. Br Med J i: 463–469, 1961.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Goligher JC: Surgery of the anus, rectum and colon, 4th. edn. Balliere Tindall, London, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Duthie HL: Colonic motility in man. Mayo Clin Proc 50: 519–522, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ihre T: Studies on anal function in continent and incontinent patients. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 9: 1–64, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Duthie HL, Wormsley KG: Scientific basis of gastroenterology. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Tagart REB: The anal canal and rectum. Their varying relationship and its effect on anal continence. Dis Colon Rectum, 9: 449–452, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Masters WM, Johnson VE: Homosexuality in perspective. Little Brown and Company, Boston, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ferguson A: Gastrointestinal immunology. In: Scientific Foundations of Gastroenterology. W Sircusa and AN Smith (eds.). Heinemann, London, 1979, p. 55–67.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ciba Foundation Symposium 46. Immunology of the gut. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Wright R: Immunology of gastrointestinal and liver disease. Arnold, London, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ferguson A: Immunological roles of the gastrointestinal tract. Scott Med J 17: 111–118, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Skinner JM: The immunocytes of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Topics in Gastroenterology no. 3. SC Truelove and MJ Goodman (eds.). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1975, p. 227–243.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Weetman AP, Haggith J, Douglas AP: Enteric loss of lymphocytes in coeliac disease and in Crohn’s disease. Gut 15: 823, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Oss CJ van: Phagocytosis. In: Principles of immunology. NR Rose, F Milgrom and CJ van Oss (eds.). 2nd edn. Macmillan, New York, 1979, p. 155–166.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Murphy P: The neutrophil. Plenum, New York, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Tomasi TR: Secretory immunoglobulins. N Engl J Med 287: 500–506, 1972.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Levi R: Stress and distress in response to psychosocial stimuli. Acta Med Scand Suppl 528, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Jacobs MA, Spilken A, Norman M, Anderson LS: Life stress and respiratory illness. Psychosom Med 32: 233–242, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Meyer RJ, Haggerty RJ: Streptococcal infection in families. Factors altering individual susceptibility. J Pediatr 29: 539–549, 1962.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Goldmeier D, Johnson A: Does psychiatric illness affect the recurrence rate of genital herpes? Br J Vener Dis 58: 40–43, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bartrop RW, Luckhurst E, Lazarus L, Kiloh LG, Penny R: Depressed lymphocyte function after bereavement. Lancet is 834–836, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Palmblad J, Petrini B, Wasserman J, Akerstedt Tr Lymphocyte and granulocyte reactions during sleep deprivation. Psychosom Med 41: 273–278, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Judson FN: Sexually transmitted diseases in gay men. Sex Transm Dis 4: 76–78, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. British cooperative clinical group. Homosexuality and venereal disease in the United Kingdom. A second study. Br J Vener Dis 56: 6–11, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Vaisrub S: Homosexuality - a risk factor in infectious diseases. JAMA 238: 1402, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Dritz SK, Ainsworth TE, Garrard WF, Back A, Palmer RD, Boucher LA, River E: Patterns of sexually transmitted enteric diseases in a city. Lancet ii: 3–4, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Bolan RK: Guidelines and recommendations for healthy gay sexual activity. The national coalition of gay STD services, San Francisco, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Bolling DR: Prevalence, goals and complications of heterosexual anal intercourse in a gynecologic population. J Reprod Med 19: 120–124, 1977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Willcox RR: Epidemiology of anorectal disease: a review. J Roy Soc Med 73: 508–509, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cornthwaite SA, Savage WD, Willcox RR: Oral and rectal coitus amongst female gonorrhoea contacts in London. Br J Clin Pract 28: 305–306, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wells BWP, Schofield CBS: Personality characteristics of homosexual men suffering from sexually transmitted diseases. Br J Vener Dis 48: 75–78, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Maurer TB: Health care and the gay community. Postgrad Med 58: 127–130, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pauly IB, Goldstein SG: Physicians attitudes in treating male homosexuals. Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality 4: 27–45, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Deheragoda P: Diagnosis of rectal gonorrhoea by blind anorectal swabs compared with direct vision swabs taken via a proctoscope. Br J Vener Dis 53: 311–313, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Klein EJ, Fisher LS, Chow AW, Guze LB: Anorectal gonococcal infection. Ann Intern Med 86: 340–346, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Anonymous report: Sexually transmitted diseases. Annual report of the chief medical officer of the department of health and social security for the year 1979. Br J Vener Dis 57: 402–405, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Todays VD control problem 1975. Joint statement committee chaired by Fleming WL, American Health Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Arya OP: The epidemiology of gonorrhoea. In: Recent advances in sexually transmitted diseases 2. JRW Harris (ed.). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1981, p. 35–45.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Willcox RR: The rectum as viewed by the venereologist. Br J Vener Dis 57: 1–6, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Thompson SE: The clinical manifestation of gonococcal infections. In: Recent advances in sexually transmitted diseases 2. JRW Harris (ed.). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1981, p. 49–57.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Judson FN, Miller KG, Schaffnit TR: Screening for gonorrhea and syphilis in the gay baths–Denver Colorado. Am J Public Health 67: 740–742, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. British cooperative clinical group. Homosexuality and venereal disease in the United Kingdom. Br J Vener Dis 49: 329–334, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Handsfield HH, Knapp JS, Diehr PK, Holmes KK: Correlation of auxotypes and penicillin susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with sexual preference and clinical manifestations of gonorrhea, Sex Transm Dis 7: 1–5, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Rajan VS, Thirumoorthy T, Tan NJ: The epidemiology of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Singapore. Br J Vener Dis 57: 158–161, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Jaffe HW, Biddle JW; Johnson SR, Wiesner PJ: Infections due to penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States:1976–80. J Inf Dis 144: 191–197, 1981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Price AB, Day DW: Pseudomembranous and infective colitis. In: Recent advances in pathology no. 11. PP Anthony and RNM MacSween (eds.). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1981, p. 99–117.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kang JY, Steil D, Doe WF: Proctitis caused by concurrent amoebiasis and gonococcal infection `The gay bowel syndrome’. Med J Aust 2: 496–497, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Kreutzer E, Handsbrough J: Superimposed traumatic and gonococcal proctitis. Report of two cases. Sex Transm Dis 2: 75–76, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Clements PA, Hughes KEA: The incidence of proctitis in gonorrhoea of females. Lancet ii: 18–19, 1935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Catterall RD: Anorectal gonorrhoea. Proc Roy Soc Med 55: 871–873, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lebedeff DA, Hochman EB: Rectal gonorrhea in men: diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med 92: 463–466, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Owen RL, Hill JL: Rectal and pharyngeal gonorrhea in homosexual men. JAMA 220: 1315–1318, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Harkness AH: Anorectal gonorrhoea. Proc Roy Soc Med 41: 476–478, 1948.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. McMillan A, Young H: Gonorrhea in the homosexual man: frequency of infection by culture site. Sex Transm Dis 5: 146–150, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Washington AE: Experience with various antibiotics for treatment of ano-rectal gonorrhea. Sex Transm Dis 6: 148–151, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Sands M: Treatment of ano-rectal gonorrhea infections in men. JAMA 243: 1143–1144, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Fiumara NJ: The treatment of gonococcal proctitis. An evaluation of 173 patients with 4 g of spectinomycin. JAMA 239: 735–737, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Flucker JL, Deherogoda P, Platt DJ, Gerken A: Rectal gonorrhoea in male homosexuals: presentation and therapy. Br J Vener Dis 56: 397–399, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Karney WW, Pedersen AHB, Nelson M, Adams H, Pfeifer RT, Holmes KK: Spectinomycin versus tetracycline for the treatment of gonorrhea. N Engl J Med 296: 889–894, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Carbon BL, Fiumara NJ, Kelly JR, McCormack WM: Isolation of Neisseria meningitidis from ano-genital specimens from homosexual men. Sex Transm Dis 2: 71–73, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Blackwell C, Young H, Bain S: Isolation of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria catarrhalis from the genitourinary tract and anal canal. Br J Vener Dis 54: 41–44, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Chapel TA, Gatewood C, Keane MB: Neisseria meningitidis in the anal canal of homosexual men. J Inf Dis 136: 810–812, 1977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Judson FN, Ehret JM, Eickoff TC: Anogenital infection with Neisseria meningitidis in homosexual men. J Inf Dis 137: 458–463, 1978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Janda WM, Bohnhoff M, Morello JA, Lerner SA: Prevalence and site-pathogen studies of Neisseria meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae in homosexual men. JAMA 244: 2060–2064, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Faur YC, Wilson ME, May PS: Isolation of Neisseria meningitidis in patients in a gonorrhea screening program. A four year survey in New York city. Am J Public Health 71: 53–58, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Samenius B: Primary syphilis of the anorectal region. Dis Colon Rectum 11: 462–466, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Marino AWMJr: Proctological lesions observed in male homosexuality. Dis Colon Rectum 7: 121–128, 1964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Le Marchant JM, Ferrant B: Rectite Syphilitique primaire associée a une atteine hépatique. Sem Hop Paris 57: 1434–1438, 1981.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Akadmar K, Martin RJ, Ichinose H: Syphilitic proctitis. Am J Dig Dis 22: 701–704, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Nazemi MM, Musher DM, Schell RF, Milo S: Syphilitic proctitis in a homosexual. JAMA 231: 389, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Fiumara NJ: The treatment of seropositive primary syphilis. An evaluation of 196 patients. Sex Transm Dis 4: 92–95, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. King A, Nicol C, Rodin P: Venereal diseases, 4th edn. Balliere Tindall, London, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Harland WA, Lee FD: Intestinal spirochaetosis. Br Med J ii: 718–719, 1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Shera AG: Specific granular lesions associated with intestinal spirochaetosis. Br J Surg 50: 68–77, 1962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Kaplan LR, Trakeuchi A: Purulent rectal discharge associated with a nontreponemal spirochete. JAMA 241: 52–53, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Tompkins DS, Waugh MA, Cooke EM: Isolation of intestinal spirochaetes from homosexuals. J Clin Pathol 34: 1385–1387, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Taylor-Robinson D, Csonka GW: Laboratory and clinical aspects of mycoplasmal infections of the human genitourinary tract. In: Recent advances in sexually transmitted diseases 2. JRW Harris (ed.). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1981, p. 151–186.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Holmes MJ, Furr PM, Taylor-Robinson D: The persistence of mycoplasmas in the urogenital tract of men in the Antarctic. J Hyg (Camb) 72: 355–363, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Coufalik ED, Taylor-Robinson D, Csonka GW: Treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis with rifampicin as a means of defining the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum. Br J Vener Dis 55: 36–43, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Goldmeier D: A study of non-specific proctitis in homosexual men. M.D. Thesis, University of London, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Darougar S, Kinnison JR, Jones BR: Simplified irradiated McCoy cell culture for isolation of chlamydiae. In: Trachoma and related disorders. RL Nichols (ed.). Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1971, p. 63–70.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Wang S-P, Grayston JT: Classification of TRIC and related strains with microimmunofluorescence. In: Trachoma and related disorders. RL Nichols (cd.). Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1971, p. 305–322.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Anonymous Report of the Ministry of Health. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office 69, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Osoba AO: Lymphogranuloma venereum. In: Recent advances in sexually transmitted diseases 2. JRW Harris (ed.). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1981, p. 211–216.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Philip RN, Hill DA, Greaves AB, Gordon FB, Quan AL, Gerloff RK, Thomas LA: Study of chlamydiae in patients with lymphogranuloma venereum and urethritis attending a venereal diseases clinic. Br J Vener Dis 47: 114–121, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Quinn TC, Goodell SE, Mkrtichian EC, Schuffler MD, Wang S-P, Stamm WE, Holmes KK: Chlamydia trachomatis proctitis. N Engl J Med 305: 195–200, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. McMillan A, Sommerville RG, McKie PMK: Chlamydial infection in homosexual men. Br J Vener Dis 57: 47–49, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Stamm WE, Quinn TC, Mkrtichian EE, Wang S-P, Schuffler MD, Holmes KK: Chlamydial proctitis. In: Chlamydial infections, P-A Mârdh, KK Holmes, JD Oriel, P Piot, J Schachter (eds.). Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, 1982, p. 111–114.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Dunlop EMC, Hare MJ, Darougar S, Jones BR: Chlamydial isolates from the rectum in association with chlamydial infection of the eye or genital tract. II. Clinical aspects. In: Trachoma and related disorders. RL Nichols (ed.). Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1971, p. 507–512.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Levine JS, Smith PD, Brugge WR: Chronic proctitis in male homosexuals due to lymphogranuloma venereum. Gastroenterology 79: 563–565, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Tomenius J, Larre E, Lindgren I, Blumenthal B, Lindewell G: Positive Frei tests in 7 cases of morbus Crohn (regional ileitis) Gastroenterologica 99: 368–373, 1963.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Schuller JL, Piket-Van Ulsen J, Veeken IVD, Michel MF Stolz E: Antibodies against chlamydia of lymphogranuloma-venereum type in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 1: 19–20, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Mârdh P-A, Ursing B, Sandgren F: Lack of evidence for an association between infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Crohn’s disease as indicated by micro-immunofluorescence antibody tests. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Sect B 88: 57–59, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Taylor-Robinson D, O’Morain CA, Thomas BJ, Levi AJ: Low frequency of chlamydia] antibodies in patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Lancet 1: 1162–1163, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Swarbrick ET, Kingham JGC, Price HL, Blackshaw AJ, Griffiths PD: Chlamydia, cytomegalovirus, and yersinia in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet ii: 11–12, 1979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Grace AW: Anorectal lymphogranuloma venereum. JAMA 122: 74–78, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Annamunthodo H: Rectal lymphogranuloma in Jamaica. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 29: 141–159, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Miles RPM: Rectal lymphogranuloma venereum. Postgrad Med J 35: 92–96, 1959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Goldmeier D, Darougar S: Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from throat and rectum of homosexual men. Br J Vener Dis 53: 184–185, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Schachter J: Confirmatory serodiagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis may yield false positive results due to other chlamydia infections of the rectum. Sex Transm Dis 8: 26–28, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Mârdh P-A, Zeeberg B: Toxic effect of sampling swabs and transportation test tubes on the formation of intracytoplasmic inclusions of Chlamydia trachomatis in McCoy cell cultures. Br J Vener Dis 57: 268–272, 1981.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Menke HE, Schuller JL, Stolz E: Treatment of lymphogranuloma venereum with rifampicin. Br J Vener Dis 55: 379, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Lambert ME, Schofield PF, Ironside AG: Campylobacter colitis. Br Med J i: 857–859, 1979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Barnicott M: Personal communication, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Dritz SK, Back AF: Shigella enteritis venereally transmitted. N Engl J Med 291: 1194, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Drusin LM, Genvert G, Topf-Olstein B, Levy-Zombek E: Shigellosis. Another sexually transmitted disease? Br J Vener Dis 52: 348–350, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Christie AB: Infectious diseases. Epidemiology and clinical practice. 3rd edn. Edinburgh, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Harris JC, Dupont HL, Hornick RB: Fecal leukocytes in diarrheal illness. Ann Intern Med 76: 697–703, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Owen RL: Sexually transmitted enteric disease. In: Current clinical topics in infectious diseases. 3rd edn. JS Remington and MN Swartz (eds.). McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 1–29, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Hornick RB, Greisman SE, Woodward TE, Dupont HL, Dawkins AT, Snyder MJ: Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and immunologic control. N Engl J Med 283: 686–691, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Dritz SK, Braf EH: Sexually transmitted typhoid fever. N Engl J Med 296: 1359–1360, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Skirrow MB: Campylobacter enteritis, a ‘new’ disease. Br Med J ii: 9–11, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Blaser MJ, Berkowitz ID, La Force FM, Cravens J, Reller LB, Wang WLL: Campylobacter enteritis: clinical and epidemiologic features. Ann Intern Med 91: 179–185, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Carey PB, Wright EP: Campylobacter jejuni in a male homosexual. Br J Vener Dis 55: 380, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Quinn TC, Corey L, Chaffee RG, Schuffler MD, Holmes KK: Campylobacter proctitis in a homosexual man. Ann Intern Med 93: 458–459, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Simmons PD, Tabaqchali S: Campylobacter species in male homosexuals. Br J Vener Dis 55: 66, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Barnicott M: Personal communication, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Walder M, Forsgren A: Erythromycin-resistant campylobacters. Lancet ii: 1201, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Oriel JD: Anal warts and anal coitus. Br J Vener Dis 47: 373–376, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Oriel JD: Genital warts. Recent advances. Clin Exp Dermatol 7: 361–368, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Carr G, Williams DC: Anal warts in a population of gay men in New York city. Sex Transm Dis 4: 56–57, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Kossard S, Xenias SI, Palestine RF, Scheen SR, Winkelmann RK: Inflammatory changes in verruca vulgaris. J Cutan Pathol 7: 217–221, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Coggin JR, zur Hausen H: Workshop on papilloma viruses and cancer. Cancer Res 39: 545–546, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Krzyzek RA, Watts SL, Anderson DL, Faras AJ, Pass F: Anogenital warts contain several distinct species of human papillomavirus. J Virol 36: 236–244, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Gissmann L, de Villiers E-M, zur Hausen H: Analysis of human genital warts (condylomata acuminata) and other genital tumors for human papillomavirus type 6 DNA. Int J Cancer 29: 143–146, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Lock MR, Katz DR, Sammoorian S, Parks AG: Giant condyloma of the rectum: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 20: 154–157, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Knoblich R, Failing JF: Giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke-Löwenstein tumor) of the rectum. Am J Clin Pathol 48: 389–395, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Shah IC, Hertz RE: Giant condyloma acuminatum of the anorectum. Dis Colon Rectum 15: 207–210, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Sturm JT, Christenson CE, Uecker JH, Perry JF: Squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus arising in a giant condyloma acuminatum: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 18: 147–151, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Daling JR, Weiss NS, Klopfenstein LL, Cochran LE, Chow WH, Daifuku R: Correlates of homosexual behavior and the incidence of anal cancer. JAMA 247: 1988–1990, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Thomson JPS, Grace RH: The treatment of perianal and anal condylomata acuminata: a new operative technique. J Roy Soc Med 71: 180–185, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Jacobs E: Anal infections caused by herpes simplex virus. Dis Colon Rectum 19: 151–157, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Waugh MA: Anorectal herpesvirus hominis infection in men. J Am Vener Dis Assoc 3: 68–70, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Samarasinghe PL, Oates JK, MacLennan IBP: Herpetic proctitis and sacral radiomyelopathy–a hazard for homosexual men. Br Med J 2: 365–366, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Goldmeier D: Proctitis and herpes simplex virus in homosexual men. Br J Vener Dis 56: 111–114, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Barton IG, Kinghorn GR, Najem S, Al-Omar LS, Potter CW: Incidence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 isolated in patients with herpes genitalis in Sheffield. Br J Vener Dis 58: 44–47, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Lehner T, Wilton JMA, Shillitoe EJ: Immunological basis for latency, recurrences, and putative oncogenicity of herpes simplex virus. Lancet ii: 60–62, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Palmblad J: Stress and immunologic competence studies in man. In: Psychoneuroimmunology. R Ader (ed.). Academic Press, New York, 1981, p. 229–257.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Reeves WC, Corey L, Adams HS, Adams HG, Vontver LA, Holmes KK: Risk of recurrence after first episodes of genital herpes. Relation to HSV type and antibody response. N Engl J Med 305: 315–319, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Goldmeier D, Bateman JRM, Rodin P: Urinary retention and intestinal obstruction associated with ano-rectal herpes simplex virus infection. Br Med J i: 425–426, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Caplan LR, Kleeman FJ, Berg S: Urinary retention probably secondary to herpes genitalis. N Engl J Med 297: 920–921, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Oates JK, Greenhouse PRDH: Retention of urine in anogenital herpetic infection. Lancet i: 691–692, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Mindel A, Adler MW, Sutherland S, Fiddian AP: Intravenous acyclovir treatment for primary genital herpes. Lancet i: 697–700, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Nilson AE, Aasen T, Halsos AM, Kinge BR, Tjötta EAL, Wikström K, Fiddian AP: Efficacy of oral acyclovir in the treatment of initial and recurrent genital herpes. Lancet i: 571–573, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Corey L, Nahmias AJ, Guinan ME, Benedetti JK, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK: A trial of topical acyclovir in genital herpes simplex virus infections. N Engl J Med 306: 1313–1319, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Neal RA: Pathogenesis of amebiasis. Bul NY Acad Med 47: 462–468, 1971.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Sargeaunt PG, Williams JE, Neal RAA: Comparative study of Entamoeba histolytica (NIH: 200, HK 9 etc), ‘Entamoeba histolytica like’ and other morphologically indentical amoebae using isoenzyme electrophoresis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 74: 469–474, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Stauffer JQ, Levine WL: Chronic diarrhea related to Endolimax nana; response to treatment with metronidazole. Am J Dig Dis 19: 59–63, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Harries J: Amoebiasis. A review. J Roy Soc Med 75: 190–197, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Manson Bahr PEC, Apled FIC: Mansons Tropical Diseases, 18th edn., Balliere Tindall, London, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Morton TC, Neal RA, Sage M: Indigenous amoebiasis in Britain. Lancet i: 766–769, 1951.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Adams ARC, Meagraith BG: Clinical Tropical Diseases. 7th edn. Blackwell, Oxford, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Krogstad DJ, Spencer HC, Healy GR, Gleason NN, Sexton DJ, Herron CA: Amebiasis. Epidemiologic studies in the United States. 1971–1974. Ann Intern Med 88: 89–97, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Kean BH: Venereal amebiasis. NY State J Med 76: 930–931, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Most H: Manhattan `A tropic Isle?’ Am J Trop Med Hyg 17: 333–354, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Schmerin MJ, Gelston A, Jones TC: Amebiasis. An increasing problem among homosexuals in New York city. JAMA 238: 1386–1387, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. William DC, Shookhoff HB, Felman YM, Deramos SW: High rates of enteric protozoal infection in selected homosexual men attending a venereal disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis 5: 155157, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Keystone JS, Keystone DL, Proctor EM: Intestinal parasitic infection in homosexual men; prevalence, symptoms and factors in transmission. Can Med Assoc J 123: 512–514, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Kean BH, William DC, Luminais SK: Epidemic of amoebiasis and giardiasis in a biased population. Br J Vener Dis 55: 375–378, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Phillips SC, Mildvan D, William DC, Gelb AM, White MC: Sexual transmission of enteric protozoa and helminths in a venereal-disease-clinic population. N Engl J Med 305: 603–606, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. McMillan A: Intestinal parasites in homosexual men. Scott Med J 25: 33–35, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Barnicott M: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Sargeaunt PG, Oates JK, MacLennan I, Oriel JD, Goldmeier D: Entamoeba histolytica in male homosexuals. Br J Vener Dis 59: 193–195, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Krogstad DJ, Spencer HCJr, Healy GR: Current concepts in parasitology: amebiasis. N Engl J Med 298: 262–265, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Jimenez F: Pathology of amebiasis. Bull NY Acad Med 57: 217–223, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Kean BH: Clinical amebiasis in New York city: symptoms, signs, and treatment. Bull NY Acad Med 57: 207–211, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Kacker PP: A case of Giardia lamblia proctitis presenting in a V.D. clinic. Br J Vener Dis 49: 318–319, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Mildvan D, Gelb AM, William D; Venereal transmission of enteric pathogens in male homosexuals. Two case reports., JAMA 238: 1387–1389, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Kang JY, Stiel D, Doe WF: Proctocolitis caused by concurrent amoebiasis and gonococcal infection. The ‘gay bowel symdrome’. Med J Aust 2: 496–497, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Ylvisaker JT, McDonald GB: Sexually acquired amebic colitis and liver abscess. West J Med 132: 153–157, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Pittman FE, Hennigar GR: Sigmoidoscopic and colonic mucosal biopsy findings in amebic colitis. Arch Pathol 97: 155–158, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Tucker PC, Webster PD, Kilpatrick ZM: Amebic colitis mistaken for inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Intern Med 135: 681–685, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Root DM, Cole FX, Williamson JA: The development and standardization of an ELISA method for the detection of Entamoeba histolytica antigens in fecal samples. Arch Invest Med (Mexico) 9, Suppl: 203–210, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Goldsmith RS: Infectious diseases: protozoal. In: Current medical diagnosis and treatment. MA Knipp and MJ Chatton (eds.). Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos California, 1981, p. 859–875.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Bingham AK, Meyer EA: Giardia excystation can be induced in vitro in acidic solutions. Nature 277: 301–302, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Meyers JD, Kuharic HA, Holmes KK: Giardia lamblia infection in homosexual men, Br J Vener Dis 53: 54–55, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Schmerin MJ, Jones TC, Klein H: Giardiasis: Association with homosexuality. Ann Intern Med 88: 801–803, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Robertson DHH, McMillan H, Young H: Clinical practice in sexually transmitted diseases. Pitman Medical, Kent, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Barnicott M: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Wolfe MS: Current concepts in parasitology. Giardiasis. N Engl J Med 298: 319–321, 1978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Wright SG, Tomkins AM, Ridley DS: Giardiasis; clinical and therapeutic aspects. Gut 18: 343350, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Abcarian H, Lowe R: Colon and rectal trauma. Surg Clin North Am 58: 519–537, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Sohn N, Robilotti JG: The gay bowel syndrome. A review of colonic and rectal conditions in 200 male homosexuals. Am J Gastroenterol 67: 478–484, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Barone JE, Sohn N, Nealon TF: Perforations and foreign bodies of the rectum. Report of 28 cases. Ann Surg 184: 601–604, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Kreutzer E, Handsbrough J: Superimposed traumatic and gonococcal proctitis. Report of two cases. Sex Transm Dis 6: 75–76, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Rosekrans PCM, Meijer CJLM, Van der Wal AM, Lindeman J: Allergic proctitis, a clinical and immunological entity. Gut 21: 1017–1023, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Owen WFJr: Sexually transmitted diseases and traumatic problems in homosexual men. Ann Intern Med 92: 805–808, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Fisher AA, Brancaccio RR: Allergic contact sensitivity to propylene glycol in a lubricant jelly. Arch Dermatol 115: 1451, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Misiewicz JJ: Irritable bowel syndrome. In: Colorectal diseases. JPS Thomson, RJ Nichols and CB Williams (eds.). Heinemann, London, 1981, p. 63–74.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Tandon RK, Tandon HD, Tandon BN: Non specific proctitis in association with irritable colon syndrome. Am J Proctol Gastroenterol Colon Rectal Surg 28: 29–34, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Madigan MR, Morson BC: Solitary ulcer of the rectum. Gut 10: 871–881, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Daling JR, Weiss NS, Klöpfenstein LL, Cochran LE, Chow WH, Daifuku R: Correlates of homosexual behavior and the incidence of anal cancer. JAMA 247: 1988–1990, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. D. Goldmeier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, MRC Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex, UK

    D. Taylor-Robinson MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Goldmeier, D. (1985). Proctitis. In: Taylor-Robinson, D. (eds) Clinical Problems in Sexually Transmitted Diseases. New Perspectives in Clinical Microbiology, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5014-6_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5014-6_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8720-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-5014-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation