Abstract
Although it is not a direct cardiovascular effect, almost every pharmacological agent used for restraint and/or anesthesia has been shown to be associated with changes in blood glucose levels. These changes are frequently linked to responses mediated by pancreatic or other insulin mechanisms, autonomic nervous system responses and/or adrenal gland responses. It is well accepted that there is a great deal of dependency and interaction among these various physiological control systems. There is also little question that these responses play a role in cardiovascular function. This role has not been completely quantitated nor even described qualitatively in detail. The purpose of this chapter is only to emphasize that the agents discussed can cause physiological adjustments that could interfere with the basic mechanism under study. This could result in erroneous conclusions by the investigator.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Feldberg, W., Shaligram, S.V., The hyperglycemic effect of morphine. Br. J. Pharm. 46: 602–618, 1972.
Vassalle, M., Role of catecholamine release in morphine hyperglycemia. Am. J. of Physiol. 200: 530–534, 1961.
Hsu, W.H., Hembrough, F.B., Intravenous glucose tolerance test in cats: influenced by acetylpromazine, ketamine, morphine, thiopental and xylazine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43 (11): 2060–2061, 1982.
Nalsadate, T. et al, Effect of chloropromazine on insulin release in mice: comparison between in vivo and in vitro. Japan. J. Pharmacol. 32: 950–953, 1982.
Ammon, H.P.T., Orci, H., Steinke, J., Effect of Chloropromazine (CPZ) on insulin release in vivo and in vitro in the rat. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. 187: 423–429, 1975.
Proakis, A.G., Borowitz, J.L., Blockade of insulin release by certain phenothiazines. Biochem. Pharmacol. 23: 1693–1700, 1974.
Proakis, A.G., Mennear, J.H., Mirja, T.S., Borowitz, J.L., Phenothiazine-induced Hyperglycemia: Relation to CNS and adrenal effects. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 137:1385– 1388, 1971.
Feldberg, W., Symonds, H.W., The hyperglycemic effect of xylazine. J. Vet. Pharm. Ther. 3, 197–202, 1980.
Goldfine, I.F., Arieff, A.I., Rapid inhibition of basal and glucose stimulated insulin release by xylazine. Endocrinology. 105: 920–922, 1979.
Hsu, W.H., Hummel, S.K., Xylazine induced hyperglycemia in cattle: a possible involvement of the alpha-2 adrenergic receptors regulating insulin release. Endocrinology. 109 (3): 825–829, 1981.
Fuanes, R.L., Nelville, E.D., Talarico, K.A. et al, Effect of pentobarbitol on plasma glucose and free fatty acids in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 139: 277–286, 1969.
Davidson, M.B., Studies on the mechanism of pentobarbital, glucose tolerance. Horm. Metab. Res. 3: 243–247, 1971.
Brunner, E.A., Hangaard, N., The effect of thiopental on hepatic glycogen phosphorylase. J. Pharma. Exp. Ther. 150: 99–104, 1965.
Stevens, C.A., Herzog, W., Turner, M.E., Production of temporary prolonged hyperglycemia by the administration of glucose with barbiturates and sulfapyrazine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 141: 267–273, 1963.
Bite, L.Z., Eakins, K.E., The effects of general anesthesia on the chemical composition of blood plasma of normal rabbits. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 169: 277–286, 1969.
Hinton, B.T., Hyperglycemia in urethane anesthetized rats: involvement of the adrenal gland. Lab. Anim. Sci. 32: 251–252, 1982.
Oyama, T., Takazawa, T., Effects of diethyl ether anesthesia and surgery on carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 18 (l): 51–59, 1971.
Merin, R.G., Samuelson, P.N., Schalch, D.S., Major inhalation anesthetics and carbohydrate metabolism. Anesth. & Analg. Curr. Res. 50: 625–632, 1971.
Tyama, T., Takazawa, T., Effect of methoxyflurane anesthesia and surgery on human growth hormone and insulin levels in plasma. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 17: 347–358, 1970.
Gottlieb, J.D., Swelt, R.B., Blood glucose levels during methoxyflurane anesthesia. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 11: 7–14, 1968.
Streett, J.W., Jonas, A.M., Differential effects of chemical and physical restraint on carbohydrate tolerance testing in nonhuman primates. Lab. Anim. Sci. 32(3):263– 266, 1982.
Oyama, T., Takiguchi, M., Effects of Neurolept analgesia on plasma levels of growth hormone and insulin. Brit. J. Anaesth. 42: 1105–1111, 1970.
Dobkin, A.B., Byles, P.H., Cho, M.H., Neurolept analgesia: Effect of Innovar-NO2 anesthesia on blood levels of histamine, serotonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine, and on urine excretion. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 12: 349–353, 1965.
Clarke, R.S.J., The hyperglycemic response to different types of surgery and anesthesia. Brit. J. Anaesth. 42:45– 52, 1970.
Clarke, R.S.J., Johnson, H., Sheridan, B., The influence of anesthesia and surgery on plasma Cortisol, insulin and free fatty acids. Brit. J. Anaesth. 42: 295–299, 1970.
Ishihara, H., Kallus, F.F., Giesecke, A.H. Jr., Intravenous glucose tolerance test during anesthesia in dogs: insulin response and glucose clearance. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 28 (4): 381–385, 1981.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gross, D.R. (1985). Effects of Chemical Restraint and Anesthesia on Blood Glucose Levels. In: Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5006-1_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5006-1_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8717-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-5006-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive