Abstract
The study of animal well-being has now become an accepted field of scientific research. Until recently the dominant belief was that subjective experience was inaccessible to the natural sciences, since it could not be experimentally manipulated. It led so-called behaviourists to the denial of any sort of subjective life to animals. This scientific conception of animals is far removed from daily reality, in which people regard and treat animals as sentient beings. Second, the way we as human beings exploit animals for our own sake and profit has caused protest from several groups of people who consider these practices irresponsible and uncaring. Pigs, calves and chickens are “produced” in great quantity in small housing systems for meat consumption; rats and other species are extensively used in experimental laboratories, and all kinds of wild species are kept and bred in zoos. The will to improve the conditions in which these animals live has led to the development of a new field of scientific research: the science of animal welfare.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albright, J.L. 1982. Production changes improve cow veal welfare. Feedstuffs April 12:23–33.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 1981. Engineering perspectives on farm animal care. Paper no. 81–4580.
Assem, J. van den 1973. Gedrag als aanpassingsfenomeen, een beschouwing over de functie van gedra. In: Ethologie, de biologie van gedrag. Pudco, Wageningen, pp. 17–39.
Baldwin, B.A. and Stephens, D.B. 1971. The effects of conditioned behaviour and environmental factors on plasma corticosteroid levels in pigs. Physiology and Behaviour. 10:267–74.
Bareham, J.R. 1972. Effects of cages and semi-intensive deep litter pens on the behaviour, adrenal response and production in two strains of laying hens. Br.Vet.J. 128:153–63.
Bareham, J.R. 1976. A comparison of the behaviour and production of laying hens in experimental and conventional battery cages. Applied Animal Ethology 2:291–303.
Bareham, J.R. and Vestergaard, K. 1981. Welfare and productivity. In: Research and development in relation to farm animal welfare. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag.
Barnett, J.L., Hemsworth, P.H. and Hand, A.M. 1982/83. Effects of chronic stress on some blood parameters in the pig. Applied Animal Ethology 9:273–7.
Baxter, S.H. 1981. Welfare and the housing of the sow and suckling pigs. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Baxter, M.R. 1982/83. Ethology in environmental design for animal production. Applied Animal Ethology 9:207–20.
Beilharz, R.G. 1982. Genetic adaptation in relation to animal welfare. Int.J.Stud.Anim.Prob. 3(2):117–24.
Beuving, G. 1980. Corticosteroids in laying hens. In: Moss, R., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Bessei, W. 1980. In: Moss, R., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Boice, R. 1981. Captivity and feralization. Psychological Bulletin 89(3):407–21.
Brantas, G.C. 1975. Welzijn, productie en profijt. Tijdschr. Diergeneesk. deel 100(13): 703–8.
Brantas, G.C. 1980. The pre-laying behaviour of laying hens in cages with and without laying nests. In: Moss, R., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Buchenauer, D. 1981. Parameters for assessing welfare, ethological criteria. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Bure, R.G. 1981a. Animal well-being and housing systems for piglets. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Bure, R.G. 1981b. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. General discussion, p. 136.
Cassel, E.J. 1982. The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine. N.Engl.J.Med. 306:639–45.
Cave, G.P. 1982. Animals, Heidegger and the right to live. Environmental Ethics 4(3): 249–54.
Craig, J.V. 1982. Behavioral and genetic adaptation of laying hens to high density environments. Bioscience 32(1):33–7.
Daelemans, J. 1981. The impact of the farrowing pen on the sow and her piglets. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Dantzer, R. 1981. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. General discussion, p. 133.
Dantzer, R. and Morméde, P. 1979. Le stress en elevage intensif. Actualités scientifiques et agronomiques no. 3. Masson, Paris.
Dantzer, R. and Morméde, P. 1981. Can physiological criteria be used to assess welfare in pigs? In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Daschbach, N.J., Schein, M.W. and Haines, D.E. 1982/83. Cage-size effect on locomotor, grooming and agonistic behaviours of the slow loris, Nycticebus cou-cang (primates, Lorisidae). Applied Animal Ethology 9:317–30.
Dawkins, M.S. 1980. Animal suffering: The science of animal welfare. London, New York: Chapman and Hall.
Debrock, G. 1982. Wisenschaft als Ethik. Manuscript of lecture at Bocholt (Germany).
Duncan, I.J.H. 1973. Can the psychologist measure stress? The New Scientist 18 Oct:173–5.
Duncan, I.J.H. 1978. Overall assessment of poultry welfare. In: Proceedings First Danish Seminar on Poultry Welfare in Egglaying Cages, pp. 79–87.
Duncan, I.J.H. 1979. Can scientific research help in assessment of animal welfare? In: Proceedings of a symposium held at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia, pp. 169–74.
Duncan, I.J.H. 1981. Animal behaviour and welfare. In: Clark, J.A., ed. Environmental aspects of housing for animal production. London: Butterworths.
Ekesbo, I. 1981a. Some aspects of sow health and housing. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Ekesbo, I. 1981b. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. General discussion, p. 233.
Ewbank, R. 1973. Use and abuse of the term “Stress” in husbandry and welfare. Vet.Rec. June 30:709–10.
Ewbank, R. 1981. In: Wood-Gush, D.G.M., Dawkins, M., Ewbank, R., eds. Self-awareness in domesticated animals. Hertfordshire: UFAW. General discussion, p. 50.
Fauré, J.M. 1980. To adapt the environment to the bird, or the bird to the environment? In: Moss, R., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Fölsch, D.W. 1980. Essential behavioural needs. In: Moss, R., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Fox, M.W. 1971. Psychopathology in man and lower animals. J.A.V.M.A. 159(1):66–77.
Fox, M.W. 1974. Concepts in ethology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Fox, M.W. 1982. Are most animals “mindless automatons?”: A reply to Gordon G. Gallup, Jr. American J. Primatol. 3:341–3.
Fox, M.W. 1983a. Farm animals: husbandry, behavior, and veterinary care: Viewpoints of a critic. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Fox, M.W. 1983b. Scientific objectivity and the subjective world. In: Rowan, A., ed. Animal awareness-human perceptions: Implications for animal welfare. Albany, New York: In press.
Fraser, A.F. 1968. Behaviour disorders in domestic animals. In: Fox, M.W., ed. Abnormal behaviour in animals. Philadelphia, London: W.B. Saunders Co.
Fraser, A.F. 1980. Ethology, welfare and preventive medicine for livestock. Applied Animal Ethology 6:103–9.
Fraser, D., Ritchie, J.S.D. and Fraser, A.F. 1975. The term stress in a veterinary context. Br. Vet. J. 131:653–61.
Freeman, B.M. 1975. Physiological basis of stress. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 68:427–9.
Freeman, B.M. 1976. Stress and domestic fowl. A physiological reappraisal. World Poultry Science Journal 32(3):249–57.
Freeman, B.M. 1978. Stress in caged layers. In: The First Danish Seminar on Poultry Welfare in Egglaying Cages, pp. 57–61.
Friend, T.H. 1980. Stress: What is it, and how can it be quantified? Int.J.Stud.Anim.Prob. 1(6):366–74.
Gilson, E. 1976. Descartes: Discours de la méthode; texte et commentaire. 5me edition. Librairie Philosophique. J. Vrin. Paris.
Griffin, D.R. 1977. Whitehead’s philosophy and some general notions of physics and biology. In: Cobb, J.B. and Griffin, D.R., eds., Mind in nature. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.
Griffin, D.R. 1981a. The question of animal awareness. 2nd ed. New York: Rockefeller University Press.
Griffin, D.R. 1981b. The problem of distinguishing awareness from responsiveness. In: Wood-Gush, D.G.M., Dawkins, M. and Ewbank, R., eds. Self-awareness in domesticated animals. Hertfordshire: UFAW.
Hammer, W., 1980. Einfluss von Tierbetreuer und Haltungsverfahren auf die Gewichtsentwicklung von Ferkeln. In: KTBL-Schrift 264. Aktuelle Arbeiten zur art-gemässen Tierhaltung. Darmstadt-Kranichstein.
Hughes, B.O. 1978. Behaviour in different environments and its implications for welfare. In: The First Danish Seminar on Poultry Welfare in Egglaying Cages, pp. 21–27.
Hughes, B.O. 1980. The assessment of behavioural needs. In: Sybesma, V., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Humphrey, N. 1981. In: Wood-Gush, D.G.M., Dawkins, M. and Ewbank, R., eds. Self-awareness in domesticated animals. Hertfordshire: UFAW. General discussion, pp. 10, 50.
Ingram, D.L. 1981. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Kiley-Worthington, M. 1981. In: Wood-Gush, D.G.M., Dawkins, M., Ewbank, R., eds. Self-awareness in domesticated animals. Hertfordshire: UFAW. General discussion, p. 50.
Koomans, P. 1981. Open front piggeries with and without straw. In: Sybesma, W., eds. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Lean, I.J. 1978. The pig industry. In: The welfare of food-animals. Hertfordshire: UFAW.
Lorz, A. 1979. Tierschutzgesetz. Kommentar. Verl. C.H. Beck, München.
Manning. A. 1972. An introduction to animal behaviour. 2nd. ed. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.
Markowitz, H. 1982. Behavioural enrichment in the zoo. New York, London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
McBride, G. 1979. Adaptation and welfare at the man-animal interface. Proceedings of a symposium held at the University of New England, Armidale NSW Australia pp. 195–9.
Meijer-Holzapfel, M. 1968. Abnormal behaviour in zoo-animals. In: Fox, M.W., ed. Abnormal behaviour in animals. Philadelphia, London: W.B. Saunders Co.
Metz, J.H.M. and Oosterlee, C.C. 1980. Immunologische und ethologische Kriterien für artgemässe Haltung von Sauen und Ferkeln. In: KTBL-schrift 264. Aktuelle Arbeiten zure artegemässen Tierhaltung, Darmstadt-Kranichstein.
Moss, B.W. 1981a. The development of a blood profile for stress assessment. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Moss, B.W. 1981b. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. General discussion, p. 137.
Murphy, L.B. 1978. A review of animal welfare and intensive animal production. Report of the Poultry Section, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Australia.
Perry, G. 1973. Can the physiologist measure stress? The New Scientist 60:175–7.
Putten, G. van. 1981. Het meten van welzijn bij landbouwhuisdieren Tijdschr. Dierge-neesk 106(3):106–18.
Putten, G. van. 1982a. De zeugenhouderij. In: Studiecommisie intensieve veehouderij; fokzeugen, achtste rapport, hoofdstuk 2. Ned.Ver.tot Besch.v.Dieren, Den Haag.
Putten, G. van. 1982b. Welzijnsaspecten. In: Studiecommissie intensieve veehouderij: fokzeugen, achtse rapport, hoofstuk 4. De Haag: Ned. Ver. tot Besch. v. Dieren.
Putten, G. van, and Dammers, J. 1976. A comparative study of the well-being of piglets reared conventionally and in cages. Applied Animal Ethology 2:339–56.
Raymond, W.F. 1980. In: Moss, R., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. Summary, p. 323.
Sainsbury, M.A. 1978. The poultry industry. In: The welfare of food animals. Proceedings of a symposium by UFAW, Hertfordshire, pp. 51–59.
Sambraus, H.H. 1981. Beurteilung von Verhaltens-anomalien aus ethologisher Sicht. 2 GFT-Seminar für angewandte Nutztierethologie Bayerische Landesanstalt für Tierzucht. Grub: 1–9.
Sambraus, H.H. 1982. Ethologische Grundlage einer Tiergerechten Nutztierhaltung. In: Ethologische Aussagen zure artgerechten Nutzierhaltung. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, pp. 22–41.
Seligman, M.E.P. 1975. Helplessness. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co.
Siegel, H.S. 1980. Physiological stress in birds. Bioscience 30:529–34.
Stolba, A. and Wood-Gush, D.G.M. 1980. Arousal and exploration in growing pigs in different evironments. Applied Animal Ethology 6(4):382–3.
Stolba, A. 1982. Wild pigs point the way. Animal Welfare Institute Quarterly. 31(1):7.
Tauson, R. 1980. Cages: how could they be improved? In: Moss, R., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Tranøy, K.E. 1977. Three thoughts about objectivity as a methodological norm. In: Danish Yearbook of Philosophy, Vol.14. Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
Troxler, J. 1980. Beurteilung zweier Haltüngssysteme für Absatzferkel. In: KTBL-schrift 264, Aktuelle Arbeiten zur artgemässen Tierhaltung, Darmstadt-Kranichstein.
Truyen, W.T. 1981. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The Welfare of Pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. General discussion, pp. 232–3.
Verhoog, H. 1983. De relatie tussen biologie en menswetenschappen. Manuscript.
Vestergaard, K. 1981. Influence of fixation on the behaviour of sows. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Wemelsfelder, F. 1982. Gedrag als mogelijke indicator voor pijn bij biggen. Verslag van onderzoeksstage 109, IVO-Zeist. Niet voor publicatie.
Wiepkema, P.R. 1980. Ein biologische modell von Verhaltenssystemen. In: KTBL-schrift 264, Aktuelle Arbeiten zur artgemässen Tierhaltung, Darmstadt-Kranichstein.
Wiepkema, P.R. 1982. On the identity and significance of disturbed behaviour in verter-brates. In: Bessei, W., ed. Disturbed behaviour in farm animals. Hohenheimer Arbeiten, Heft 121: Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart.
Wood-Gush, D.G.M. 1973. Animal welfare in modern agriculture, Br.Vet.J. 129:164–74.
Wood-Gush, D.G.M. 1981. In: Wood-Gush, D.G.M., Dawkins, M., Ewbank, R. eds. Self-awareness in domesticated animals. Hertfordshire: UFAW. General discussion.
Wood-Gush, D.G.M. and Stolba, A. 1982. Behaviour of pigs and the design of a new housing system. Applied Animal Ethology 8(6):583–4.
Zuriff, G. 1982. A dog remembers. The Sciences. Dec.:10–11. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wemelsfelder, F. (1985). Animal Boredom: Is a Scientific Study of the Subjective Experiences of Animals Possible?. In: Fox, M.W., Mickley, L.D. (eds) Advances in Animal Welfare Science 1984. Advances in Animal Welfare Science, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4998-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4998-0_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8713-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4998-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive