Skip to main content

Animal Boredom: Is a Scientific Study of the Subjective Experiences of Animals Possible?

  • Chapter
Advances in Animal Welfare Science 1984

Part of the book series: Advances in Animal Welfare Science ((AAWS,volume 1))

Abstract

The study of animal well-being has now become an accepted field of scientific research. Until recently the dominant belief was that subjective experience was inaccessible to the natural sciences, since it could not be experimentally manipulated. It led so-called behaviourists to the denial of any sort of subjective life to animals. This scientific conception of animals is far removed from daily reality, in which people regard and treat animals as sentient beings. Second, the way we as human beings exploit animals for our own sake and profit has caused protest from several groups of people who consider these practices irresponsible and uncaring. Pigs, calves and chickens are “produced” in great quantity in small housing systems for meat consumption; rats and other species are extensively used in experimental laboratories, and all kinds of wild species are kept and bred in zoos. The will to improve the conditions in which these animals live has led to the development of a new field of scientific research: the science of animal welfare.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Albright, J.L. 1982. Production changes improve cow veal welfare. Feedstuffs April 12:23–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 1981. Engineering perspectives on farm animal care. Paper no. 81–4580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assem, J. van den 1973. Gedrag als aanpassingsfenomeen, een beschouwing over de functie van gedra. In: Ethologie, de biologie van gedrag. Pudco, Wageningen, pp. 17–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, B.A. and Stephens, D.B. 1971. The effects of conditioned behaviour and environmental factors on plasma corticosteroid levels in pigs. Physiology and Behaviour. 10:267–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bareham, J.R. 1972. Effects of cages and semi-intensive deep litter pens on the behaviour, adrenal response and production in two strains of laying hens. Br.Vet.J. 128:153–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bareham, J.R. 1976. A comparison of the behaviour and production of laying hens in experimental and conventional battery cages. Applied Animal Ethology 2:291–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bareham, J.R. and Vestergaard, K. 1981. Welfare and productivity. In: Research and development in relation to farm animal welfare. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, J.L., Hemsworth, P.H. and Hand, A.M. 1982/83. Effects of chronic stress on some blood parameters in the pig. Applied Animal Ethology 9:273–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter, S.H. 1981. Welfare and the housing of the sow and suckling pigs. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baxter, M.R. 1982/83. Ethology in environmental design for animal production. Applied Animal Ethology 9:207–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beilharz, R.G. 1982. Genetic adaptation in relation to animal welfare. Int.J.Stud.Anim.Prob. 3(2):117–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beuving, G. 1980. Corticosteroids in laying hens. In: Moss, R., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessei, W. 1980. In: Moss, R., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boice, R. 1981. Captivity and feralization. Psychological Bulletin 89(3):407–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brantas, G.C. 1975. Welzijn, productie en profijt. Tijdschr. Diergeneesk. deel 100(13): 703–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brantas, G.C. 1980. The pre-laying behaviour of laying hens in cages with and without laying nests. In: Moss, R., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchenauer, D. 1981. Parameters for assessing welfare, ethological criteria. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bure, R.G. 1981a. Animal well-being and housing systems for piglets. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bure, R.G. 1981b. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. General discussion, p. 136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassel, E.J. 1982. The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine. N.Engl.J.Med. 306:639–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cave, G.P. 1982. Animals, Heidegger and the right to live. Environmental Ethics 4(3): 249–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, J.V. 1982. Behavioral and genetic adaptation of laying hens to high density environments. Bioscience 32(1):33–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daelemans, J. 1981. The impact of the farrowing pen on the sow and her piglets. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dantzer, R. 1981. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. General discussion, p. 133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dantzer, R. and Morméde, P. 1979. Le stress en elevage intensif. Actualités scientifiques et agronomiques no. 3. Masson, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dantzer, R. and Morméde, P. 1981. Can physiological criteria be used to assess welfare in pigs? In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daschbach, N.J., Schein, M.W. and Haines, D.E. 1982/83. Cage-size effect on locomotor, grooming and agonistic behaviours of the slow loris, Nycticebus cou-cang (primates, Lorisidae). Applied Animal Ethology 9:317–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawkins, M.S. 1980. Animal suffering: The science of animal welfare. London, New York: Chapman and Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debrock, G. 1982. Wisenschaft als Ethik. Manuscript of lecture at Bocholt (Germany).

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, I.J.H. 1973. Can the psychologist measure stress? The New Scientist 18 Oct:173–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, I.J.H. 1978. Overall assessment of poultry welfare. In: Proceedings First Danish Seminar on Poultry Welfare in Egglaying Cages, pp. 79–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, I.J.H. 1979. Can scientific research help in assessment of animal welfare? In: Proceedings of a symposium held at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia, pp. 169–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, I.J.H. 1981. Animal behaviour and welfare. In: Clark, J.A., ed. Environmental aspects of housing for animal production. London: Butterworths.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekesbo, I. 1981a. Some aspects of sow health and housing. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekesbo, I. 1981b. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. General discussion, p. 233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewbank, R. 1973. Use and abuse of the term “Stress” in husbandry and welfare. Vet.Rec. June 30:709–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ewbank, R. 1981. In: Wood-Gush, D.G.M., Dawkins, M., Ewbank, R., eds. Self-awareness in domesticated animals. Hertfordshire: UFAW. General discussion, p. 50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fauré, J.M. 1980. To adapt the environment to the bird, or the bird to the environment? In: Moss, R., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fölsch, D.W. 1980. Essential behavioural needs. In: Moss, R., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M.W. 1971. Psychopathology in man and lower animals. J.A.V.M.A. 159(1):66–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M.W. 1974. Concepts in ethology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M.W. 1982. Are most animals “mindless automatons?”: A reply to Gordon G. Gallup, Jr. American J. Primatol. 3:341–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M.W. 1983a. Farm animals: husbandry, behavior, and veterinary care: Viewpoints of a critic. Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M.W. 1983b. Scientific objectivity and the subjective world. In: Rowan, A., ed. Animal awareness-human perceptions: Implications for animal welfare. Albany, New York: In press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, A.F. 1968. Behaviour disorders in domestic animals. In: Fox, M.W., ed. Abnormal behaviour in animals. Philadelphia, London: W.B. Saunders Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, A.F. 1980. Ethology, welfare and preventive medicine for livestock. Applied Animal Ethology 6:103–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, D., Ritchie, J.S.D. and Fraser, A.F. 1975. The term stress in a veterinary context. Br. Vet. J. 131:653–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, B.M. 1975. Physiological basis of stress. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 68:427–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, B.M. 1976. Stress and domestic fowl. A physiological reappraisal. World Poultry Science Journal 32(3):249–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, B.M. 1978. Stress in caged layers. In: The First Danish Seminar on Poultry Welfare in Egglaying Cages, pp. 57–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friend, T.H. 1980. Stress: What is it, and how can it be quantified? Int.J.Stud.Anim.Prob. 1(6):366–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilson, E. 1976. Descartes: Discours de la méthode; texte et commentaire. 5me edition. Librairie Philosophique. J. Vrin. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R. 1977. Whitehead’s philosophy and some general notions of physics and biology. In: Cobb, J.B. and Griffin, D.R., eds., Mind in nature. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R. 1981a. The question of animal awareness. 2nd ed. New York: Rockefeller University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R. 1981b. The problem of distinguishing awareness from responsiveness. In: Wood-Gush, D.G.M., Dawkins, M. and Ewbank, R., eds. Self-awareness in domesticated animals. Hertfordshire: UFAW.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, W., 1980. Einfluss von Tierbetreuer und Haltungsverfahren auf die Gewichtsentwicklung von Ferkeln. In: KTBL-Schrift 264. Aktuelle Arbeiten zur art-gemässen Tierhaltung. Darmstadt-Kranichstein.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, B.O. 1978. Behaviour in different environments and its implications for welfare. In: The First Danish Seminar on Poultry Welfare in Egglaying Cages, pp. 21–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, B.O. 1980. The assessment of behavioural needs. In: Sybesma, V., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, N. 1981. In: Wood-Gush, D.G.M., Dawkins, M. and Ewbank, R., eds. Self-awareness in domesticated animals. Hertfordshire: UFAW. General discussion, pp. 10, 50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, D.L. 1981. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiley-Worthington, M. 1981. In: Wood-Gush, D.G.M., Dawkins, M., Ewbank, R., eds. Self-awareness in domesticated animals. Hertfordshire: UFAW. General discussion, p. 50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koomans, P. 1981. Open front piggeries with and without straw. In: Sybesma, W., eds. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lean, I.J. 1978. The pig industry. In: The welfare of food-animals. Hertfordshire: UFAW.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorz, A. 1979. Tierschutzgesetz. Kommentar. Verl. C.H. Beck, München.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning. A. 1972. An introduction to animal behaviour. 2nd. ed. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markowitz, H. 1982. Behavioural enrichment in the zoo. New York, London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • McBride, G. 1979. Adaptation and welfare at the man-animal interface. Proceedings of a symposium held at the University of New England, Armidale NSW Australia pp. 195–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meijer-Holzapfel, M. 1968. Abnormal behaviour in zoo-animals. In: Fox, M.W., ed. Abnormal behaviour in animals. Philadelphia, London: W.B. Saunders Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metz, J.H.M. and Oosterlee, C.C. 1980. Immunologische und ethologische Kriterien für artgemässe Haltung von Sauen und Ferkeln. In: KTBL-schrift 264. Aktuelle Arbeiten zure artegemässen Tierhaltung, Darmstadt-Kranichstein.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, B.W. 1981a. The development of a blood profile for stress assessment. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, B.W. 1981b. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. General discussion, p. 137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, L.B. 1978. A review of animal welfare and intensive animal production. Report of the Poultry Section, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, G. 1973. Can the physiologist measure stress? The New Scientist 60:175–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putten, G. van. 1981. Het meten van welzijn bij landbouwhuisdieren Tijdschr. Dierge-neesk 106(3):106–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putten, G. van. 1982a. De zeugenhouderij. In: Studiecommisie intensieve veehouderij; fokzeugen, achtste rapport, hoofdstuk 2. Ned.Ver.tot Besch.v.Dieren, Den Haag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putten, G. van. 1982b. Welzijnsaspecten. In: Studiecommissie intensieve veehouderij: fokzeugen, achtse rapport, hoofstuk 4. De Haag: Ned. Ver. tot Besch. v. Dieren.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putten, G. van, and Dammers, J. 1976. A comparative study of the well-being of piglets reared conventionally and in cages. Applied Animal Ethology 2:339–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, W.F. 1980. In: Moss, R., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. Summary, p. 323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sainsbury, M.A. 1978. The poultry industry. In: The welfare of food animals. Proceedings of a symposium by UFAW, Hertfordshire, pp. 51–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sambraus, H.H. 1981. Beurteilung von Verhaltens-anomalien aus ethologisher Sicht. 2 GFT-Seminar für angewandte Nutztierethologie Bayerische Landesanstalt für Tierzucht. Grub: 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sambraus, H.H. 1982. Ethologische Grundlage einer Tiergerechten Nutztierhaltung. In: Ethologische Aussagen zure artgerechten Nutzierhaltung. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, pp. 22–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M.E.P. 1975. Helplessness. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, H.S. 1980. Physiological stress in birds. Bioscience 30:529–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stolba, A. and Wood-Gush, D.G.M. 1980. Arousal and exploration in growing pigs in different evironments. Applied Animal Ethology 6(4):382–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stolba, A. 1982. Wild pigs point the way. Animal Welfare Institute Quarterly. 31(1):7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tauson, R. 1980. Cages: how could they be improved? In: Moss, R., ed. The laying hen and its environment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tranøy, K.E. 1977. Three thoughts about objectivity as a methodological norm. In: Danish Yearbook of Philosophy, Vol.14. Munksgaard, Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Troxler, J. 1980. Beurteilung zweier Haltüngssysteme für Absatzferkel. In: KTBL-schrift 264, Aktuelle Arbeiten zur artgemässen Tierhaltung, Darmstadt-Kranichstein.

    Google Scholar 

  • Truyen, W.T. 1981. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The Welfare of Pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. General discussion, pp. 232–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhoog, H. 1983. De relatie tussen biologie en menswetenschappen. Manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vestergaard, K. 1981. Influence of fixation on the behaviour of sows. In: Sybesma, W., ed. The welfare of pigs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wemelsfelder, F. 1982. Gedrag als mogelijke indicator voor pijn bij biggen. Verslag van onderzoeksstage 109, IVO-Zeist. Niet voor publicatie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiepkema, P.R. 1980. Ein biologische modell von Verhaltenssystemen. In: KTBL-schrift 264, Aktuelle Arbeiten zur artgemässen Tierhaltung, Darmstadt-Kranichstein.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiepkema, P.R. 1982. On the identity and significance of disturbed behaviour in verter-brates. In: Bessei, W., ed. Disturbed behaviour in farm animals. Hohenheimer Arbeiten, Heft 121: Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood-Gush, D.G.M. 1973. Animal welfare in modern agriculture, Br.Vet.J. 129:164–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood-Gush, D.G.M. 1981. In: Wood-Gush, D.G.M., Dawkins, M., Ewbank, R. eds. Self-awareness in domesticated animals. Hertfordshire: UFAW. General discussion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood-Gush, D.G.M. and Stolba, A. 1982. Behaviour of pigs and the design of a new housing system. Applied Animal Ethology 8(6):583–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuriff, G. 1982. A dog remembers. The Sciences. Dec.:10–11. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wemelsfelder, F. (1985). Animal Boredom: Is a Scientific Study of the Subjective Experiences of Animals Possible?. In: Fox, M.W., Mickley, L.D. (eds) Advances in Animal Welfare Science 1984. Advances in Animal Welfare Science, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4998-0_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4998-0_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8713-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4998-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics