Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has placed diazepam in the ‘list of essential drugs’, recommending that all countries include it among the approximately 250 indispensable medicaments to have available to patients (Anonymous, 1983). In many developing countries, diazepam is used for life-saving indications. In addition to its use in the treatment of anxiety and psychiatric disorders, diazepam has a vital role in the treatment of tetanus, status epilepticus, febrile seizures, eclampsia, cerebral malaria, alcohol withdrawal and chloroquine intoxication. Use of benzodiazepines in the treatment of status epilepticus is discussed in Chapter 9. Uses of diazepam that are unique to the Third World countries are discussed in the subsequent text.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Acuda SW, Muhangi J: Diazepam addiction in Kenya.E Afr Med J 1979; 56: 765–79.
Aderoju EA, Lewis EA, Ayoola EA,et al: Fiberoptic endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Experience in Ibadan, Nigeria.E Afr Med J 1979; 55: 420–424.
Barbotin M, Thomas J, Andre LL: Données actuelles sur l’accès pernicieux palustre.Med Trop 1970; 30: 530–541.
Bondurand A, M’Dri K, Coffi S, et al: L’intoxication au chloroquine au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Abidjan.Afr Med 1980; 19: 239–242.
Busnello ED: Psychosocial aspects of mental health care in developing countries — the role of the benzodiazepines, in Priest, Vianno Filho, Amrein,et al:The Benzodiazepines Today and Tomorrow. Lancaster, MTP Press, 1980.
Carstairs GM: Psychiatric problems of developing countries.Br J Psychiatry 1973; 123: 271–277.
Chakrabarti GN: Rapid relief of psychotic states by intravenous administration of haloperidol followed by i. v. diazepam, in Abstracts 7th World Congress of Psychiatry, July 11–16, 1983, Vienna/Austria, p. 573, Abstr No 706, Society of Austrian Neurologists and Psychiatrists. Vienna Austria, July, 1983.
Comlavi PI : Legislation, prescription and importation.Proc Afr Seminar on Problems of Drug Dependence, Lagos, 1980, pp. 120–121 ( International Council on Alcohol and Addictions, Lausanne 1981 ).
Dao C: Paludisme signes, diagnostics, traitment.Gaz Med Fr 1970; 77: 6503–6510.
Diop Mar I, Banastier H, Sow A,et al: Paludisme neurologique de Tadulte autochtone en zone d’hypoendémie.Bulletin de la Société Médicale d’Afrique Noir de Langue Français 1977; 22: 6–29.
Femi-Pearse D: Experience with diazepam in tetanus.Br Med J 1966; 2: 862–865.
Garnier MJ, Davidson KJ, Marshall FN,et al: Tetanus in Haiti.Lancet 1975; 1: 383–386.
Garnier MJ: Tetanus in patients three years of age and up: a personal series of 230 consecutive patients.Am J Surg 1975; 129: 459–463.
Gentilini M, Charmot G: Therapie der cerebralen Formen der Malaria, in Dietrich Met al. (eds):Malaria: Diagnose — Klinik — Therapie (Congress, May 10–11, 1979, Hahnenklee-Harz, Germany). Basel, Switzerland, Roche, 1980, pp 201–215.
Gilles HM: The management and treatment of malaria (a personal view).Annales de la Société Belge de Médecine Tropicale 1980; 60: 129–136.
Greenblatt DJ, Shader RJ: Clinical use of the benzodiazepines.Rat Drug Therapy 1981; 15: 2–6.
Harding JW, De Arango MV, Baltazar J,et al: Mental disorders in primary health care: a study of their frequency and diagnosis in four developing countries.Psychol Med 1980; 10: 231–241.
Hall AP: The treatment of malaria.Br Med J 1976; 1: 323–328.
Haworth A: The usefulness of benzodiazepines in the management of various disorders in developing countries: sociological and health planning issues.Report of the Working Group on the Use and Abuse of Psychotropic Substances in Developing Countries with Special Reference to Benzodiazepines. ICAA-Cipat Publication, October 10–15, 1982, pp 22–30.
Heinrich K : Die psychiatrische Frühklinik bei Psychotischen Störungen.Therapiewoche 1977; 27: 6453–6454, 6456–6459.
Heinrich K : Die psychiatrische Frühklinik bei Psychotischen Störungen.Therapiewoche 1977; 27: 6453–6454, 6456–6459.
Johnson BCA: Mental disorders other than schizophrenia and depression, inAdvances in the drug therapy of mental illness. Geneva, WHO, 1976, pp 83–91.
Kusumanto S: Drug abuse in Indonesia.J Psychiatr Assoc Thailand 1979; 24: 24–34.
Langer G, Stemberger H: Malaria-Koma beim Säugling.Wien Med Wochenschr 1979; 129: 301–303.
Linh NN: Tetanus in South Vietnam — Review of 164 cases.Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Hlth 1975; 5: 430–434.
Loseke N, Nenayer P, Retif J,et al. L’encephalopathie malarique à propos d’une observation.Revue Méd de Bruxelles 1980; 1: 263–266.
Marks J:The Benzodiazepines: Use, Overuse, Misuse, Abuse? Lancaster, MTP Press, 1978.
Muller, M:The Health of Nations. A North — South Investigation. London, Faber & Faber, 1982, pp. 17–19.
Norredam K, Hainau B: Treatment of tetanus in tropical Africa: a comparison between a barbiturate and diazepam in the treatment of neonatal tetanus.Ann Soc Beige Med Trop 1970; 50: 239–246.
Odejide AD: Patterns of psychotropic drug use in Nigerian outpatient clinic.Int Pharmaco-psychiatr 1980; 15: 14–23.
Okonkwo P, Eta I, Oguakwa J,et al: Chloroquine - Immunoassays and radioisotopic studies, inProceedings of the 7th International Congress of Pharmacology. Paris, France, 1978, Part 2, p 937.
Okouoyo E: Neuropaludisme du nourisson et de l’enfant: à propos de 4 observations à l’hôpital pédiatrique d’Owendo (Libreville, Gabon).Méd Afr Noire 1981; 28: 177–184.
Olatawura MO: Perspectives in the treatment of mental disorders in developing countries: Africa.Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol 1979; 3: 119–123.
Owen RT, Tyrer P: Benzodiazepine dependence: a review of the evidence.Drugs 1983; 25: 385–398.
Phatak AT, Shah SH: Diazepam as adjuvant therapy in childhood tetanus: 477 patients with tetanus in Baroda.Clin Pediatr 1970; 9: 573–576.
Smith DE: Are the benzodiazepines being overprescribed? Panel discussion, inProc Symp on Benzodiazepines from Molecular Biology to Clinical Practice 3rd Wld Congr of Biological Psychiatry, Stockholm 1981. New York, Raven Press, 1982.
Swai ABM, Palangyo K, Kihamia CM,et al: Clinical management of acute falciparum malaria in Tanzania.Tropical Doctor 1983; 13: 159–163.
Teo SH, Chee KT, Tan CT: Psychiatric complications of Rohypnol abuse.Singapore Med J 1979; 20: 270–273.
Thakker U, Wacha DSO: Eclampsia in Lusaka.Med J Zambia 1981; 15: 59–64.
Thongchai Uneklabh (Rangsit): Drug abuse of non-narcotic types: an incidence in Thailand.3rd National Workshop on Drug Dependent Treatment, Pattaya, 1979.
Thonnier C, Bruneu A, Valmary J,et al: Accès pernicieux palustre et insuffisance rénale chez une femme enceinte de 5 mois: utilisation des prostaglandines pour la délivrance.Méd Trop 1979; 29: 323–327.
Vachon F, Carbon C, Gibert C: Diagnostic et traitment du paludisme cérébral en zone non endémique.Bull Wld Health Organiz 1974; 50: 169–175.
Vadher A, Ndetei DM: Life events and depression in a Kenyan setting.Br J Psychiatr 1981; 139: 134–137.
White NJ, Warrell DA, Chanthanvanich P,et al: Severe hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in falciparum malaria.N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 61–66.
Widjono E: Drug dependence in Indonesia.Indones Psychiatr Q 1975; 8: 57–62.
Yanov E, Kujan S: Evaluation of some methods of intravenous anaesthesia in gynaecological outpatients.Ethiop Med J 1981; 19: 109.
Anonymous: Mental health in developing countries.Br Med J 1975; 2: 187–188.
Anonymous: Report of the 3rd WHO Travelling Seminar in the USSR on the Safe Use of Psychotropic and Narcotic Substances, Moscow and Tashkent 1981, Report MNH/81-34. Geneva, WHO, 1981.
Anonymous: Colloque international sur les problèmes de la drogue dans les pays africains d’expression française. Dakar 1980a. Actes de travaux, CIPAT. Lausanne.
Anonymous: Psychopharmacology — an area of research to improve mental health care.WHO Chron 1980b; 34: 465–469.
Anonymous:The Selection of Essential Drugs. Third Report of WHO Expert Committee. Technical Report Series 685. Geneva, WHO, 1983.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 MTP Press Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ward, J. (1985). Vital Uses of Diazepam in Third World Countries. In: Smith, D.E., Wesson, D.R. (eds) The Benzodiazepines: Current Standards for Medical Practice. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4886-0_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4886-0_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8663-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4886-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive