Abstract
By artificially increasing the roughness of the wall of the tube using a wire spiral or a sequence of equally spaced orifice plates, it is possible to generate very intense large scale turbulence. Under these conditions it is possible to observe five different propagation regimes of combustion waves. The self quenching regime corresponds to a flame accelerating initially to a high velocity before quenching itself when the turbulent mixing rate exceeds the chemical reaction rate of the combustible mixture. The weak turbulent deflagration regime corresponds to flame speeds of the order of few tens of meters per second. The steady state velocity of this regime is achieved by the balance of the positive and negative effects of turbulence on the burning rate (ie., enhancement of mass and energy transport versus quenching due to mixing and flame stretch). In the sonic or choking regime, the flame speed corresponds closely to the sound speed in the burnt gases. The gasdynamic choking is brought about by the combined effect of friction and heat addition in a compressible pipe flow. The quasi-detonation regime corresponds to the low velocity detonation phenomenon in which the severe momentum losses give detonation velocity significantly below the normal Chapman-Jouguet value. The existence of this regime is based on the criterion λ/d ≤ 1 where “λ” and “d” denote the detonation cell size and the orifice diameter respectively. The fifth regime of normal Chapman-Jouguet detonation occurs when d/ λ≥ 13 in accord with the result of the critical tube diameter problem. Qualitative discussions of the turbulent flame structure according to the ideas of Chomiak are given. A unified concept is advanced in that it is postulated that shear and turbulence play the essential roles not only in the propagation of deflagration, but in detonation as well. Auto-ignition by shock heating is assigned a lesser role, while the transverse turbulent shear layers generated by the triple shock configuration in the front of a cellular detonation are assumed to play the key role in the enhancement of rapid chemical reactions necessary for the propagation of a detonation wave. The principle argument being that since free radicals are in abundance in the reaction zone, it is more efficient to induce chemical reactions in the unburned gases by rapid turbulent mixing rather than to generate the free radicals by thermal dissociation in the shock. Thus the role of the shock front in detonation is to preheat the mixture leading to higher local diffusion rates and more important, to generate turbulent shear layers via triple shock collisions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Lee, J.H.S. (1984)Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16, 311–36.
Lee, J.H.S. and Guirao, C.M. (1981) Gasdynamic Effects of Fast Exothermic Reactions, inFast Reactions in Energetic SystemsEds. C. Capellos and R.F. Walker, D. Reidel Publ. Co.
Lee, J.H.S. and Moen, I.O. (1980Progr. Energy Comb. Sci.6, 359–389.
Hjertager, B.H. (1981)‘Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flame and Pressure Development in Gas Explosions’.Proc. Int. Mtg. on Fuel-Air Explosions, Eds. Lee, J.H. and Guirao, C.M., University of Waterloo Press.
Marx, K.D., Lee, J.H.S. and Cummings, J.C. (1985)‘Modelling of Flame Acceleration in Tubes with Obstacles’.Proc. 11th IMACS World Congress, Oslo, Norway, August 5–9.
Lee, J.H.S., Knystautas, R., Chan, C. Barr, P.K. Grcar, J.F. and Ashurst, W.T. (1983)‘Turbulent Flame Acceleration Mechanisms and Computer Modelling’.Proc. International Meeting on Light-Water Reactor Severe Accident Evaluation, Cambridge, Mass. August 28 - September 1. Also available as SANDIA Rept. 83–8655. Livermore, California.
Mallard, E. and Le Chatelier, H. (1881)C.R. Acad.Sci. Paris 9 145–148.
Berthelot, M. and Vieille, P. (1882)C.R. Acad.Sci. Paris 94 pp. 101–108
Berthelot, M. and Vieille, P. (1882)C.R. Acad.Sci. Paris 94, 16 Jan., pp. 882–823
Berthelot, M. and Vieille, P. (1882)C.R. Acad.Sci. Paris 27 Mars, Vol. 95, pp. 151–157, 24 Juillet.
Chapman, W.R. and Wheeler, R.V. (1926), (1927)J. Chem. Soc. (London), Vol.37, p. 2139 and Vol. 38.
Schelkhin, K.I. (1940)J.E.P.T. (USSR),10, 823–827.
Guenoche, H. and Manson, N. (1949)‘Influence des Conditions aux Limits Transversales sur la Propagation des Ondes de Shock et de Combustion.Revue de l’Institut Français du Petrole, No. 2, pp. 53–69.
Brochet, C. (1966)‘Contribution à l’Etude des Détonations Instables dans les Mélanges Gaseux’. Thèses Presentàes à la Fac. des Scie., Poitiers.
Wagner, H.G. (1982) ‘Some Experiments about Flame Acceleration’First International Specialist Meeting on Fuel-Air Explosion, Montreal, 1981. University of Waterloo Press, SM Study No. 16, pp. 77–99.
Lee, J.H.S., Knystautas, R. and Freiman, A. (1984)Combustion and Flame 56, 227–239.
Lee, J.H.S., Knystautas, R. and Chan, C. (1984) Proc.20th Symp. (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Knystautas, R., Lee, J.H., Peraldi, P. and Chan, C. (1985)10th ICDERS, Berkeley, Calif., August 4–9.
Hjertager, B.H., Fuhre, K., Parker, S.J. and Bakke, J.R. (1983) ‘Flame Acceleration of Propane-Air in a Large-Scale Obstructed Tube‘Presented at the 9th International Colloquium on Dynamics’of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Poitiers.
Urtiew, P.A. (1982) ‘Recent Flame Propagation Experiments at LLNL within the Liquified Gaseous Fuels Spill Safety Program’.First International Specialist Meeting on Fuel-Air Explosions, Montreal 1981. University of Waterloo Press SM Study No. 16, 924–947.
Deshaies, B. and Leyer, J.C. (1981) ‘Flow Field Induced by Unconfined Spherical Accelerating Flames’,Comb. and Flame 40, 141–153.
Zeeuwen, J.P. and Van Wingerden, C.J.M. (1983) ‘On the Scaling of Vapor Cloud Explosion Experiments’.Presented at the 9th International Colloquium on Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Poitier.
Yip, T.W.G., Strehlow, R.A. and Ormsbee, A.I. (1983) ‘Theoretical and Experimental Studies in Acoustic Waves Generated by a Cylindrical Flame and 2-D Flame-Vortex Interactions’.Presented at the 1983 Fall Technical Meeting, Eastern Section of The Combustion Institute, November, Providence, R.I.
Sherman, M.P., Tieszen, S., Benedick, W., Fisk, J., Carcassi, M. (1985) ‘The Effect of Transverse Venting on Flame Acceleration and Transition to Detonation in a Large Channel’.10th ICDERS, Berkeley, California, August 4 – 9.
Thibault, P., Liu, Y.K., Chan, C., Lee, J.H., Knystautas, R., Guirao, C., Hjertager, B. and Fuhre, K. (1982) ‘Transmission of and Explosion Through an Orifice’.Proc. 19th Symp. (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. pp. 599–606.
Ashurst, W. and Barr, P. (1982) ‘Discrete Vortex Simulation of Flame Acceleration due to Obstacle Generated Flow’.1982 Fall Meeting of Western States Section of The Combustion Institute. Paper WSS/CI 82–84. Sandia National Lab. Rept. SAND 82–8724.
Schelkhin, K. (1966) ‘Instability of Combustion and Detonation of Gases’.Soviet Physics USPEKHI,8, 5, 780.
Vasiliev, A.A. (1982) ‘Geometric Limits of Gas Detonation Propagation’,Fiz. Goreniya Vzryre 18, 132–136.
Kogarko, S.M. and Zeldovich, Y. B. (1948)Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR,63, 553.
Dove, J.E. and Wagner, H.G. (1960)Proc. 8th Symp. (International) on Combustion, 589–600. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Manson, N. (1946)Comp. Rendu 222, p. 46.
Fay, J.A. (1952)J. Chem. Phys. 20, p. 942.
Moen, I.O., Donato, M., Knystautas, R. and Lee, J.H.S. (1981)18th Symp. (International) on Combustion, pp. 1615–1623, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Dupré, G., Knystautas, R. and Lee, J.H. (1985)10th ICDERS, Berkeley, California, August 4 – 9.
Murray, S. (1984) ‘The Influence of Initial and Boundary Conditions on Gaseous Detonation Waves’. Ph.D. Thesis, McGill University.
Damkohler, G. (1940)Z. Elektrochemie Angewandte Phys. Chem.46 601. (English Translation NACA TM 1112 (1947).
Tennekes, H. (1968)Phys. Fluids 11, 669.
McCormach, P., Scheller, K., Mueller, G., Tisher, R. (1972)Comb. and Flame 19, 297.
Chomiak, J. (1979)Progr. Energy Comb. Sci.5, 207–221.
Bach, G., Knystautas, R., Lee, J.H.S. (1968)12th Symp. (International) on Combustion, pp. 883–67. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Lundstrom, E. and Oppenheim, A.K. (1969)Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A, 310, pp. 463–78.
Thomas, G.O. and Edwards, D.H. (1983) ‘Simulation of Detonation Cell Kinematics Using Two-Dimensional. Reactive Blast Waves’.J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.,16, 1881–1892.
Urtiew, P. and Oppenheim, A.K. (1966)Proc. Roy. Soc.,A295, 13–28.
Meyer, J.W., Urtiew, P.A. and Oppenheim, A.K. (1970)Comb. and Flame 14, No. 1, pp. 13–20.
Knystautas, R., Lee, J.H., Moen, I.O. and Wagner, H.Gg. (1979) Proc.17th Symp. (International) on Combustion, pp. 1235–1245. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 D. Reidel Publishing Company
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lee, J.H.S. (1986). The Propagation of Turbulent Flames and Detonations in Tubes. In: Rentzepis, P.M., Capellos, C. (eds) Advances in Chemical Reaction Dynamics. NATO ASI Series, vol 184. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4734-4_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4734-4_21
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8604-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4734-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive