Abstract
It is an important precept that, prior to the introduction of new chemicals or products into commerce, they be evaluated for their potential to produce adverse effects. Thus, the art and science of toxicology has been evolving and will continue to evolve in order to detect and define the biologic effects of the chemicals in our environment. For this purpose an impressive array of animal tests and procedures have been described and formalized that attempt to simulate the conditions of human exposure so that adverse effects might be identified and thus avoided. At the same time, many of these same animal models are further utilized to define and describe the mechanism of action of these chemicals. The protocols for a safety program can, therefore, be many and varied, but the hallmarks of design and planning are the selection of relevant routes of exposure in order to investigate acute, subchronic and chronic effects. In all cases, the intent of the toxicologist is to provide a measure of exaggeration in order to assure an adverse effect and then to describe a dose-response relationship and a no-effect level. If the process is successful and the relevant exposure parameters are known, it is often possible to formulate a risk assessment for human exposures.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
1.North American Contact Dermatitis Group (1975). The frequency of contact sensitivity in North America 1972–74. Contact Dermatitis 1, 277–280.
Prystowski, S.D., Allen, A.M., Smith, R.W., Nomomura, J.H., Odom, R.B. and Akers, W.A. (1979). Allergic contact hypersensitivity to nickel, neomycin, ethylenedi- amine and benzocaine. Arch. Dermatol. 115, 959–962.
Kligman, A.M. (1958). Poison ivy (Rhus) dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol. 77, 149–180.
Silberberg, I., Baer, R.L. and Rosenthal, S.A. (1976). The role of the Langerhans cell in allergic contact hypersensitivity. A review of findings in man and guinea pig. J. Invest. Dermatol. 66, 210–217.
Polak, L. (1980). Immunologic Aspects of Contact Sensitivity.S.Karger, NY, NY.
Klecak, G. (1977). Identification of contact allergens. In Dermatotoxicology and Dermatopharmacology, eds. Marzulli, F. and Maibach, H.I., Halstead Press, NY, NY.
Draize, J.H. (1959). Dermal toxicity. In Appraisal of the Safety of Chemicals in Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics. Published by the Association of Food & Drug Officials of the United States. Texas State Department of Health, Austin, Texas.
Magnusson, B. & Kligman, A.M. (1970). The identification of contact allergens by animal assay. The guinea pig maximization test. J. Invest. Derumatol. 52, 268–276.
Buehler, E.V. (1965). Delayed hypersensitivity in the guinea pig. Arch. Dermatol. 91, 171–177.
Asherson, G.L. and Allwood, G.G. (1969). Immunological adjuvants In The Biologic Basis of Medicine, 4, eds. Bittar, E.E. & Bittar, N., Academic Press, NY, NY.
Ritz, H. L., Connor, D. E. & Sauter, E. D. (1975). Contact sensitization of guinea pigs with unsaturated and halogenated sultones. Contact Dermatitis 1, 349–358.
Rieger, M. M. (1983). The Langerhans cell. Cosmetics & Toiletries 98, 46–50.
Ritz, H.L. & Buehler, E. V. (1980) Planning, conduct and interpretation of guinea pig sensitization patch tests. In Current Concepts in Cutaneous Toxicity, eds. Drill, V. A. & Lazar, P., Academic Press, NY, NY.
Buehler, E. V. (1982a). Comment on guinea pig test methods. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 2p, 494–495.
Buehler, E. V. (1983). Experimental contact sensitivity. In Immunotoxicology, eds. Gibson, G. G., Hubbard, R. & Parke, D. W., Academic Press, NY, NY.
Buehler, E.V. (1982b). A prospective approach for evaluating experimental sensitizers. The Toxicology Forum 1982 Annual Summer Meeting, Given Institute of Pathobiology, Aspen, CO.
Kaidbey, K. H. & Kligman, A. M. (1980). Photomaximization test for identifying photoallergic contact sensitizers. Contact Dermatitis 6, 161–169.
Kochever, I.E., Zalar, G.L., Einbinder, J. & Harber, L. C. (1979). Assay of contact photosensitivity to musk ambrette on guinea pigs. J. Invest. Dermatol. 73, 144–146.
Ichikawa, H., Armstrong, R. B. & Harber, L. C. (1981). Photoallergic contact dermatitis in guinea pigs: improved induction technique using Freund’s Complete Adjuvant. J. Invest. Dermatol. 76, 498–501.
Maguire, H. C., Jr. (1973). The bioassay of contact allergens in the guinea pig. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 24, 151–162.
Maurer, T., Thomann, P., Weinch, E. G. & Hess. R. (1975). The optimization test in the guinea pig. Toxicology 15, 163–171.
Klecak,G., Geleick, H. & Frey, J.R. (1977). Screening of fragrance materials for allergenic!ty in the guinea pig. I. Comparison of four testing methods. J. Soc. Cosmet Chem. 28, 53–64.
Brulos, M. F., Guillot, J. P., Martini, M. C. & Cotte, J. (1977). The influence of perfumes on the sensitizing potential of cosmetic bases. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 20, 357.
Guillot, J. P., Gönnet, J. F., Clement, C. & Faccini, J. M. (1983). Comparative study of methods chosen by the Association Française De Normalisation (AFNOR) for evaluating sensitizing potential in the guinea pig. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 21, 795–805.
Marzulli, F. N. & Maguire, H. C., Jr. (1982). Usefulness and limitations of various guinea pig methods in detecting human sensitizers. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 20, 67–77.
Lindup, W. E. & Nowell, P. T. (1978). Role of sultone contaminants in an outbreak of allergic contact dermatitis caused by alkyl ethoxy sulfates: A review. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 16, 59–62.
Walker, A. P., Ashforth, G. K., Davies, R. E., Newmann, E. A., & Ritz, H. L. (1973). Some characte-ristics of the sensitizer in alkyl ethoxy sulfate. Acta Dermatovener (Stockholm) 53, 141–144.
Poole, R. L., Griffith, J. F. & McMillan, F. S. K. (1910). Experimental contact sensitization with benzoyl peroxide. Arch. Dermatol. 102, 635–639.
Cunliffe, W. J. & Burke, B. (1982). Benzoyl peroxide: Lack of sensitization. Acta Dermatovener (Stockholm) 62, 458–459.
Friedlaender, M. H. & Baer, H. (1972). The role of the regional lymph node in sensitization and tolerance to simple chemicals. J. Immunol. 109, 1122–1130.
Lamson, S. A., Kong, B.M., & DeSalva, S. J. (1982). D &C Yellow Nos. 10 & 11: Delayed contact hypersensiti-vity in the guinea pig. Contact Dermatitis 8, 200–203.
Rapaport, M. J. (1980). Allergy to D&C Yellow No. 11. Contact Dermatitis 6, 364–365.
Aust, L. B. & Maibach, H. I. (1981). Modified Draize sensitization test with D&C Yellow No. 10 in combination dye systems. Contact Dermatitis 7, 357.
Connor, D. S., Ritz, H. L., Ampulski, R. S., Kowollik, H. G., Lim, P., Thomas, J. W. & Parkhurst, R. (1975). Identification of certain sultones as the sensitizers in an alkylethoxy sulfate. Fette Seifen Anstrich. 77, 25–29.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels-Luxembourg and WHO, Geneva
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Buehler, E.V. (1987). Prospective Modeling for Delayed Contact Hypersensitivity. In: Berlin, A., Dean, J., Draper, M.H., Smith, E.M.B., Spreafico, F. (eds) Immunotoxicology. Developments in Hematology and Immunology, vol 16. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4307-0_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4307-0_31
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8414-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4307-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive