Skip to main content

Thrombosis and hemorheology

  • Chapter
Clinical Hemorheology

Part of the book series: Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine ((DICM,volume 74))

Abstract

The potential importance of hemorheology in altering blood flow and oxygen delivery has been considered in Chapter 5 of this book. In Chapter 6, the contribution of rheological factors to ischemia of the heart, brain and limbs was discussed. The present chapter reviews the contribution of hemorheology to thrombosis. This is a young field, for only in recent years have rheology and thrombology come together. However, it is already apparent that rheological phenomena are potentially of considerable importance in thrombogenesis and in the pathophysiology of the tissue infarction which follows arterial thrombosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Hirsh J., Genton E., Hull R. 1981: Venous thromboembolism. New York: Grune and Stratton, 335 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Sevitt S. 1984: Pathology and pathogenesis of deep vein thrombi. In: Tesi M., Dormandy J.A. (eds). Superficial and deep venous disorders of the lower limbs. Turin: Edizioni Panminerva Medici, pp. 45–58.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Mitchell J.R.A. 1976: Has our basic knowledge of cerebrovascular disease led to effective and rational treatment? In: Gillingham F.J., Mawdsley C., Williams A.E. (eds). Stroke. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 301–316.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dintenfass L. 1971: Blood microrheology-viscosity factors in blood flow, ischaemia and thrombosis. London: Butterworth, 445 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Schmid-Schonbein H. 1983: Haemorheology and thrombosis. In: van de Loo J., Prentice C.R.M., Beller F.K. (eds): The thromboembolic disorders. Stuttgart: Schattauer, pp. 45–64.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Macfarlane R.G. 1977: Introduction. Br. Med. Bull. 33, 183–185.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Harker L.A., Slichter S.J. 1972: The bleeding time as a screening test for evaluation of platelet function. N. Engl. J. Med. 287, 155–159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Sixma J.J. 1981: Role of blood vessel, platelet and coagulation interactions in haemostasis. In: Bloom A.L., Thomas D.P. (eds). Haemostasis and thrombosis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 252–267.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Tangelder G.J. 1982: Distribution and orientation of blood platelets flowing in small arterioles. Doctoral Thesis, Rijksuniversiteit Limburg, Maastricht.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Goldsmith H.L., Karino T. 1980: Physical and mathematical models of blood flow: experimental studies. In: Cokelet G.R., Meiselman H.J., Brooks D.E. (eds). Erythrocyte mechanics and blood flow. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 165–194.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gaehtgens P., Brunner R., Pries A.R., Kanzow G. 1981: Physiological dilution of blood in the microvasculature. Bibl. Haematol. 47, 5–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Duke W.W. 1910: The relation of blood platelets to haemorrhagic disease. JAMA 60, 1185–1192.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hellem A.J., Borchgrevink C.F., Ames S.B. 1961: The role of red cells in haemostasis: the relation between haematocrit, bleeding time and platelet adhesiveness. Br. J. Haematol. 7, 42–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Livio M., Gotti E., Marchesi D., Mecca G., Remuzzi K.G., de Gaetano G. 1982: Uraemic bleeding: role of anaemia and beneficial effect of red cell transfusions. Lancet 2, 1013–1015.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Small M., Lowe G.D.O., Cameron E., Forbes C.D. 1983: Contribution of the haematocrit to the bleeding time. Haemostasis 13, 379–384.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Jackson C.W., Smith P.J., Edwards C.C., Whidden M.A. 1979: Relationship between packed cell volume, platelets and platelet survival in red blood cell — hypertransfused mice. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 94, 505–509.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Challoner T., Bain B., Briggs C., Rampling M.W., Sirs J.A., Thomas D.J. 1981: Rheological, biochemical and haematological consequences of serial venesection. Abstracts of Second European Conference on Clinical Hemorheology, London, 1981, p. 40.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Turitto V.T., Baumgartner H.R. 1983: Platelet adhesion. In: Harker L.A., Zimmerman T.S. (eds). Measurements of platelet function. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 46–63.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ludlam C.A. 1981: Assessment of platelet function. In: Bloom A.L. and Thomas D.P. (eds). Haemostasis and thrombosis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone pp. 775–795.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Turitto V.T., Weiss H.J. 1980: Red blood cells — their dual role in thrombus formation. Science 207, 541–543.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Aarts P.A.M.M., Bolhus P.A., Sakariassen K.S., Heethar R.M., Sixma J.J. 1983: Red blood cell size is important for adherence of blood platelets to artery subendothelium. Blood 62, 214–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Aarts P.A.M.M., Heethar R.M., Sixma J.J. 1984: Red blood cell deformability influences platelets — vessel wall interaction in flowing blood. Blood 64, 1228–1233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kinlough-Rathbone R.L., Packham M.A., Mustard J.F. 1983: Platelet aggregation. In: Harker L.A., Zimmerman T.S. (eds). Measurements of platelet function. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 64–91.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Born G.V.R. 1962: Aggregation of blood platelets by adenosine diphosphate and its reversal. Nature 194, 927–929.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. O’Brien J.R. 1962: Platelet aggregation. I. Some effects of the adenosine phosphates, thrombin and cocaine upon platelet adhesiveness. J. Clin. Pathol. 15, 446–452.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Frojmovie M.M. 1973: Quantitative parameterization of the light transmission properties of citrated, platelet-rich plasma as a function of platelet and adenosine diphosphate concentrations and temperature. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 82, 137–153.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Yu S.K., Latour J.G., Marchandise B., Bois M. 1978: Shear stress-induced changes in platelet reactivity. Thrombos. Haemostas. 40, 551–560.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Wurzinger L.J., Optiz R., Blasberg P., Eschweiler H., Schmid-Schonbein H. 1983: The role of hydrodynamic factors in platelet activation and thrombotic events: the effects of shear stress of short duration. In: Schettler G., Nerem R.M., Schmid-Schonbein H., Mori H., Diehm C. (eds). Fluid dynamics as a localizing factor for atherosclerosis. Berlin: Springer Verlag pp. 91–102.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Anderson G.H., Heliums J.D., Moake J., Alfrey C.P. Jr. 1978: Platelet response to shear stress: changes in serotonin uptake, serotonin release, and ADP-induced aggregation. Thrombos. Res. 13, 1039–1047.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Stevens D.E., Joist J.H., Sutera S.P. 1980: Role of platelet-prostaglandin synthesis in shear-induced platelet alterations. Blood 56, 753–758.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Born G.V.R. 1977: Fluid-mechanical and biochemical interactions in haemostasis. Br. Med. Bull. 33, 193–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Zwaal R.F.A., Rosing J., Tans G., Bevers E.M., Hemker H.C. 1980: Topological and kinetic aspects of phospholipids in blood coagulation. In: Mann K.G., Taylor F.B. (eds): The regulation of coagulation. New York: Elsevier North Holland, pp. 95–112.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Yung W., Frojmovic M.M. 1982: Platelet aggregation in laminar flow — ADP concentration, time and shear rate dependence. Thrombos. Res. 28, 361–377.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Moritz M.W., Reimers R.C., Baker R.K., Sutera S.P., Joist J.H. 1983: Role of cytoplasmic and releasable ADP in platelet aggregation induced by laminar shear stress. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 101, 537–544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Jen C.J., Mclntire L.V. 1984: Characteristics of shear-induced aggregation in whole blood. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 103, 115–124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Dewitz T.S., Martin R.R., Hung T.C., Mclntire L.V. 1977: Mechanical trauma in leukocytes. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 90, 728–736.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hellem A.J. 1960: The adhesiveness of human blood platelets in vitro. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Supplement 51, 1–117.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hellem A.J., Odegaard A.E., Skalhegg B.A. 1963: Investigations on adenosine diphosphate (ADP) induced platelet adhesiveness in vitro. I. The ADP-platelet reaction in various experimental conditions. Thrombos. Diath. Haemorrh. 10, 70–80.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Harrison M.J.G., Mitchell J.R.A. 1966: The influence of red blood-cells on platelet adhesiveness. Lancet ii, 1163–1164.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Schmid-Schonbein H., Born G.V.R., Richardson P.D., Cusack N., Rieger H., Forst R., Rohling-Winkel I., Blasberg P., Wehmeyer A. 1981: Rheology of thrombotic processes in flow — the interaction of erythrocytes and thrombocytes subjected to high flow forces. Biorheology 18, 415–444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Reimers R.C., Sutera S.P., Joist J.H. 1984: Potentiation by red blood cells of shear-induced platelet aggregation: relative importance of chemical and physical mechanisms. Blood 64, 1200–1206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Born G.V.R., Bergqvist D., Arfors K.E. 1976: Evidence for inhibition of platelet activation in blood by a drug effect on erythrocytes. Nature 259, 233–235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bergqvist D., Arfors K.E. 1980: Haemostatic platelet plug formation in the isolated rabbit mesenteric preparation — an analysis of red blood cell participation. Thrombos. Haemostas. 44, 6–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Zawilska K.M., Born G.V.R., Begent N.A. 1982: Effect of ADP-utilising enzymes on the arterial bleeding time in rats and rabbits. Br. J. Haematol. 50, 317–325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Born G.V.R., Wehmeyer A. 1979: Inhibition of platelet thrombus formation by chlorpromazine acting to diminish haemolysis. Nature 282, 212–213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Zahavi J.: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Aursnes I., Gjesdal K., Abildgaard U. 1981: Platelet aggregation induced by ADP from unsheared erythrocytes at physiological Ca+ + concentration. Br. J. Haematol. 47, 149–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Aursnes I., Vikholm V. 1984: On a possible interaction between ADP and mechanical stimulation in platelet activation. Thrombos. Haemostas. 51, 54–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Saniabadi A.R., Lowe G.D.O., Barbenel J.C., Forbes C.D. 1984: A comparison of spontaneous platelet aggregation in whole blood with platelet rich plasma: additional evidence for the role of ADP. Thrombos. Haemostas. 51, 115–118.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Saniabadi A.R., Lowe G.D.O., Barbenel J.C., Forbes C.D. 1984: Haematocrit, bleeding time, and platelet aggregation. Lancet i, 1409–1410.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Burgess-Wilson M.E., Green S., Heptinstall S., Mitchell J.R.A. 1984: Spontaneous platelet aggregation in whole blood: dependence on age and haematocrit. Lancet ii, 1213.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Turitto V.T., Baumgartner H.R. 1979: Platelet interaction with subendothelium in flowing rabbit blood: effects of blood shear rate. Microvasc. Res. 17, 38–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Juhan I., Buonocore M., Jouve R., Vague P., Moulin J.P., Vialettes B. 1982: Abnormalities of erythrocyte deformability and platelet aggregation in insulin-dependent diabetics corrected by insulin in vivo and in vitro. Lancet i, 535–537.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Lowe G.D.O. 1984: Defibrination, blood flow and blood rheology. Clin. Hemorheol. 4, 15–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Zucker M.B., Vroman I. 1969: Platelet adhesion induced by fibrinogen adsorbed onto glass. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med. 131, 318–320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Hamer J.D., Ashton F., Meynell M.J. 1973: Factors affecting prognosis in the surgery of peripheral vascular disease: platelet adhesiveness, plasma fibrinogen and fibrinolysis. Br. J. Surg. 60, 386–389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Lyman B., Rosenberg L., Karpatkin S. 1971: Biochemical and biophysical aspects of human platelet adhesion to collagen fibers. J. Clin. Invest. 50, 1854–1863.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Lowe G.D.O., Reavey M.M., Johnston R.V., Forbes C.D., Prentice C.R.M. 1979: Increased platelet aggregates in vascular and non-vascular illness — correlation with plasma fibrinogen and effect of ancrod. Thrombos. Res. 14, 377–386.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Meade T.W., Vickers M.V., Thompson S.G., Stirling Y., Haines A.P., Miller G.J. 1985: Epidemiological characteristics of platelet aggregability. Br. Med. J. 290, 428–432.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Egberg N., Johnsson H. 1972: Platelet aggregation induced by ADP and thrombin in reptilase defibrinated dogs. Thrombos. Res. 1, 95–112.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Turpie A.G.G., McNicol G.P., Douglas A.S. 1972: Platelet electrophoresis: effect of defibrination by ancrod (Arvin). Cardiovasc. Res. 6, 101–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Schultz J.S., Ciarkowski A.A., Lindenauer S.M., Penner J.A. 1978: Effects of hematological parameters on thrombus formation. Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Intern, organs. 24, 565–567.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ernst E., Matrai A., Dormandy J.A. 1984: Shear dependence of blood coagulation. Clin. Hemorheol. 4, 395–399.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Ardlie N.G., Kinlough R.L., Schwartz C.J. 1966: In vitro thrombosis and platelet aggregation in myocardial infarction. Br. Med. J. i, 888–891.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Freidman A.H., Cliffton E.E. 1958: Effect of fibrinogen concentration on susceptibility of clots to in vitro lysis with plasmin. Thrombos. Diath. Haemorrh. 2, 269–278.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Brass E.P., Forman W.B., Edwards R.V., Lindan O. 1976: Fibrin formation: the role of the fibrinogen-fibrin monomer complex. Thrombos. Haemostas. 36, 37–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Copley A.L. (ed) 1983: The Endoendothelial Fibrin Lining. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 160 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Copley A.L., King R.G. 1984: A survey of surface hemorheological experiments on the inhibition of fibrinogenin formation employing surface layers of fibrinogen systems with heparins and other substances. A contribution on antithrombogenic action. Thrombos. Res. 35, 237–256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Karino T., Motomiya M. 1984: Flow through a venous valve and its implication for thrombus formation. Thrombos. Res. 36, 245–257.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Hamer J.D., Malone P.C., Silver I.A. 1981: The PO2 in venous valve pockets: its possible bearing on thrombogenesis. Br. J. Surg. 68, 166–170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Okoye G.C., Evans J.H., Beattie J., Lowe G.D.O., Lorimer A.R., Forbes C.D. 1984: Response of femoral venous oxygen tension to graduated pressure stockings — possible relationship to deep vein thrombosis. Thrombos. Haemostas. 51, 103–104.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Kakkar V.V. 1981: Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Clin. Haematol. 10, 543–582.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Chien S. 1975: Biophysical behavior of red cells in suspensions. In: Surgenor D.M. (ed). The Red Blood Cell. New York: Academic Press, pp. 1031–1133.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Wessler S. 1975: Factors in the initiation of deep venous thrombosis. In: Nicolaides A.N. (ed). Thromboembolism. Lancaster: Medical and Technical Publishing Co. pp. 9–28.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Lowe G.D.O. 1984: Blood rheology and venous thrombosis. Clin. Hemorheol. 4, 571–588.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Meyerowitz B.R., Nelson R. 1964: Measurement of the velocity of blood in lower limb veins with and without compression. Surgery 56, 481–486.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Wilkins R.W., Stanton J.R. 1953: Elastic stockings in the prevention of pulmonary embolism. N. Engl. J. Med. 248, 1087–1091.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Moyses C., Michel C.C. 1984: Fluid balance between blood and tissues in the feet. Int. J. Microcirc. Clin. Exper. 3, 354 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  79. Pearson T.C., Wetherley-Mein G. 1978: Vascular occlusive episodes and venous haematocrit in primary proliferative polycythaemia. Lancet ii, 1219–1222.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Wasserman L.R., Gilbert H.S. 1963: Surgery in polycythaemia vera. N. Engl. J. Med. 269, 1226–1230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Lawson D.H., Parker J.L.W. 1976: Deaths from severe megaloblastic anaemia in hospitalised patients. Scand. J. Haematol. 17, 347–352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Mossey R.T., Kasabian A.A. Wilkes B.M., Mailloux L.U., Susin M., Bluestone P.A. 1982: Pulmonary embolism. Low incidence in chronic renal failure. Arch. Intern. Med. 142, 1646–1648.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Dormandy J.A. 1971: Influence of blood viscosity on blood flow and the effects of low molecular dextran. Br. Med. J. iv, 716–719.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Lowe G.D.O., Osborne D.H., McArdle B.M., Smith A., Carter D.C., Forbes C.D., McLaren D., Prentice C.R.M. 1982: Prediction and selective prophylaxis of venous thrombosis in elective gastrointestinal surgery. Lancet 1, 409–412.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Jones E.W., Mitchell J.R.A. 1983: Venous thrombosis in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 25, 502–505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Lowe G.D.O., Campbell A.F., Meek D.R., Forbes C.D., Prentice C.R.M., Cummings S.W. 1978: Subcutaneous ancrod in prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after operation for fractured neck of femur. Lancet 2, 698–700.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Belch J.J.F., Meek D.R., Lowe G.D.O., Campbell A.F., Young A.B., Forbes C.D., Prentice C.R.M. 1982: Subcutaneous ancrod in prevention of deep vein thrombosis after hip replacement surgery. Thrombos. Res. 25, 23–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Meissner A.G., O’Sullivan G., MacBeth R.A. 1976: The effect of defibrinogenation on pulmonary embolism in dogs. Thrombos. Diath. Haemorrh. 36, 140–145.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. McGrath M.A., Wechsler F., Hunyor A.B.L., Penny R. 1978: Systemic factors contributing to retinal vein occlusion. Arch. Intern. Med. 138, 216–220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Ring C.P., Pearson T.C., Sanders M.D., Wetherley-Mein G. 1976: Viscosity and retinal vein thrombosis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 60, 397–410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Trope G.E., Lowe G.D.O., McArdle B.M., Douglas J.T., Forbes C.D., Prentice C.R.M., Foulds W.S. 1983: Abnormal blood viscosity and haemostasis in long-standing retinal vein occlusion. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 67, 137–142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Lowe G.D.O. 1984: Anticoagulants in cardiac thromboembolism, cardiac surgery, peripheral arterial disease and cerebrovascular disease. In: Meade T.W. (ed). Anticoagulants and Myocardial Infarction. A Reappraisal. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 203–221.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Asinger R.W., Mikell F.L., Elsperger J., Hodges M. 1981: Incidence of left ventricular thrombosis after acute transmural myocardial infarction: serial evaluation by two-dimenional echocardiography. N. Engl. J. Med. 305, 297–302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Naumann A. 1979: Fluid dynamic aspects of mechanical haemolysis. In: Schmid-Schönbein H., Teitel P. (eds). Basic aspects of blood trauma. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, pp. 205–219.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Woolf N. 1982: Pathology of atherosclerosis. London: Butterworth Scientific, 322 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Caro C.G. 1977: Mechanical factors in atherogenesis. In: Hwang W.H.C., Norman W.A. (eds). Cardiovascular flow dynamics and measurements. Baltimore: University Park Press, pp. 473–487.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Harker L.A., Schwartz S.M., Ross R. 1981: Endothelium and arteriosclerosis. Clin. Haematol. 10, 283–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Fox J.A., Hugh A.E. 1966: Localization of atheroma. A theory based on boundary layer separation. Br. Heart J. 28, 388–399.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Rowntree L.G., Shionaya T. 1927: Studies in experimental extracorporeal thrombus formation. Method for direct observation of extracorporeal thrombus formation. J. Exp. Med. 46, 7–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Mustard J.F., Murphy E.A., Rowsell H.C., Downie H.G. 1962: Factors influencing thrombus formation in vivo. Amer. J. Med. 33, 621–647.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Miiller-Mohnssen H. 1976: Experimental results to the deposition hypothesis of atherosclerosis. Thrombos. Res. 8, 553–566.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Lowe G.D.O., Drummond M.M., Lorimer A.R., Hutton I., Forbes C.D., Prentice C.R.M., Barbenel J.C. 1980: Relationship between extent of coronary artery disease and blood viscosity. Br. Med. J. 1, 673–674.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Rhoads C.G., Blackwelder W.C., Stemmerman G.N., Hayashi T., Kagan A. 1978: Coronary risk factors and autopsy findings in Japanese-American men. Lab. Invest. 38, 304–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Tohgi H., Yamanouchi H., Murakami M., Kameyama M. 1978: Importance of haematocrit as a risk factor in cerebral infarction. Stroke 9, 369–374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Harrison M.J.G., Pollock S., Kendall B.E., Marshall J. 1981: Effect of haematocrit on carotid stenosis and cerebral infarction. Lancet 2, 114–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Smith E.B., Alexander K.M., Massie I.B. 1976: Insoluble “fibrin” in human aortic intima. Quantitative studies on the relationship between insoluble “fibrin”, soluble fibrinogen and low density lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis 23, 19–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Sadoshima S., Tanaka K. 1979: Fibrinogen and low density lipoprotein in the development of cerebral atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 34, 93–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Copley A.L. 1981: Hemorheological aspects of the endo-endothelial fibrin lining and of fibrinogen gel clotting. Their importance in physiology and pathological conditions. Clin. Hemorheol. 1, 9–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Kostis J.B., Turkerich D., Sharp J. 1984: Association between leukocyte count and the presence and extent of coronary atherosclerosis as determined by coronary arteriography. Amer. J. Cardiol. 53, 997–999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. De Wood M.A., Spores J., Notske R., Mouser L.T., Burroughs R., Golden M.S., Lang H.T. 1980: Prevalence of total coronary artery occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 303, 897–902.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Davies M.J., Thomas A. 1984: Thrombosis and acute coronary artery lesions in sudden cardiac ischaemic death. N. Engl. J. Med. 310, 1137–1140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Capone G. J., Meyer B.B., Wolf N.M., Meister S.G. 1984: Incidence of intracoronary thrombi in patients with active unstable angina pectoris. Circulation 70, Supplement II, 415 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  113. Meade T.W., Howarth D.J., Stirling Y., Welch T.P., Crompton M.R. 1984: Fibrinopeptide A and sudden coronary death. Lancet 2, 607–609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Constantinides P. 1966: Plaque fissure in human coronary thrombosis. J. Atheroscler. Res. 6, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Slaney G., Hamer J.D. 1973: Arterial embolism. In: Birnstingl M. (ed). Peripheral vascular surgery. London: Heinemann pp. 189–210.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Gautier J.C. 1979: Arterial pathology in cerebral ischaemia and infarction. In: Greenhalgh R.M., Rose F.C. (eds). Progress in Stroke Research I. Tunbridge Wells: Pitman Medical, pp. 28–39.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Harrison M.J.G. 1982: Pathogenesis. In: Warlow C., Morris P.J. (eds): Transient ischaemic attacks. New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 21–46.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Haerem J.W. 1972: Platelet aggregates in intramyocardial vessels of patients dying suddenly and unexpectedly of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 15, 199–213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Elwood P.C., Benjamin I.T., Waters W.E., Sweetnam P.M. 1974: Mortality and anaemia in women. Lancet 1, 891–894.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Dawber T.R., Wolf P.A., Colton T., Nickerson R.J. 1977: Risk factors: comparison of the biological data in myocardial and brain infarctions. In: Zulch K.J., Kaufmann W., Hossman R.A., Hossman V. (eds). Brain and heart infarct. Berlin: Springer Verlag, pp. 226–252.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Böttiger L.E., Carlson L.A. 1980: Risk facors for ischaemic vascular death for men in the Stockholm Prospective Study. Atherosclerosis 36, 389–408.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Sorlie P.D., Garcia-Palmieri M.R., Costas R., Havlik R. 1981: Hematocrit and risk of coronary heart disease: the Puerto Rico Heart Health Program. Amer. Heart J. 101, 456–461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Carter C., McGee D., Reed D., Yano K., Stemmermann G. 1983: Hematocrit and the risk of coronary heart disease: the Honolulu Heart Program. Amer. Heart J. 105, 674–679.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Friedman G.D., Klatsky A.L., Siegelaub A.B. 1974: The leukocyte count as a predictor of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 290, 1275–1278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Zalokar J.B., Richard J.L., Claude J.R. 1981: Leukocyte count, smoking and myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 304, 465–468.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Prentice R.L., Szatrowski T.P., Fujikura T., Kato H., Mason M.W., Hamilton H.H. 1982: Leukocyte counts and coronary heart disease in a Japanese cohort. Amer. J. Epidemiol. 116, 496–509.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Meade T.W., North W.R.S., Chakrabarti R., Stirling Y., Haines A.P., Thompson S.G., Brozovic M. 1980: Haemostatic function and cardiovascular death: early results of a prospective study. Lancet 1, 1050–1054.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Stone M.C., Thorp J.M. 1983: Plasma fibrinogen — a major coronary risk factor. In: Lenzi S., Descovitch G.C. (eds). Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Bologna: Editrice Compositori, pp. 3–10.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Wilhelmsen L., Svardsudd K., Korsan-Bengtsen K., Larsson B., Welin L., Tibblin G. 1984: Fibrinogen as a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 311, 501–505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Heyman A., Karp H.R., Heyden S., Bartel A., Cassel J.C., Tyroler H.A., Harnes C.G. 1971: Cerebrovascular disease in the biracial population of Evans County, Georgia. Arch. Intern. Med. 128, 949–955.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Kännel W.B., Gordon T., Wolf P.A., McNamara P. 1972: Hemoglobin and the risk of cerebral infarction: the Framingham Study. Stroke 3, 409–420.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Kagan A., Popper J.S., Rhoads G.G. 1980: Factors related to stroke incidence in Hawaii Japanese men: the Honolulu Heart Study. Stroke 11, 14–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Prentice R.L., Szatrowski T.P., Kato H., Mason M.W. 1982: Leukocyte counts and cerebrovascular disease. J. Chron. Dis. 35, 703–714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Committee of Principal Investigators 1984: W.H.O. Co-operative trial on primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease with clofibrate to lower serum cholesterol: final mortality follow-up. Lancet ii, 600–604.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Garcia J.H., Conger K.A., Lossinsky A.S., Kauffmann F.C. 1979: Ultrastructural and biochemical evidence for reversibility of regional cerebral ischaemia. In: Zulch K.J., Kaufmann W., Hossmann K.-A., Hossmann V. (eds). Brain and heart infarct II. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 157–170.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Biro G.P. 1981: Effect of hemodilution with dextran, stroma-free hemoglobin solution and fluosol-DA on experimental myocardial ischemia in the dog. Bibl. Haematol. 47, 54–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Fischer E.G., Ames A. 1972: Studies on mechanisms of impairment of cerebral circulation following ischaemia: effect of hemodilution and perfusion pressure. Stroke 3, 538–542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Kloner R.A., Ganote C.E., Jennings R.B. 1974: The “no-reflow” phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. J. Clin. Invest. 54, 1496–1508.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Dahlgren M.D., Peterson M.A., Engler R.L., Schmid-Schdnbein G.W. 1984: Leukocyte rheology in cardiac ischemia. In: Meiselman H.J., Lichtman M.A., LaCelle P.L. (eds). White cell mechanics. Basic science and clinical aspects. New York: Alan R.Liss, Inc., pp. 271–283.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Bagge U. 1984: Leukocytes and capillary perfusion in shock. In: Meiselman H.J., Lichtman M.A., LaCelle P.L. (eds). White cell mechanics. Basic science and clinical aspects. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 285–294.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Lowe G.D.O., Jaap A.J., Forbes C.D. 1983: Relation of atrial fibrillation and high haematocrit to mortality in acute stroke. Lancet i, 784–786.

    Google Scholar 

  142. The National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke 1981: The national survey of stroke. Stroke 121, Supplement 23–24.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Fletcher A.P., Alkjaersig N., Davies A., Lewis M., Brooks J., Hardin W., Landau W., Raichle M. 1976: Blood coagulation and plasma fibrinolytic enzyme system pathophysiology in stroke. Stroke 7, 337–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Pollock S., Tsitsopoulos P., Harrison M.J.G. 1982: The effect of hematocrit on cerebral perfusion and clinical status following carotid occlusion in the gerbil. Stroke 13, 167–170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Grotta J., Ackerman R., Correia J., Fallick G., Chang J. 1982: Whole blood viscosity parameters and cerebral blood flow. Stroke 13, 296–301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Gottstein U. 1981: Normovolemic and hypervolemic hemodilution in cerebrovascular ischemia. Bibl. Haematol. 47, 127–138.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Hossmann V., Heiss W.D., Bewermeyer H., Wiedemann G. 1983: Controlled trial of ancrod in ischemic stroke. Arch. Neurol. 40, 803–808.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Yamakawa T. 1982: Dynamics of white blood cells and red blood cells in microcirculatory networks of the cat brain cortex during hemorrhagic shock: intravital microscopic study. Microvasc. Res. 24, 218.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Hartmann A. 1981: Effect of pentoxifylline on regional cerebral blood flow in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Pharmatherapeutica 2, 528–531.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Schmalzer E.A., Chien S. 1984: Filterability of subpopulations of leukocytes: effect of Pentoxifylline. Blood 64, 542–546.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Hershberg P.L, Wells R.E., McGandy R.B. 1972: Hematocrit and prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 219, 855–860.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Haines A.P., Howarth D., North W.R.S., Goldenberg E., Stirling Y., Meade T.W., Raftery E.B., Millar-Craig M.W. 1983: Haemostatic variables and the outcome of myocardial infarction. Thrombos. Hemostas. 50, 800–803.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. European Collaborative Study Group ( 1979: Streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 301, 797–802.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Schlant R.C., Forman S., Stamler J., Canner P.L. 1982: The natural history of coronary heart disease: prognostic factors after recovery from myocardial infarction in 2789 men. The 5-year findings of the Coronary Drug Project. Circulation 66, 401–414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Lowe G.D.O., Machado S.G., Krol W.F., Forbes C.D. 1985: White cell count and recurrent coronary events after myocardial infarction — an effect of myocardial capillary plugging ? Clin. Sci. 68, Suppl. 11, 32P (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  156. Remuzzi G., Livio M., Poletti E., Mecca G., de Gaetano G., Donati M.B. 1978: Factors influencing the occlusion of vascular access for regular haemodialysis. A retrospective analysis. In: Coccheri S. (ed). Proceedings of 5th International Congress on thromboembolism. Bologna: Quaderni della Coagulazione, p. 248.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Harris P.L., Harvey D.R., Bliss B.P. 1978: The importance of plasma lipids, glucose, insulin and fibrinogen in femoropopliteal surgery. Br. J. Surg. 65, 197–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Brozovic M. 1981: Acquired disorders of blood coagulation. In: Bloom A.L., Thomas D.P. (eds). Haemostasis and thrombosis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 411–438.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Gurewich V., Lipinski B., Hyde E. 1976: The effect of the fibrinogen concentration and the leukocyte count on intravascular fibrin deposition from soluble fibrin monomer complexes. Thrombos. Haemostas. 36, 605–614.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. McKee L.C., Collins R.D. 1974: Intravascular leukocytic thrombi and aggregates as a cause of morbidity and mortality in leukaemias. Medicine 53, 463–478.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Lichtman M.A., Rowe J.M. 1982: Hyperleukocytic leukaemias: Rheological, clinical and therapeutic considerations. Blood 60, 279–283.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Harris A.L. 1978: Leukostasis associated with blood transfusion in acute myeloid leukaemia. Br. Med. J. ii, 1169–1171.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lowe, G.D.O. (1987). Thrombosis and hemorheology. In: Chien, S., Dormandy, J., Ernst, E., Matrai, A. (eds) Clinical Hemorheology. Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol 74. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4285-1_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4285-1_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8404-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4285-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics