Abstract
The peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., has its origin in the Andes of South America and was part of the native diet in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries throughout the Caribbean area (Hammons 1982). Its route of introduction to the New World seems to trace through South Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and finally to the North American colonies. Although the peanut is commonly known and used in the diet, the understanding of its reproduction has a long history of confusion in the literature because of the uncommon relationship between aerially borne flowers and subterranean fruits. The relationship between the flower and fruit was not fully clarified until 1950 (Gregory et al. 1973). Gregory et al. (1973) also point out that misinformation may still be found in the literature on this subject as late as 1969.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahmed, E. M., and Young, C. T. 1982. Composition, quality, and flavor of pea-nuts. In Peanut Science and Technology. H. E. Pattee and C. T. Young (Editors), pp. 655–688. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Yoakum, TX.
Altschul, A. M., Neucere, N. J., Woodham, A. A., and Dechary, J. M. 1964. A new classification of seed proteins: Application to the aleurins of Arachis hypogaea. Nature (London). 203, 501–504.
Amaya-F., J., Basha, S. M. M., and Young, C. T. 1978. Variation of total monosaccharides in developing peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Cienc. Cult. (Sao Paulo) 30, 79–82.
Basha, S. M. M., and Cherry, J. P. 1976. Composition, solubility, and gel elec- trophoretic properties of proteins from Florunner (Arachis hypogaea L.) peanut seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 24, 359–365.
Basha, S. M. M., Cherry, J. P., and Young, C. T. 1976. Changes in free amino acids, carbohydrates, and proteins of maturing seeds from various peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars. Cereal Chem. 53, 586–597.
Beattie, J. H. 1932. Effect of cold storage and age of seed on germination and yield of peanuts. U.S. Dep. Agric., Circ. 233.
Bensabat, L., Frampton, V. L., Allen, L. E., and Hill, R.A. 1958. Effect of processing on the epsilon-amino groups of lysine in peanut proteins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 6, 778.
Beuchat, L. R., Young, C. T., and Cherry, J. P. 1975. Electrophoretic patterns and free acid composition of peanut meal fermented with fungi. Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J. 8, 40–45.
Bledsoe, R. W., and Harris, H. C. 1950. The influence of mineral deficiency on vegetable growth, flower, and fruit production, and mineral composition of the peanut plant. Plant Physiol. 25, 63–67.
Bledsoe, R. W., Comar, C. L., and Harris, H. C. 1949. Absorption of radioactive calcium by the peanut fruit. Science 109, 329–331.
Brady, N. C. 1947. The effect of period of calcium supply and mobility of calcium in the plant on peanut fruit filling. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 12, 336–341.
Brady, N. C., Reed, J. F., and Colwell, W. E. 1948. The effect of certain mineral elements on peanut fruit filling. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 40, 155–167.
Brown, D. F., Senn, V. J., Stanley, J. B., and Dollear, F. G. 1972. Comparison of carbonyl compounds in raw and roasted Runner peanuts. I. Major qualitative and some quantitative differences. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20, 700–706.
Brown, D. F., Senn, V. J., and Dollear, F. G. 1973. Comparison of carbonyl compounds in roasted and nonroasted Spanish and Runner peanuts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 21, 463–467.
Brown, L. W., and Steele, J. L. 1973. Changes in grade factors of Virginia and North Carolina farmers stock peanuts during storage. J.Am.Peanut Res.Educ.Assoc. 5, 83–88.
Brown, M. L., Wadsworth, J. L, Dupuy, H. P., and Mozingo, R. W. 1977. Correlation of volatile components of raw peanuts with flavor score. Peanut Sci. 4, 54–56.
Buckholz, L. L., JR., Daun, H., Stier, E., and Trout, R. 1980. Influence of roasting time on sensory attributes of fresh roasted peanuts. J. Food Sci. 45, 547–554.
Bunting, A. H. 1955. A classification of cultivated groundnuts. Emp. J. Exp. Agric. 23, 158–170.
Burkhart, L., and Page, N. R. 1941. Mineral nutrient extraction and distribu-tion in the peanut plant. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 33, 743–755.
Cairncross, S. E., and Sjöström, L. B. 1950. Flavor profile: A new approach to flavor problems. Food Technol. 4 (8), 308–312.
Cartwright, L. C., and Kelley, P. H. 1951. Sharper flavor ratings with im-proved profile test. Food Eng. 23 (9), 71–73, 215.
Cecil, S. R. 1969. Dep. Food Sci., Univ. of Georgia, Experiment (personal communication).
Cherry, J. P., Young, C. T., and Beuchat, L. R. 1975. Changes in proteins and free and total amino acids of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) infected with Aspergillus parasilicus. Can. J. Bot. 53, 2639–2649.
Cherry, J. P., Beuchat, L. R., and Young, C. T. 1976. Protein and amino acid changes in peanut (Achis hypogaea L.) seeds infected with Aspergillus oryzae. J. Agric. Food Chem. 24, 79–85.
Clay, J. H. 1941. Marketing peanuts and peanut products. Misc. Publ.—U.S. Dep. Agric. 416.
Cobb, W. Y., and Johnson, B. R. 1973. Physiochemical properties of peanuts. In Peanuts: Culture and Uses, pp. 209–263. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Stillwater, OK.
Cobb, W. Y., and Swaisgood, H. E. 1971. Roasted peanut flavor and its relation to growth environment. J. Food Sci. 36, 538–539.
Colwell, W. E., and Brady, N. C. 1945A. The effect of calcium on yield and quality of large-seeded type peanuts. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 37, 413–428.
Colwell, W. E., and Brady, N. C. 1945B. The effect of calcium on certain characteristics of peanut fruit. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 37, 696–708.
Conkerton, E. J., and Ory, R. L. 1976. Peanut proteins as food supplements: A compositional study of selected Virginia and Spanish peanuts. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 53, 754–756.
Cox, F. R., and Reid, P. H. 1964. Calcium-boron nutrition as related to concealed damage in peanuts. Agron. J. 56, 173–176.
Crawford, R. V., and Hilditch, T. P. 1950. The component fatty acids and glycerides of groundnut oils. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1, 372–379.
Crompton, C. E., Wynne, J. C., and Isleib, T. G. 1979. Combining ability analysis of seed calcium content and adenosine phosphates in peanuts. Oleagineux 34, 71–75.
Daughtry, J. A., and Cox, F. R. 1973. Effect of calcium sources, rates and time of application on soil calcium level and yield of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Peanut Sci. 1, 68–72.
Daussant, J., Neucere, N. M., and Yatsu, L. 1969. Immunochemical studies on Arachis hypogaea proteins with particular reference to the reserve proteins. I. Characterization, distribution, and properties of alpha-arachin and alpha-con- arachin. Plant Physiol. 44, 471–479.
Davidson, J. I., JR., Whitaker, T. B., and Dickens, J. W. 1982. Grading, cleaning, storage, shelling, and marketing of peanuts in the United States. In Peanut Science and Technology. H. E. Pattee and C. T. Young (Editors), pp. 571–623. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Yoakum, TX.
Davis, N. D. 1961. Peanut storage studies: Effect of storage moisture on three vari¬eties of runner peanuts. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 38, 516–517.
Dawson, R., and Mcintosh, A. D. 1973. Varietal and environmental differences in the proteins of the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). J. Food Agric. 24, 597–609.
Dechary, J. M. 1963. Soluble proteins of the peanut cotyledons; purification and properties of alpha-conarachin. Proc., Seed Protein Conf. 1963, pp. 66–68.
Dechary, J. M., Talluto, K. F., Evans, W. J., Carney, W. B., and Altschul, A. M. 1961. Alpha-conarachin. Nature (London) 190, 1125–1126.
Derise, N. L., Lau, H. A., Ritchey, S. J., and Murphy, E. W. 1974. Yield, promixate composition, and mineral element content of three cultivars of raw and roasting peanuts. J. Food Sei. 39, 264–266.
Dickens, J. W., and Hutchison, R. S. 1976. Maintenance of Quality in Farmers Stock Peanuts during Storage, p. 16. Prepared by Peanut Administration Committee, Atlanta, GA.
Dieckert, J. W., Snowden, J. E., JR., Moore, A. T., Heizelmann, D. C., and Altschul, A. M. 1962. Composition of some subcellular fractions from seeds of Arachis hypogaea. J. Food Sci. 27, 321–325.
Eheart, J. F., Young, R. W., and Allison, A. H. 1955. Variety, type, year, and location effects on the chemical composition of peanuts. Food Res. 20, 497–505.
Ellis, B. H. 1961. A Guidebook for Sensory Testing. Met. Div., Res. Dev. Dep., Continental Can Co., Inc., Chicago, IL.
Emery, D. A., Gupton, C. L., and Hexem, R. O. 1966. Indexing the maturation of varietal and segregating populations of Virginia type peanuts. Proc. Natl. Peanut Res. Conf., 4th, 1966, pp. 25–30.
Feldheim, W., Mast, G., and Thran, U. 1978. Chemisch-physikalische Analyse und organoleptische Prüfung von Erdnüssen bei Verschiedenen Lagerungsbedingungen. Z. Lebensm.-Unters-Forsch. 167, 176–179.
Fore, S. P., Morris, N. J., Mack, C. H., Freeman, A. F., and Bickford, W. G. 1953. Factors affecting the stability of crude oils of 16 varieties of peanuts. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 30, 298–301.
Fore, S. P., Goldblatt, L. A., and Dupuy, H. P. 1972. Correlation of volatile components of peanut butter with flavor score. J. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Assoc. 4, 177–185.
Fore, S. P., Dupuy, H. P., and Wadsworth, J. I. 1976. Correlation of volatile components of peanut products with flavor score. I. Shelf life studies on peanut butter. Peanut Sci. 3, 86–89.
Gibbons, R. W., Bunting, A. H., and Smartt, J. 1972. The classification of varieties of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Euphytiea 21, 78–85.
Gilman, D. F., and Smith, O. D. 1977. Internal pericarp color as a subjective maturity index for peanut breeding. Peanut Sei. 4, 67–70.
Gregory, W. C., Gregory, M. P., Krapovickas, A., Smith, B. W., and Yar- Borough, J. A. 1973. Structures and genetic resources of peanuts. In Peanuts: Culture and Uses, pp. 47–133. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Assoc., Stillwater, OK.
Hammons, R. O. 1973. Genetics of Arachis hypogaea. In Peanuts: Culture and Uses, pp. 135–173. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Assoc., Stillwater, OK.
Hammons, R. O. 1982. Origin and early history of the peanut. In Peanut Science and Technology. H. E. Pattee and C. T. Young (Editors), pp. 1–20. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Yoakum, TX.
Hammons, R. O., Tai, P. Y. P., and Young, C. T. 1978. Arginine maturity index: Relationship with other traits in peanuts. Peanut Sci. 5, 68–71.
Harris, H. C., and Brolmann, J. B. 1966. Comparison of calcium and boron deficiencies of the peanut. I. Physiological and yield differences. Agron. J. 58, 575–578.
Har-Tzook, A. 1969. The effect of maturity upon fatty acid composition in the oil of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds. Curr. Sci. 38, 176.
Hoffpauir, C. L., and Guthrie, J. D. 1945. Chemical composition of peanuts: A literature review. Peanut J. Nut World 24 (6), 26–30.
Holaday, C. E. 1971. Appendix III. Report of the peanut quality committee. J. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Assoc. 3, 239–241.
Holaday, C. E., Cecil, S., and Bartlett, R. P. 1964. Quality evaluation of mechanically cured peanuts. Proc. Natl. Peanut Res. Conf., 3rd, 1964, pp. 91–99.
Holaday, C. E., Williams, E. J., and Chew, V. 1979. A method for estimating peanut maturity. J. Food Sci. 44, 254–256.
Holley, K. T., and Hammons, R. O. 1968. Strain and seasonal effect on peanut characteristics. Res. Bull.—Ga. Agric. Exp. Stn. 32.
Holley, K. T., and Young, C. T. 1963. The relationship of peanut maturity and pigments. Peanut improve. Work. Group, Proc. Peanut Res. Conf., 1963, pp. 52–59.
Hutchison, R. S. 1973. Precision in storing peanut quality. Peanut Farmer 9 (9), 22.
Irving, G. W., JR., and Fontaine, T. D. 1945. Purification and properties of arachain, a newly discovered proteolytic enzyme of the peanut. Arch. Biochem. 6, 351–364.
Johns, C. O., and Jones, D. B. 1916. The proteins of the peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. I. The globulins arachin and conarachin. J. Biol. Chem. 28, 77–87.
Johnson, B. R., Mozingo, R. W., and Young, C. T. 1973. Evaluation of Vir-ginia type peanuts for maturity using the free arginine content (AMI method). J. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Assoc. 5, 182–188.
Johnson, B. R., Mozingo, R. W., and Young, C. T. 1976. Evaluation of the arginine maturity index (AMI) method of maturity estimation for Virginia type peanuts. Peanut Sci. 3, 32–36.
Johnson, M. B., and Gilliland, C. B. 1960. Changes in farmers stock peanuts in storage. U.S. Dep. Agric., Mark. Res. Rep. 381.
Ketring, D. L. 1971. Physiology of oil seeds. HI. Response of initially high and low germinating spanish-type peanut seeds to three storage environments. Agron. J. 63, 435–438.
Koehler, P. E., Mason, M. E., and Newell, J. A. 1969. Formation of pyrazine compounds in sugar-amino acid model systems. J. Agric. Food Chem. 17, 393–396.
Koehler, P. E., Mason, M. E., and Odell, G. V. 1971. Odor threshold levels of pyrazine compounds and assessment of their role in the flavor of roasted foods. J. Food Sci. 36, 816–818.
Lusas, E. W. 1979. Food uses of peanut protein. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 56, 425–430.
Mason, M. E., and Waller, G. R. 1964. Isolation and localization of the precur-sors of roasted peanut flavor. J. Agric. Food Chem. 12, 274–278.
Mason, M. E., Johnson, B. R., and Hamming, M. C. 1966. Flavor components of roasted peanuts: Some low molecular weight pyrazines and a pyrrole. J. Agric. Food Chem. 14, 454–460.
Mason, M. E., Johnson, B. R., and Hamming, M. C. 1967. Volatile components of roasted peanuts: The major monocarbonyls and some monocarbonyl components. J. Agric. Food Chem. 15, 66–73.
Mason, M. E., Newell, J. A., Johnson, B. R., Koehler, P. E., and Waller, G. R. 1969. Nonvolatile flavor components of peanuts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 17, 728–732.
Mecredy, J. M., Sonnermann, J. C., and Lehmann, S. J. 1974. Sensory pro-filing of beer by a modified QDA method. Food Technol. 28 (11), 36–37, 40–41.
Metwalli, S. M., Zoucil, M. E., Mohamed, M. S., and Esmat, M. E. 1975. Preparation of high quality roasted and fried peanuts. I. Moisture content, lipase activity, and organoleptic quality of peanuts during roasting and frying. Alexandria J. Agric. Res. 23, 131–138.
Miller, O. H., and Burns, E. E. 1971. Internal color of Spanish peanut hulls as an index of kernel maturity. J. Food Sci. 36, 669–670.
Milutinovic, L., Bargmann, R. E., Chang, K. Y., Chastain, M, and Powers, J. J. 1970. Comparison of flavor and volatiles of tomato products and of peanuts. J. Food Sci. 35, 224–228.
Neucere, N. J., and Ory, R. L. 1970. Physico-chemical studies on the proteins of the peanut cotyledon and embryonic axis. Plant Physiol. 45, 616–619.
Neucere, N. J., Ory, R. L., and Carney, W. B. 1969. Effect of roasting on the stability of peanut protein. J. Agric. Food Chem. 17, 25–28.
Neucere, N. J., Conkerton, E. J., and Booth, A. N. 1972. Effect of heat on peanut proteins. II. Variations in nutritional quality of the meals. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20, 256–259.
Newell, J. A., Mason, M. E., and Matlock, R. S. 1967. Precursors of typical and atypical roasted peanut flavor. J. Agric. Food Chem. 15, 767–772.
Pal, R. N., and Laloraya, M. M. 1973. Calcium in relation to nitrogen metabo-lism. II. Changes in free amino acids and amides in peanut plants. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 164, 547–565.
Pang, L.-S. 1967. The influence of maturity and time of harvesting Spanish peanuts on peanut butter quality. M.S. Thesis. Dep. Agron., Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, (unpublished).
Pattee, H. E., and Purcell, A. E. 1967. Carotenoid pigments of peanut oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 44, 328–330.
Pattee, H. E., and Sessoms, S. L. 1967. Relationship between Aspergillus flavus growth, fat acidity and aflatoxin content in peanuts. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 44, 61–63.
Pattee, H. E., and Singleton, J. A. 1971. Observations concerning blanching and storage effects on the volatile profile and flavor of peanuts. J. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Assoc. 3, 189–194.
Pattee, H. E., and Singleton, J. A. 1972. Comparison of geographical and vari-etal effects on the peanut volatile profile by peak-ratio analysis. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 20, 1119–1124.
Pattee, H. E., and Young, C. T. (Editors) 1982. Peanut Science and Technology. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Yoakum, TX.
Pattee, H. E., Beasley, E. O., and Singleton, J. A. 1965. Isolation and identification of volatile components from high-temperature-cured off-flavor peanuts. J. Food Sci. 30, 388–392.
Pattee, H. E., Purcell, A. E., and Johns, E. B. 1969A. Changes in carotenoid and oil content during maturation of peanut seeds. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 46, 629–631.
Pattee, H. E., Singleton, J. A., and Cobb, W. Y. 1969B. Volatile components of raw peanuts: Analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J. Food Sci. 34, 625–627.
Pattee, H. E., Singleton, J. A., Johns, E. B., and Mullin, B. C. 1970. Changes in the volatile profile of peanuts and their relationship to enzyme activity levels during maturation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 18, 353–356.
Pattee, H. E., Singleton, J. A., and Johns, E. B. 1971. Effects of storage time and conditions on peanut volatiles. J. Agric. Food Chem. 19, 134–137.
Pattee, H. E., Johns, E. B., Singleton, J. A., and Sanders, T. H. 1974A. Composition changes of peanut fruit parts during maturation. Peanut Sci. 1, 57–62.
Pattee, H. E., Singleton, J. A., and Johns, E. B. 1974B. Pentane production by peanut lipoxygenase. Lipids 9, 302–306.
Pattee, H. E., Wynne, J. C., Young, J. H., and Cox, F. R. 1977. The seed-hull weight ratio as an index of peanut maturity. Peanut Sci. 4, 47–50.
Pattee, H. E. Wynne J. C., Sanders, T. H., and Schubert, A. M. 1980. Rela-tion of the seed/hull ratio to yield and dollar value in peanut production. Peanut Sci. 7, 74.
Pattee, H. E., Young, C. T., and Giesbrecht, F. G. 1981A. Free amino acids in peanuts as affected by seed size and storage time. Peanut Sci. 8, 113–116.
Pattee, H. E., Young, C. T., and Giesbrecht, F. G. 1981B. Seed size and storage effects on carbohydrates of peanuts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 29, 800–802.
Pattee, H. E., Young, C. T., Pearson, J. L., Singleton, J. A., and Giesbrecht, F. G. 1982A. Storage and moisture effects on peanut composi-tion and roasted flavor. Peanut Sci. 9, 98–101.
Pattee, H. E., Pearson, J. L., Young, C. T., and Giesbrecht, F. G. 1982B. Changes in roasted peanut flavor and other quality factors, with seed size and storage times. J. Food Sci. 47, 455–456, 460.
Person, N. K., JR. 1974. Change in grade of farmers stock peanuts stored in the Southwest. Peanut Sci. 1, 81–85.
Pickett, T. A. 1948. Storage effects on proteins of peanuts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70, 3516–3517.
Pickett, T. A. 1950. Composition of developing peanut seed. Plant Physiol. 25, 210–224.
Pickett, T. A., and Holley, K. T. 1952. Peanut roasting studies. Ga., Agric. Exp. Stn., Tech. Bull. 1, 1–36.
Powers, J. J., Cox, R. J., Elland, M. C., and Ackroyd-Kelly, P. A. 1971. Exposure of peanuts and peanut volatiles to light; Influence on flavor and gas chromatographic profile. Flavour Ind. 2, 87–92.
Reed, J. F., and Cummings, R. W. 1948. Use of soluble sources of calcium in plant growth. Soil Sci. 65, 103–109.
Rose, D. H. 1942. Storage conditions. In The Refigerating Data Book, pp. 205, 212, 213. Am. Soc. Refrig. Eng., New York.
Sanders, T. H. 1977. Changes in tannin-like compounds of peanut fruit parts during maturation. Peanut Sci. 4, 51–53.
Sanders, T. H. 1979. Effect of variety, location and year on tannin content of peanut seed coats. Peanut Sci. 6, 61–64.
Sanders, T. H., Pattee, H. E., and Singleton, J. A. 1975. Lipoxygenase iso-zymes of peanuts. Lipids 10, 681–685.
Sanders, T. H., Smith, J. S., JR., Lansden, J. A., and Davidson, J. I. 1981. Peanut quality changes associated with deficient warehouse storage. Peanut Sci. 8, 121–124.
Schenk, R. U. 1960. Source of the inner brown color on the peanut shell. Bot. Gaz.(Chicago) 121, 191–192.
Schenk, E. U. 1961. Development of the peanut fruit. Ga, Agric. Exp. Stn., Tech. Bull. [N.S.] 22, 1–53.
Sekhon, K. S., Ahuja, K. L., and Sandhu, R. S. 1970. Chemical composition of raw and roasted peanuts. Indian J. Nutr. Diet. 7, 243.
Shewfelt, A. L., and Young, C. T. 1977. Storage stability of peanut based foods: A review. J. Food Sci. 42, 1148–1152.
Singleton, J. A., Pattee, H. E., and Johns, E. B. 1971. Influence of curing temperatures on the volatile components of peanuts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 19, 130–133.
Singleton, J. A., Pattee, H. E., and Sanders, T. H. 1976. Production of flavor volatiles in enzyme and substrate enriched peanut homogenates. J. Food Sci. 41, 148–151.
Smith, H., Horwitz, W., and Weiss, W. 1962. The composition of roasted peanuts and peanut butter. J. Assoc. Off. Agric. Chem. 45, 734–739.
St. Angelo, A. J., and Mann, G. E. 1973. Peanut proteins. In Peanuts: Culture and Uses, pp. 559–592. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Assoc., Stillwater, OK.
St. Angelo, A. J., and Ory, R. L. 1975A. Effects of lipid peroxidation during stor-age on raw and roasted peanut proteins. Peanut Sci. 2, 41–44.
St. Angelo, A. J., and Ory, R. L. 1975B. Effects of lipoperoxides on proteins in raw and processed peanuts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 23, 141–146.
St. Angelo, A. J., and Ory, R. L. 1975C. Effect of minor constituents and additives upon peroxidation of oil in peanut butter. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 52, 38–40.
St. Angelo, A. J., Kuck, J. C., Hensarling, T. P., and Ory, R. L. 1977. Effects of water and spin blanching on oxidative stability of peanuts. Food Process. Pre- serv. 1, 249–260.
Stansbury, J. A., Field, M. F., and Guthrie, J. D. 1950. The tannin and relat-ed pigments in the red skins (testa) of peanut kernels. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 27, 317–321.
Stansbury, M. F., and Guthrie, J. D. 1947. Storage of cottonseed and peanuts under conditions which minimize changes in chemical composition. J. Agric. Res. 75, 49–55.
Stone, H., Sidel, J., Oliver, S., Woolsey, A., and Singleton, R. 1974. Sensory evaluation by quantitative descriptive analysis. Food Technol. 28 (11), 24, 26, 28–29, 32, 34.
Tai, Y. P., and Young, C. T. 1975. Genetic studies of peanut proteins and oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 52, 377–385.
Tharanathan, R. N., Wankhede, D. B., and Raghavendra Rao, M. R. 1976. Mono- and oligosaccharide composition of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). J. Food Sci. 41, 715–716.
Tharanathan, R. N., Wankhede, D. B., and Raghaendra Rao, M. R. 1976. Mono- and oligosaccharide composition of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). J. Food Sci. 41, 715–716.
Thomas, M. C., Lymen, C. M., Langley, B. C., and Senn, V. J. 1968. Some factors that affect quality in peanut product as determined by organoleptic evalua¬tion. Food Technol. 22 (11), 108–112.
Thompson, H., Cecil, S. R., and Woodroof, J. G. 1951. Storage of edible pea-nuts. Ga, Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 168, 1–43.
Uematsu, T., and Ishii, K. 1981. Effects of storage conditions on the quality of peanuts. Bull. Coll. Agric. Vet. Med., Nihon Univ. 38, 125–134.
Walker, M. E. 1975. Calcium requirements for peanuts. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 6, 299–313.
Ward, H. S., JR., and Diener, U. L. 1961. Biochemical changes in shelled peanuts caused by storage fungi. 1. Effects of Aspergillus tamarii, four species of A. glaucus group, and Penicillium citrinum. Phytopathology 51, 244–250.
Woodroof, J. G. 1945. Why moisture in peanuts should be controlled. Food Ind. 17, 1302–1304.
Woodroof, J. G. 1983. Peanuts: Production, Processing, Products, pp. 101, 121–150, 165–168, 230, 237. AVI Publishing Co., Westport, CT.
Woodroof, J. G., Thompson, H. H., and Cecil, S. R. 1947. Refrigeration of peanuts and peanut products. Refrig. Eng. 53, 124–128, 152.
Woodroof, J. G., Thompson, H. H., and Cecil, S. R. 1949. How refrigeration protects quality of peanuts. Food Ind. 21, 16–21, 139–140.
Worthington, R. E. 1969. Developmental changes in peanut lipid fatty acids. Proc. Natl. Peanut Res. Conf., 5th, 1968, pp. 87–98.
Worthington, R. E., and Hammons, R. O. 1971. Genotypic variation in fatty acid composition and stability of Arachis hypogaea L. oil. Oleagineux 26, 695–700.
Worthington, R. E., and Holley, K. T. 1967. The linolenic acid content of peanut oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 44, 515–516.
Worthington, R. E., Hammons, R. O., and Allison, J. R. 1972. Varietal differences and seasonal effects on fatty acid composition and stability of oil from 82 peanut genotypes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20, 727–730.
Young, C. T. 1973A. Automated measurement of free arginine in peanuts as a means to evaluate maturity and flavor. J. Agric. Food Chem. 21, 556–558.
Young, C. T. 1973B. Influence of drying temperature at harvest on major volatiles released during roasting of peanuts. J. Food Sci. 38, 125.
Young, C. T., and Hammons, R. O. 1973. Variations in the protein levels of a wide range of peanut genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.). Oleagineux 28, 293–297.
Young, C. T., and Holley, K. T. 1965. Comparison of peanut varieties in storage and roasting. Ga, Agric. Exp. Stn., Tech. Bull. [N.S.] 41, 1–30.
Young, C. T., and Mason, M. E. 1972. Free arginine content of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) as a measure of seed maturity. J. Food Sci. 37, 722–125.
Young, C. T., and Tai, Y. P. 1974. Variations in percent protein of individual seeds from five peanut plants. Agron. J. 66, 439–440.
Young, C. T., and Waller, G. R. 1972. Rapid oleic/linoleic microanalytical procedure for peanuts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20, 1116–1118.
Young, C. T., Mason, M. E., Matlock, R. S., and Waller, G. R. 1972. Effect of maturity on the fatty acid composition of eight varieties of peanuts grown at Perkins, Oklahoma in 1968. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 49, 314–317.
Young, C. T., Waller, G. R., and Hammons, R. O. 1973. Variation in total amino acid content of peanut meal. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 50, 521–523.
Young, C. T., Waller, G. R., Matlock, R. S., Morrison, R. D., and Hammons, R. O. 1974A. Some environmental factors affecting free amino acid composition in six varieties of peanuts. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 51, 265–268.
Young, C. T., Matlock, R. S., Mason, M. E., and Waller, G. R. 1974B. Effect of harvest date and maturity upon free amino acid levels in three varieties of peanut. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 51, 269–273.
Young, C. T., Worthington, R. E., Hammons, R. O., Matlock, R. S., Waller, G. R., and Morrison, R. D. 1974C. Fatty acid composition of Spanish peanut oils as influenced by planting location, soil moisture conditions, variety, and season. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 51, 312–315.
Young, C. T., Young, T. G., and Cherry, J. P. 1974D. The effect of roasting methods on the flavor and composition of peanut butter. Proc. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Assoc. 6, 8–16.
Young, C. T., Amaya-F., J., Mixon, A. C., And Norden, A. J. 1976. Study of the soluble amino compounds and total carbohydrates in the tests of six experimental peanut lines with varying A. flavus tolerance. Proc. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Assoc. 8, 100.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 The AVI Publishing Company, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pattee, H.E., Young, C.T., Oupadissakoon, C. (1985). Peanut Quality: Effects of Cultivar, Growth, Environment, and Storage. In: Pattee, H.E. (eds) Evaluation of Quality of Fruits and Vegetables. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4217-2_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4217-2_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8371-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4217-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive