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Propagation and Transformations of Cosmic Rays: From Sources to Earth

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Genesis and Propagation of Cosmic Rays

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIC,volume 220))

Abstract

The particles that are accelerated to cosmic ray energies show selection effects of an injection (or pre-injection) environment of 104 K, i.e., nuclei that are neutral near 104 K, due to high first ionization potentials, are reduced in abundance by a factor of about 6. Such temperatures (with corresponding energies of about 1 eV) are characteristic of stellar photospheres. A similar selection effect (related to migration of particles from the solar photosphere or chromosphere into the corona) affects the composition of the corona, the solar wind and solar flare particles. (Typical solar wind speeds of 400 km/sec correspond to energies of 103 eV.) The annual Galactic energy input into cosmic rays is about 1060 eV/year, (calculated from the cosmic ray energy density, galactic radio disk volume and cosmic ray confinement time therein). The corresponding number of cosmic rays accelerated per year is about 1051 with a mean energy near 109 eV. The above huge power output and number of particles accelerated is likely to be provided by shock waves of expanding supernova remnants ploughing into stellar wind zones. After acceleration, cosmic rays are confined for about 107 years in the Galactic radio disk (and probably even longer in the halo) suffering nuclear spallation reactions with the interstellar gas, mainly in the clouds.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Naval Research Laboratory, Hulburt Center for Space Research, Washington, DC, 20375, USA

    R. Silberberg & C. H. Tsao

  2. Severn Communications Corporation, Severna Park, 21146, MD, USA

    J. R. Letaw

  3. Alexandria, VA, USA

    M. M. Shapiro

Authors
  1. R. Silberberg
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  2. C. H. Tsao
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  3. J. R. Letaw
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  4. M. M. Shapiro
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA

    Maurice M. Shapiro (Director of the School, Co-Director of the Course) (Director of the School, Co-Director of the Course)

  2. Laboratory for Cosmic-Ray Physics (emeritus), Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA

    Maurice M. Shapiro (Director of the School, Co-Director of the Course) (Director of the School, Co-Director of the Course)

  3. 205 Yoakum Parkway, #1720, Alexandria, VA, 22304, USA

    Maurice M. Shapiro (Director of the School, Co-Director of the Course) (Director of the School, Co-Director of the Course)

  4. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803-4001, USA

    John P. Wefel (Co-Director of the Course) (Co-Director of the Course)

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© 1988 D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland

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Silberberg, R., Tsao, C.H., Letaw, J.R., Shapiro, M.M. (1988). Propagation and Transformations of Cosmic Rays: From Sources to Earth. In: Shapiro, M.M., Wefel, J.P. (eds) Genesis and Propagation of Cosmic Rays. NATO ASI Series, vol 220. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4025-3_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4025-3_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8286-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4025-3

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