Abstract
Detailed experimental procedures are given for the chemical synthesis from aniline of analytically pure emeraldine hydrochloride, a highly conducting polymer derived from the emeraldine oxidation state of polyaniline, which contains equal numbers of oxidized and reduced repeat units, the non-protonated base form of which has the composition,. In the as-synthesized polymer, ∼ 42% of the nitrogen atoms are protonated i.e. “doped”. Treatment of this material with 1.0M aqueous HCl gives by elemental analysis, the most highly conducting (metallic) form of the emeraldine oxidation state of polyaniline in which 50% of the nitrogen atoms are protonated. Experimental details are given for converting the as-formed emeraldine hydrochloride to analytically pure emeraldine base. The conductivities of samples of emeraldine base protonated by aqueous HCl to various extents as determined by elemental analysis are reported. Electrochemical studies involving the emeraldine base are consistent with its having a composition very close to the proposed composition involving equal numbers of oxidized and reduced repeat units.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
A. G. Green and A.E. Woodhead, J. Chem. Soc. 97 (1910) 2388.
A. G. Green and A.E. Woodhead, ibid., 101 (1912) 1117.
R. de Surville, M. Jozefowicz, J. H. Perichon and R. Buvet, Electrochim. Acta, 13 (1968) 1451.
M. Jozefowicz, J. H. Perichon, L. T. Yu and R. E. Buvet, U.K. Patent No. 1 216 549 (1970).
J. Langer, Solid State Commun., 26 (1978) 839.
A. F. Diaz and J. A. Logan, J. Electroanal. Chem., 111 (1980) 111.
G. Mengoli, M. T. Munari, P. Bianco and M. M. Musiani, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 26 (1981) 4247.
R. Noufi, A. J. Nozik, J. White and L. F. Warren, J. Electrochem. Soc., 129 (1982) 2261.
T. Kobayashi, H. Yoneyama and H. Tamura, J. Electroanal. Chem., 161 (1984) 419.
T. Kobayashi, H. Yoneyama and H. Tamura, J. Electroanal. Chem., 177 (1984) 281.
T. Kobayashi, H. Yoneyama and H. Tamura, J. Electroanal. Chem., 177 (1984) 293.
T. Ohsaka, Y. Ohnuki, N. Oyama, G. Katagiri and K. Kamisako, J. Electroanal. Chem., 161 (1984) 399.
A. Kitani, J. Izumi, J. Yano, Y. Hiromoto and K. Sasaki, Bull. Chem. Soc. (Japan), 57 (1984) 2254.
E. M. Genies, A. A. Syed and C. Tsintavis, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 121 (1985) 181.
D. W. DeBerry, J. Electrochem. Soc., 132 (1985) 1022.
C. M. Carlin, L. J. Kepley and A. J. Bard, J. Electrochem. Soc., 132 (1985) 353.
M Kaneko and H. Nakamura, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1985) 346.
E. W. Paul, A. J. Ricco and M. S. Wrighton, J. Phys. Chem., 89 (1985) 1441.
A. G. MacDiarmid, J. C. Chiang, M. Halpern, WT.’S. Huang, S. L. Mu, N. L. D. Somasiri, W. Wu and S. I. Yaniger, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 121 (1985) 173.
A. G. MacDiarmid, S. L. Mu, N. L. D. Somasiri and W. Wu, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 121 (1985) 187.
W. R. Salaneck, B. Liedberg, O. Inganas, R. Erlandsson, I. Lundstrom, A. G. MacDiarmid, M. Halpern and N. L. D. Somasiri, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 121 (1985) 191.
A. G. MacDiarmid, J. C. Chiang, W. S. Huang, B. D. Humphrey and N. L. D. Somasiri, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 125 (1985) 309.
J. P. Travers, J. Chroboezek, F. Devreux, F. Genoud. M. Nechtschein, A. Syed, E. M. Genies and C. Tsintavis, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 121 (1985) 195.
J. C. Chiang and A.G. MacDiarmid, Synth. Met., 13 (1986) 193.
Schwarzkopf Microanalytical Laboratory, Woodside, N.Y., 11377 (USA)
M. Angelopoulos and A. G. MacDiarmid, unpublished observations, (1986).
A. G. MacDiarmid, J. C. Chiang, A. F. Richter and A. J. Epstein, Synth. Met., in press (1986).
A. G. MacDiarmid, J. C. Chiang, A. F. Richter, unpublished observation (1986).
C. H. Rochester, Acidity Function, Academic Press, New York, 1970, P. 39.
W. S. Huang and A. G. MacDiarmid, submitted to J. Am. Chem. Soc.,(1986).
A. J. Epstein, J. M. Ginder, F. Zuo, R. W. Bigelow, H. S. Woo, D. B. Tanner, A. F. Richter, W. S. Huang and A. G. MacDiarmid, Synth. Met., in press (1986).
M. Nechschein, C. Santier, J. P. Travers, J. Chroboczek, A. Alix and M. Ripert, Synth. Met., in press (1986).
T. Kobayashi, H. Yoneyama and H. Tamura, J. Electroanal. Chem., 177 (1984) 281.
N. Mermilliod, J. Tanguy, M. Hoclet and A. A. Syed, Synth. Met., in press (1986).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
About this paper
Cite this paper
MacDiarmid, A.G., Chiang, J.C., Richter, A.F., Somasiri, N.L.D., Epstein, A.J. (1987). Polyaniline: Synthesis and Characterization of the Emeraldine Oxidation State by Elemental Analysis. In: Alcácer, L. (eds) Conducting Polymers. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3907-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3907-3_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8234-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-3907-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive