Abstract
Positioning accuracy and reliability are two parameters of major concern to GPS marine users. GPS limitations and error sources are analysed from a user’s point of view. The coverage limitations inherent to the (18+3) satellite constellation are discussed and related outages inherent to specific geographical areas are described. Receiver and antenna characteristics are described in relation to their impact on positioning accuracy and reliability. Antenna requirements for shipborne applications are discussed. The effect of the troposphere and ionosphere on GPS measurements is quantified for various cases. Multipath effects on both P and C/A code and carrier phase measurements are discussed. A variety of user accuracy and reliability enhancements are described. These include height and time constraints to limit outage effects, the use of differential methods to reduce satellite and propagation medium errors, the integration of code and carrier phase measurements to increase differential positioning accuracy, and the use of external sensors such as pitch and roll sensors, and inertial navigation systems. Sample differential land kinematic results obtained over a baseline of 1,000 km are described to illustrate the level of accuracy currently obtainable with GPS.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ashkenazi, V., S.A. Crane, and R.M. Sykes (1982) “The Significance of Various Approaches to the Tropospheric Correction”. Proceedings of the Third Intern. Geod. Symp. on Satellite Doppler Positioning, DMA/NOS, Wash., D.C., pp. 463–474.
Ashjaee, J.M., and R.J. Helkey (1984) “Precise Positioning Using a Four–Channel C/A Code GPS Receiver”. Proceedings of PLANS 84, I.EE.E., New York, pp. 236–244.
Bishop, G.J., J.A. Klobuchar, and P.H. Doherty (1985) “Multipath Effects on the Determination of Absolute Ionospheric Time Delay from GPS Signals”. Radio Science, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 388–396.
Bletzacker, F.R. (1985) “Reduction of Multipath Contamination in a Geodetic GPS Receiver”. Proceedings of First International Symposium on Precise Positioning with the Global Positioning System, N.O.A.A., US. Department of Commerce, Rockville, Md., pp. 413–422.
Brozena, J. M. (1984) “A Preliminary Analysis of the NRL Airborne Gravimetry System”. Geophysics, Vol. 49, pp. 1060–1069.
Cannon, Mi. (1987) “Kinematic Positioning Using GPS Pseudo–range and Carrier Phase Observations”. M.Sc. Thesis, Depart– ment of Surveying Engineering, The University of Calgary.
Cannon, M.E., K.P. Schwarz, and R.V.C. Wong (1986) “Kinematic Positioning with GPS—An Analysis of Road Tests.” Proceedings of Fourth International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Positioning, The University of Texas at Austin.
Cox, D.B. (1980) “Integration of GPS with Inertial Navigation Systems”. Special Issue of Navigation, The Institute of Navigation, Washington, D.C., pp. 144–153.
Collins, J. (1986) “Measuring Platform Subsidence Using GPS Satellite Surveying. Proceedings of CPA/CHA Colloquium IV on Land, Sea and Space—Today’s Survey Challenge, The Canadian Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Ottawa, pp. 377–382.
Counselman III, C.C., J.W. Ladd, and T. Sjcerl (1986) “A Dual–Band Interferometric GPS Marine Navigation System”. Presented at the International Symposium On Marine Positioning. Reston, Va., Oct. 14–17.
Doucet, K. (1986) “Performance Considerations for Real–Time Navigation with the GPS”. Techn. Rep. No. 122, Dept of Surveying Engineering, The University of New Brunswick.
Durboraw. I.N. (1986) “Test Results of a Differential GPS Receiver in a Dynamic Environment”. Presented at the XVIIIth Congress of the Fédération Internationale des Géomètres, Toronto.
Evans. A G. (1985) “Measurements Analysis for signal Multipath (Spring 1985 GPS Precision Baseline Test”. Presented at Fall Meeting of American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, December 8–13.
Goad, C.C. (1985) “Precise Positioning with the Global Positioning System”. Proceedings of the Third Intern. Symp. on Inertial Technology for Surveying and Geodesy”. Publ. 60005, Department of Surveying Engineering, The University of Calgary.
Goldfarb, J.M., and K.P. Schwarz (1985) “Kinematic Positioning with an Integrated INS–Differential GPS”. Proceedings of First International Symposium on Precise Positioning with the Global Positioning System, N.O.A.A., U.S. Department of Commerce, Rockville, Md., pp. 757–772.
Hatch, R. (1982) “The Synergism of GPS Code and Carrier Measurements.” Proceedings of Third Intern. Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Doppler Positioning, DMA/NOS, Washington, D.C.
Hemesath, N.B. (1980) “Performance Enhancements of GPS User Equipment”. Special Issue of Navigation, The Institute of Navigation, Washington, D.C, pp. 103–108.
Henson, D.J., and E.A. Collier (1986) “Effects of the Ionosphere on GPS Relative Geodesy”. Proceedings of PLANS 86, Ii.E E., pp. 230–237.
Jorgensen, PS. (1984) “Navstar/Global Positioning System 18–Satellite Constellations”. Special Issue of Navigation, Vol. II, The Institute of Navigation, Washington, D.C..
Kalafus. R. (1984) “Service Outages in GPS Associated with Satellite failures”. Proceedings of PLANS ‘84, I.E.1E.E., New York, pp. 191 –197.
Kleusberg, A. (1986a) “Ionospheric Propagation Effects in Geodetic Relative GPS Positioning”. Manuscripta Geodaetica, in press.
Kleusberg, A. (1986b) “Kinematic Relative Positioning Using GPS Code and Carrier Beat Phase Observations”, Marine Geodesy 10, pp. 167–184.
Kleusberg, A., and D.E. Wells (1986) “High Precision Differential GPS Navigation”. Proceedings PLANS 86,I.E.E.E., pp. 389–392.
Kleusberg, A. S.H. Quek, D.E. Wells, G. Lachapelle, and J. Hagglund (1986) “GPS Relative Positioning Techniques for Moving Platforms”. Proceedings of Fourth International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Positioning, The University of Teias at Austin.
Klobuchar, J.A. (1982) “Ionospheric Corrections for the Single Frequency User of the Global Positioning System”. Presented at National Telesystems Conference, Galveston, Texas, November.
Klobuchar, J.A. (1983) “Ionospheric Effects on Earth–Space Propagation”. Environmental Research Papers, No. 866, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, Mass.
Lachapelle, G. (1983) “Use of Kaiman Filtering for GPS Aided Marine Navigation”. Published in “Geodesy in Transition”, Publ. 60002, Division of Surveying Engineering, The University of Calgary.
Lachapelle, G. (1986) “GPS—Current Capabilities and Prospects for Multipurpose Offshore Surveying”. Invited Paper 502.2, XV III Congress of Federation Internationale des Geometres, Toronto, June.
Lachapelle, G., J. Hagglund, H. Pnes, and M. eaton (1984a) “Differential GPS Marine Navigation”. Proceedings of PLANS 84, I.E.E.E., New York, pp. 245–255.
Lachapelle, G., J. Lethaby, and M. Casey (1984b) “Airborne Single Point and Differential GPS Navigation for Hydrographie Bathymetry”. The Hydrographie Journal, No. 34.
Lachapelle, G., J. Hagglund. W. Falkenberg. P. Bellemare. M. Casey, and M.Eaton (1986a) “GPS Land Kinematic Positioning Experiments”. The Hydrographie Journal. No. 42, pp. 45–55.
Lachapelle, G. W. Falkenberg, and M. Casey (1986b) “Use of Phase Data for Accurate Differential GPS Kinematic Positioning”. Proceedings of PLANS 86,1.E.E.E., pp. 393–398.
Mader, G.L. (1986) “Decimeter Level Aircraft Positioning Using GPS Carrier Phase Measurements”. Proceedings of Fourth International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Positioning. The University of Texas at Austin.
Martin, E.H. (1980) “GPS User Equipment Error Models ”. Special Issue of Navigation, The Institute of Navigation, Washington, D.C, pp. 109–118.
Muldrew, D.B. (1965) “F-Layer Ionization Troughs Deduced from Alouette Data”. Journ. Geophys. Res., Vol. 70, pp. 2635–2650.
Muldrew, D.B. (1980a) “The Formation of Ducts and Spread F and the Initiation of Bubbles by Field–aligned Currents”. Journ. Geophys. Res., Vol. 85, No. A2, pp. 613–625.
Muldrew, D.B. (1980b) “Characteristics of Ionospheric Bubbles Determined from Aspect Sensitive Scatter Spread F Observed with Alouette 1. Journ. Geophys. Res., Vol. 85, No. A5, pp. 2115–2123.
Scavuzzo, R., and M. Pakstys (1985) “Shock Environment NO A A 20–foot Survey Launch”. NOAA Technical Report NOS 113, Charting and Geodetic Services Series CGS 6, U.S. Department of Comerce, Wash., D.C.
Schwarz. K.P., R.V.C. Wong, J. Hagglund, and G. Lachapelle (1984) “Marine Positioning with a GPS-Aided Inertial Navigation System”. Proceedings of San Diego National Technical Meeting, The Institute of Navigation, Washington, D.C.
Seeber. G., A. Schuchardt, and G. Wübbena (1986) “Precise Positioning Results with TI4100 GPS Receivers on Moving Platforms”. Proceedings of Fourth International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Positioning, The University of Texas at Austin.
Thornton, C.L.. L.E. Young. S.C. WU. and J.B. Thomas (1984) “GPS–Based Certification for the Microwave Landing System”. Proceedings of PLANS 84.I.E.E.E.. New York. pp. 256–263.
Tranquilla. J.. S.R. Best, and B.G. Colpitts (1986a) “Selection and Application Criteria for GPS Receiver Antennas”. Presented at Annual Meeting of the Canadian Geophysical Union. Ottawa. May.
Tranquilla. J.M.. and B.G. Colpitts (1986) “The Microstrip Antenna with Finite Ground Plane for Use with Satellite Positioning Systems”. Presented at Antenna Applications Symposium. Winnipeg, August.
Tranquilla.. J.M., S.R. Best, and B.G. Colpitts (1986b) “Phase Centre Considerations for the Log-Spiral Antenna”. Presented at I. E.E.E. International APS/URSI Symposium, Philadelphia, June.
Tranquilla. J.M., and S.R. BEST (1986a) “The Quadrifilar Helix as a GPS Receiver Antenna”. Presented at Antenna Applications Symposium, Winnipeg, August.
Tranquilla. J.M., and S.R. Best (1986b) “ Phase Centre Considerations for the Monopole Antenna”. I. E.E.E. Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, May.
Ward, P. (1982) “An Advanced Navstar GPS Geodetic Receiver”. Proceedings of the Third International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Doppler Positioning, Las Cruses. DMA/NOA, Wash, D.C., pp. 1123–1142.
Young, L.E., R.E. Neilan, and F.R. Bletzacker (1985) “GPS Satellite Multipath: An Experimental Investigation”. Proceedings of First International Symposium on Precise Positioning with the Global Positioning System, N.O.A.A., USDepartment of Commerce, Rockville, Md., pp. 423–432
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Marine Technology Society
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lachapelle, G., Casey, M., Eaton, M., Kleusberg, A., Tranquilla, J., Wells, D. (1987). GPS Marine Kinematic Positioning Accuracy and Reliability. In: Proceedings International Symposium on Marine Positioning. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3885-4_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3885-4_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8226-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-3885-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive