Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Solar-Terrestrial Physics/1970 pp 466–530Cite as

Sources, Losses, and Transport of Magnetospherically Trapped Particles

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 29))

Abstract

Trapping, pseudo-trapping, and non-trapping regions within an observed magnetospheric configuration are described. Time averaged proton and electron distributions and available data concerning the alpha particle distribution within the trapping and pseudo-trapping regions are presented. A review of the observational evidence leading to the identification of major sources, losses, and transport of magnetospherically trapped particles is given. Conclusions are summarized and additional suggestions offered on these factors for inner and outer zone protons and electrons. One general result of this review is that much is now known of source, loss, and transport processes, although specific experiments and calculations must still be done. It is shown that the inclusion of pitch angle diffusion processes within the magnetosphere significantly alters the concept of stable trapping and allows a consistent quiescent description of outer zone electrons to be formulated from energies of a few tens of kilovolts to several MeV.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alfvén, H.: 1939, ‘Theory of Magnetic Storms, 1’, Kungl. Sv. Vet-Akadenums Handl. 3, 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfvén, H.: 1940, ‘Theory of Magnetic Storms, 2 and 3’, Kungl Sv. Vet-Akadenums Handl. 3, 18

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfvén, H.: 1950, Cosmical Electrodynamics, Oxford University Press, 1st edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, K. A.: 1965, ‘Energetic Electron Fluxes in the Tail of the Geomagnetic Field’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 4741.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, K. A.: 1966, ‘Energetic Particles in the Earth’s Magnetic Field’ in Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 16, 291.

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, K. A., Harris, H. K., Paoli, R. J.: 1965, ‘Energetic Election Fluxes in and Beyond the Earth’s Outer Magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 1039.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Arens, J. F., Williams, D. J.: 1967, ‘Examination of Storm Time Outer Zone Electron Intensity Changes at 1100 km’, of the Conjugate Point Symposium IV, 22/1-22/4, Boulder, Colo., June, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, A. H., Harrison, F. B., Heckmen, H. H., Rosen, L.: 1961, ‘Charged Particles in the Inner Van Allen Radiation Belt’, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 351.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnoldy, R. L., Chan, K. W.: 1969, ‘Particle Substorms Observed at the Geostationary Orbit’, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 5019.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Axford, W. I.: 1969a, ‘Magnetospheric Convection’, in Magnetospheric Physics, (ed. by D. J. Williams, G. D. Mead), pp. 421–459, Am. Geophys. Un., Rev. Geophys. 7, No. 1, 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axford, W. I.: 1969b, ‘A Review of Fields and Particle Observations Made in the Vicinity of the Synchronous Orbit’, preprint, University of California, San Diego, October, 1969. Review presented at Colloquium on ESRO Geostationary Magnetospheric Satellite, Denmark, October 1969, ESRO Special Report (to be published).

    Google Scholar 

  • Axford, W. I.: 1970, ‘On the Origin of Radiation Belt and Auroral Primary Ions’, in Particles and Fields in the Magnetosphere, (ed. B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht Holland, pp. 46–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bame, S. J., Asbridge, J. R., Felthauser, H. E., Hones, E. W., Strong, I. B.: 1967, ‘Characteristics of the Plasma Sheet in the Earth’s Magnetotail’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 113

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Beall, D. S., Bostrom, C. O., Williams, D. J.: 1967, ‘Structure and Decay of the Starfish Radiation Belt October 1963 to December 1965’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 3403.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, J. B., Paulikas, G. A.: 1970, ‘Measurements of Trapped Alpha Particles, 2⩽L⩽4.5’, in Particles and Fields in the Magnetosphere, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht Holland, p. 380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, R. C., Hess, W. N.: 1964, ‘Solar Cycle Changes in Inner Zone Protons’, J. Geophys. Res. 69, 3927.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bostrom, C. O., Williams, D. J.: 1965, ‘Time Decay of the Artificial Radiation Belt’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 240.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bostrom, C. O., Zmuda, A. J., Pieper, G. F.: 1965, ‘Trapped Protons in the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly, July through December 1961, 2; Comparisons with Nerv and Relay 1 and Discussion of the Energy Spectrum’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 2035.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bostrom, C. 0.,Beall,D. S., Armstrong, J. C.: 1970, ‘Time History of the Inner Radiation Zone, October 1963 to December 1968’, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 1246.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brice, N. M.: 1967, ‘Bulk Motion of the Magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 5193.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. L.: 1966, ‘Observations of the Transient Behavior of Electrons in the Artificial Radiation Belts’, in Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, p. 610.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. L., Cahill, L. J., Davis, L. R., Mcllwain, C. E., Roberts, C. S.: 1968, ‘Acceleration of Trapped Particles During a Magnetic Storm on April 18,1965’, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 153.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, L. J.: 1966, ‘Inflation of the Magnetosphere near 8 Re in the Dark Hemisphere’, Space Res. 6, 662.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, D. L.: 1966, ‘Whistler Studies of the Plasmapause in the Magnetosphere, 1: Temporal Variations in the Position of the Knee and Some Evidence on Plasma Motions near the Knee’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 693.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, S., Ferraro, V. C. A.: 1931, ‘A New Theory of Magnetic Storms (Sect. 6 and 7)’, Terr. Atmos. Elec. Mag. 36, 171.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, S., Ferraro, V. C. A.: 1932, ‘A New Theory of Magnetic Storms (Sect. 8)’, Terr. Atmos. Elec. Mag. 37, 147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cladis, J. B.: 1966, ‘Resonance Acceleration of Particles in the Inner Radiation Belt’, in Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht- Holland, p. 112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claflin, E. S., White, R. S.: 1970, ‘Injection of protons into the Radiation Belt by Solar Neutron Decay’, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 1257.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Christofilos, N. C.: 1959, ‘The Argus Experiment’, J. Geophys. Res. 64, 869.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, L., Jr., Chang, D. B.: 1962, ‘On the Effect of Geomagnetic Fluctuations on Trapped Particles’, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 2169.

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, L. R., Williamson, J. M.: 1966, ‘Outer Zone Protons’, in Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, p. 215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dessler, A. J.: 1965, ‘Penetrating Particle Radiation’, in Satellite Environment Handbook, 1st Edition, (ed. by F. S. Johnson), p. 49, Stanford University Press, 1961; later 2nd edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dragt, A. J.: 1965, ‘Trapped Orbits in a Magnetic Dipole Field’, Rev. Geophys. 3, 255.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dragt, A. J.: 1969, ‘Solar Cycle Modulation of the Radiation Belt Proton Flux’, University of Maryland Technical Report, 938, February.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dragt, A. J., Austin, M. M., White, R. S.: 1966, ‘Cosmic Ray and Solar Proton Albedo Neutron Decay Injection’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 1293.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dungey, J. W., Hess, W. N., Nakada, M. P.: 1965, ‘Theoretical Studies of Protons in the Outer Radiation Belt’, Space Res. 5, 399; (also in J. Geophys. Res. 70, 3529 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, H.: 1963, ‘The Van Allen Particles’, Rept. Progr. Phys. 26, 145.

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D. S.: 1968, ‘The Observations of a Near Monoenergetic Flux of Auroral Electrons’, J. Geo- phys. Res. 73, 2315.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fairfield, D. H.: 1968, ‘Average Magnetic Field Configuration of the Outer Magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 7329.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fälthammar, C. G.: 1965, ‘Effects of Time Dependent Electric Fields on Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 2503.

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Fälthammar, C. G.: 1966, ‘On the Transport of Trapped Particles in the Outer Magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 1487.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fälthammar, C. G.: 1968, ‘Radial Diffusion by Violation of the Third Adiabatic Invariant’, in Earth’s Particles and Fields, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), Reinhold Book Corp., p. 157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farley, T. A.: 1963, ‘The Growth of our Knowledge of the Earth’s Outer Radiation Belt’, Rev. Geophys. 1, 3.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Farley, T. A., Tomassian, A. D., Walt, M.: 1970, ‘Source of High Energy Protons in the Van Allen Radiation Belt’, Phys. Rev. Letters 25, 47.

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenton K. B.: 1967, ‘A Search for α Particles Trapped in the Geomagnetic Field’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 3889.

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fillius, R. W., Mcllwain, C. E.: 1964, ‘Anomalous Energy Spectrum of Protons in the Earth’s Radiation Belt’, Phys. Rev. Letters 12, 609.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fillius, R. W.: 1966, ‘Trapped Protons of the Inner Radiation Belt’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 97.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Filz, R. C, Holeman, E.: 1965, ‘Time and Altitude Dependence of 55-MeV Trapped Protons’, August 1961 to June 1964’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 5807.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Filz, R. C., White, R. S.: 1969, ‘High Energy Protons in the Earth’s Radiation Belt’, preprint, University of California, Riverside, October 1969; submitted to Rev. Geophys.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. A.: 1965a, ‘A Survey of Electrons E40 keV Beyond 5 Earth Radii with Explorer 14’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 1593.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. A.: 1965b, ‘Inward Radial Diffusion of Electrons of Greater than 1.6 MeV in the Outer Radiation Zone’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 3533.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. A.: 1967, ‘On the Extraterrestrial Ring Current During Geomagnetic Storms’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 3753.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. A.: 1970, ‘Direct Detection of Asymmetric Increases of Extraterrestrial Ring Current Proton Intensities in the Outer Radiation Zone’, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 1263.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank L. A., Van Allen, J. A., Macagno, E.: 1963, ‘Charged-Particle Observations in the Earth’s Outer Magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 3543.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. A., Van Allen, J. A., Hills, H. K.: 1964a, ‘A Study of Charged Particles in the Earth’s Outer Radiation Zone with Explorer 14’. J. Geophys. Res. 69, 2171.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. A., Van Allen, J. A., Craven, J. D.: 1964b, ‘Large Diurnal Variations of Geomagne- tically Trapped and of Precipitated Electrons Observed at Low Altitudes’, J. Geophys. Res. 69, 3155.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. A., Van Allen, J. A.: 1966, ‘Correlation of Outer Radiation Zone Electrons (Ee~l MeV) with the Solar Activity Cycle’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 2697.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. A., Owens, H. D.: 1970, ‘Omnidirectional Intensity Contours of Low-Energy Protons (0.5⩽E⩽50 keV) in the Earth’s Outer Radiation Zone at the Magnetic Equator’, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 1269.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Freden, S. C., Blake, J. B., Paulikas, G. A.: 1965, ‘Spatial Variation of the Inner Zone Trapped Proton Spectrum’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 3113.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Freden, S. C.: 1966, ‘Energy Spectrum of Inner Zone Protons’, in Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, p. 116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freden, S. C.: 1969, ‘Inner-Belt Van Allen Radiation’, Space Sei. Rev. 9, 198.

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, J. W. Jr.: 1964, ‘The Morphoplogy of the Electron Distribution in the Outer Radiation Zone and Near the Magnetospheric Boundary as Observed by Explorer 12’, J. Geophys. Res. 69, 1691.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, T. A.: 1968, ‘High-Latitude Outer-Zone Boundary Region for ⩾40 keV Electrons During Geomagnetically Quiet Periods’, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 7245.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, T. A.: 1970a, ‘On the Pitch Angle Distribution of ⩾40 keV Outer Zone Electrons’ (abstract), Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 51, No. 4, 387, paper in preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, T. A.: 1970b, ‘High Latitude Outer-Zone Boundary Region for ⩾40 keV Electrons with Injun 3,’ Goddard Space Flight Center Rep. X-646-70-70; to be published in J. Geophys. Res.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, T. A., Krimigis, S. M.: 1969, ‘Initial Observations of Geomagnetically Trapped Protons and Alpha Particles with OGO 4,’, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 5132.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabbe, J. D., Brown, W. L.: 1966, ‘Some Observations of the Distribution of Energetic Protons in the Earth’s Radiation Belts Between 1962 and 1964’, in Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, p. 165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gringauz, K. I.: 1969, ‘Low Energy Plasma in the Earth’s Magnetosphere’, in Magnetospheric Physics (ed. by D. J. Williams, G. D. Mead), pp. 339–378, Am. Geophys. Un. 1969; Rev. Geophys. 7, Nos. 1 and 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gringauz, K. I., Bezrukikh, V. V., Ozerov, V. D., Rybchinsky, R. Ye.: 1960a, ‘A Study of Interplanetary Ionized Gas, Energetic Electrons, and Corpuscular Solar Emission, Using Three- Electrode Charged-Particle Traps Set Up on the Second Soviet Cosmic Rocket Luna 2’, Dokl. Akad. Nauk U.S.S.R. 131, 1301, (English translation, SovietPhys. Dokl. 5?361,1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gringauz, K. I., Kurt, V. G., Moroz, V. I., Shklovsky, 1960b, ‘Results of Observations of Charged Particles Observed Out to 100,000 km with the Aid of Charged Particles Traps on Soviet Space Probes’, Astron. Zh. 37, 716 (English translation, Soviet Astron. AJ 4, 680, 1961 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurnett, D. A.: 1968, ‘Satellite Observations of VLF Emissions and Their Association with Energetic Charged Particles’, in Earth’s Particles and Fields, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), Reinhold Book Corp., p. 337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haerendel, G.: 1964, ‘Protonen in Inneren Strahlungsgürtel’, Fortschr. Phys. 12, 271.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haerendel, G.: 1968, ‘Diffusion Theory of Trapped Particles and the Observed Proton Distribution’, in Earth’s Particles and Fields, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), Reinhold Book Corp., p. 171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haerendel, G.: 1970, ‘On the Balance Between Radial and Pitch Angle Diffusion’, in Particles and Fields in the Magnetosphere, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, p. 416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartz, T. R., Brice, N. M.: 1967, ‘The General Pattern of Auroral Particle Precipitation’, Planetary Space Sci. 15, 301.

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haskell G. P.: 1969, ‘Anisotropic Fluxes of Energetic Particles in the Outer Magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 1740.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Haymes, R. C.: 1965, ‘Terrestrial and Solar Neutrons’, Rev. Geophys. 3, 345.

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heckman, H. H., Armstrong, A. H.: 1962, ‘Energy Spectrum of Geomagnetically Trapped Protons’, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 1255.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Heckman, H. H., Lindstrom, P. J., Nakano, G. H.: 1969. H.: 1969, ‘Long-term Behavior of Energetic Inner-Belt Protons’, preprint, University of California, Berkeley, UCRL-19309, October, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herlofson, N.: 1960, ‘Diffusion of Particles in the Earth’s Radiation Belts’, Phys. Rev. Letters 5, 414.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, W. N. (ed.): 1963, ‘Collected Papers on the Artificial Radiation Belt from the July 9, 1962 Nuclear Detonation’, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 605.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, W. N.: 1966, ‘Source of Outer Zone Protons’, in Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Field, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, p. 352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, W. N.: 1968, The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere, Blaisdell Publ. Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, W. N., Canfield, E. H., Lingenfelter, R. E.: 1961, ‘Cosmic Ray Neutron Demography’, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 665.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, R. A., Bracken, P. A.: 1965, ‘Magnetic Effects of the Quiet-Time Proton Belt’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 3541.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Imhof, W. L.: 1968, ‘Electron Precipitation in the Radiation Belts’, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 4167.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Imhof, W. L., Smith, R. V.: 1965, ‘Longitudinal Variations of High Energy Electrons at Low Altitudes’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 569.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Imhof, W. L., Smith, R. V.: 1966, ‘Low Altitude Measurements of Trapped Electrons’, in Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dor- drecht-Holland, p. 100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imhof, W. L., Reagan, J. B., Smith, R. V.: 1967, ‘Long-Term Study of Electrons Trapped in Low L Shells’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 2371.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, R. W., Lockwood, J. A., Ifedili, S. O., Cupp, E. L.: 1970a, ‘Latitude and Altitude Dependence of the Cosmic Ray Albedo Neutron Flux’, preprint University of New Hampshire to be published in J. Geophys. Res.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, R. W., Lockwood, J. A., Razdan, H., Ifedili, S. O.: 1970b, ‘Energy Dependence of the Cosmic Ray Neutron Leakage Flux’, preprint University of New Hampshire.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, L.: 1966, ‘Electron and Proton Observations’, in Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, p. 129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellogg, P. J.: 1959a, ‘Possible Explanation of the Radiation Observed by Van Allen at High Altitudes in Satellites’, Nuovo Cimento 11, 48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellogg, P. J.: 1959b, ‘Van Allen Radiation of Solar Origin’, Nature 183, 1295.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kellogg, P. J.: 1960, ‘Electrons of the Van Allen Radiation’, J. Geophys. Res. 65, 2705.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennel, C. F.: 1969, ‘Consequences of a Magnetospheric Plasma’, in Magnetospheric Physics (ed. by D. J. Williams, G. D. Mead), pp. 379–419, Am. Geophys. Un., Rev. Geophys. 7, Nos. 1 and 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennel, C. F., Petschek, H. E.: 1966, ‘Limit on Stably Trapped Particle Fluxes’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 1.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • King, J. H.: 1967, ‘Models of the Trapped Radiation Environment, Vol. 4: Low energy protons’, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Rep. Sp.-3024.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konradi, A.: 1967, ‘Proton Events in the Magnetosphere Associated with Magnetic Rays’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 3829.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Krimigis, S. M.: 1970, ‘Alpha Particles Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field’, in Particles and Fields in the Magnetosphere (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, p. 364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krimigis, S. M., Van Allen, J. A.: 1967, ‘Geomagnetically Trapped Alpha Particles’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 5779.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lanzerotti, L. J., Roberts, C. S., Brown, W. L.: 1967, ‘Temporal Variations in the Electron Flux at Synchronous Altitudes’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 5893.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenchek, A. M.: 1962, ‘On the Anomalous Component of Low-Energy Geomagnetically Trapped Protons’, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 2145.

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenchek, A. M.: 1966, ‘Origin and Loss of Inner Zone Protons’ in Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, p. 287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenchek, A. M., Singer, S. F., Wentworth, R. C.: 1961, ‘Geomagnetically, Trapped Electrons from Cosmic Ray Albedo Neutrons’, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 4027.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenchek, A. M., Singer, S. F.: 1963, ‘The Albedo Neutron Theory of Geomagnetically Trapped Protons’, Planetary Space Sci. 11, 1151.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lingenfelter, R. E.: 1963, ‘The Cosmic-Ray Neutron Leakage Flux’, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 5633.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lingenfelter, R. E., Flamm, E. J., Canfield, E. H., Kellman, S.: 1965a, ‘High Energy Solar Neutrons; 1: Production in Flares’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 4077.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lingenfelter, R. E., Flamm, E. J., Canfield, E. H., Kellman, S.: 1965b, ‘High Energy Solar Neutrons; 2: Flux at the Earth’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 4087.

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macy, W. W., White, R. S., Filz, R. C, Holeman, E.: 1970, ‘Time Variations of Radiation Belt Protons’, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 4322.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McCormac, Billy M. (ed.): 1966, Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, 901 pages.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormac, Billy M. (ed.): 1968, Earth’s Particles and Fields, Reinhold Book Corporation, 464 pages.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormac, Billy M. (ed.): 1970, Particles and Fields in the Magnetosphere, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, 453 pages.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDiarmid, I. B., Burrows, J. R.: 1964a, ‘Diurnal Intensity Variations in the Outer Radiation Zone at 1000 km’, Can. J. Phys. 42, 1135.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McDiarmid, I. B., Burrows, J. R.: 1964b, ‘High-Latitude Boundary of the Outer Radiation Zone at 1000 km’, Can. J. Phys. 42, 616.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McDiarmid, I. B., Burrows, J. R.: 1965, ‘On an Electron Source for the Outer Van Allen Radiation Zone’, Can J. Phys. 43, 1161.

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDiarmid, I. B., Burrows, J. R.: 1966a, ‘Lifetimes of Low-Energy Electrons (E>40 keV), in the Outer Radiation Zone at Magnetically Quiet Times’, Can. J. Phys. 44, 669.

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDiarmid, I. B., Burrows, J. R.: 1966b, ‘Temporal Variations of Outer Radiation Zone Electron Intensities at 1000 km’, Can. J. Phys. 44, 1361.

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDiarmid, I. B., Burrows, J. R.: 1968, ‘Local Time Asymmetries in the High Latitude Boundary of the Outer Radiation Zone for the Different Electron Energies’, Can. J. Phys. 46, 49.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McDiarmid, I. B., Burrows, J. R., Wilson, M. D.: 1969, ‘Morphology of Outer Radiation Zone Electron (E>35 keV) Acceleration Mechanisms’, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 1749.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcllwain, C. E.: 1961, ‘Coordinates for Mapping the Distribution of Magnetically Trapped Particles’, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 3681.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcllwain, C. E.: 1963, ‘The Radiation Belts, Natural and Artificial’, Science 142, 355.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcllwain, C. E.: 1965, ‘Redistribution of Trapped Protons During a Magnetic Storm’, Space Res. 5, 374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcllwain, C. E.: 1966a, ‘Measurements of Trapped Electron Intensities Made by the Explorer 15 Satellite’, in Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht- Holland, p. 593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcllwain, C. E.: 1966b, ‘Ring Current Effects on Trapped Particles’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 3623.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcllwain, C. E.: 1966c, ‘Processes Acting Upon Outer Zone Electrons’, presented at Inter-Union Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Sept., University of California, San Diego, Report sp-66-5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcllwain, C. E., Pizzella, G.: 1963, ‘On the Energy Spectrum of Protons Trapped in the Earth’s Inner Van Allen Zone’, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 1811.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mead, G. D.: 1964, ‘Deformation of the Geomagnetic Field by the Solar Wind’, J. Geophys. Res. 69, 1181.

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Mead, G. D.: 1966, ‘The Motion of Trapped Particles in a Distorted Field’ in Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, p. 481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakada, M. P., Mead, G. D.: 1965, ‘Diffusion of Protons in the Outer Radiation Belt’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 4777.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Naugle, J. E., Kniffen, D. A.: 1961, ‘Flux and Energy, Spectra of the Protons in the Inner Van Allen Belt’, Phys. Rev. Letters 7, 3.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Naugle, J. E., Kniffen, D. A.: 1963, ‘Variations of the Proton Energy Spectrum with Position in the Inner Van Allen Belt’, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 4065.

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newkirk, L. L.: 1963, ‘Calculation of Low-Energy Neutron Flux in the Atmosphere by the Sn Method’, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 1825.

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newkirk, L. L., Walt, M.: 1968a, ‘Radial Diffusion Coefficient for Electrons at Low L Values’, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 1013.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Newkirk, L. L., Walt, M.: 1968b, ‘Radial Diffusion Coefficient for Electrons at 1.76<5’ J. Geophys. Res. 73, 7231.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, B. J.: 1962, ‘Review of Studies of Trapped Radiation with Satellite-Borne Apparatus’, Space Sci. Rev. 1, 415.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, B. J.: 1963, ‘A Large Diurnal Variation of the Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation’, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 989.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, B. J.: 1964, ‘High-Latitude Geophysical Studies with Satellite Injun 3. 3: Precipitation of Electrons Into the Atmosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 69, 13.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, B. J.: 1967, ‘Interrelations of Energetic Charged Particles in the Magnetosphere’, Chap. 7, Solar Terrestrial Physics (ed. by J. W. King, W. S. Newman ), Academic Press, p. 169.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, B. J., Taylor, H.: 1964, ‘High-Latitude Geophysical Studies with Satellite Injun 3. 4: Auroras and Their Excitation’, J. Geophys. Res. 69, 45.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N.: 1960, ‘Geomagnetic Fluctuations and the Form of the Outer Zone of the Van Allen Radiation Belt’, J. Geophys. Res. 65, 3117.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Paulikas, G. A., Blake, J. B., Freden, S. C.: 1967, ‘Inner Zone Electrons in 1964 and 1965’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 2011.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Paulikas, G. A., Blake, J. B., Palmer, J. A.: 1969, ‘Energetic Electrons at the Synchronous Altitude; a Compilation of Data’, Aerospace Corporation Report, TR-0066 (5260-20)-4 November.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pötzer, K. A., Winckler, J. R.: 1968, ‘Experimental Observation of a Large Addition to the Electron Inner Radiation Belt after a Solar Flare Event’, J. Geophys. 73, 5792.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pötzer, K. A., Winckler, J. R.: 1969, ‘Intersity Correlations and Substorm Electron Drift Effects in the Outer Radiation Belt Measured with the OGO-3 and ATS-1 Satellites’, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 5005.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfitzer, K. A., Lezniak, T. W., Winckler, J. R.: 1969, ‘Experimental Verification of Drift-Shell Splitting in the Distorted Magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 4687.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, C. S.: 1968, ‘Cyclotron-Resonance and Bounce-Resonance Scattering of Electrons Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field’, in Earth’s Particles and Fields, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), Reinhold Book Corporation, p. 317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, C. S.: 1969, ‘Pitch-Angle Diffusion of Electrons in the Magnetosphere’, in Magnetospheric Physics, (ed. by D. J. Williams, G. D. Mead), pp. 305–337, Am. Geophys. Un., Rev. Geophys. 7, Nos. 1 and 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roederer, J. G.: 1967, ‘On the Adiabatic Motion of Energetic Particles in a Model Magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 981.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Roederer, J. G.: 1969, ‘Quantitative Models of the Magnetosphere’, in Magnetospheric Physics, (ed. by D. J. Williams, G. D. Mead), Am. Geophys. Un.,Rev. Geophys. 7, Nos. 1 and 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosser, W. G. V.: 1964, ‘The Van Allen Radiation Zones; 1: The Theory of Trapping and the Inner Zone’, Contemp. Phys. 5, 198, 1964; 2: ‘The Outer Zone, the Geomagnetic Cavity, and Magnetic Storms’, ibid., 5, 255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serlemitsos, P.: 1966, ‘Low Energy Electrons in the Dark Magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 61.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Shabansky, V. P.: 1956, ‘The Radiation Belts’, Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiya 5, 765.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, S. F.: 1956, ‘Trapped Orbits in the Earth’s Dipole field’, (abstract) Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., Ser. 2, Vol. 1, 229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, S. F.: 1957a, ‘A New Model of Magnetic Storms and Aurorae’, Trans. Am. Geophys. Un. 38, No. 2, 175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, S. F.: 1957b, ‘Project “Far Side”’, Missiles Rockets 2, part 2, 120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, S. F.: 1958a, ‘Radiation Belt and Trapped Cosmic Ray Albedo’, Phys. Rev. Letters 1, 171.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, S. F.: 1958b, ‘Trapped Albedo Theory of the Radiation Belt’, Phys. Rev. Letters 1, 181.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, S. F., Lenchek, A. M.: 1962, ‘Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation’, Chapter 3, Progress in Elementary Particle and Cosmic Ray Physics, p. 247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Söraas, F.: 1969, ‘Comparison of Post-Storm Non-Adiabatic Recovery of Trapped Protons with Radial Diffusion’, Goddard Space Flight Center Rept. X-612-69-241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Söraas, F., Davis, L. R.: 1968, ‘Temporal Variations of the 100 keVto 1700 keV Trapped Protons Observed on Satellite Explorer 26 During the First Half of 1965’, Goddard Space Flight Center Rept. X-612-68-328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Störmer, C.: 1907, ‘Sur les trajectoires des corpuscules electrifiés dans l’espace sous l’action du magnétisme terrestre’, Arch. Sci. Phys. Geneva, 24 5, 113, 221, 317.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Störmer, C.: 1933, ‘On the Trajectories of Electrical Particles in the Field of a Magnetic Dipole with Applications to the theory of Cosmic Radiation’, Avh. Vid. Akad. Mat.-nat. Kl. Oslo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Störmer, C: 1955, The Polar Aurora, Oxford University Press, 403 pp.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, H. E.: 1966, ‘Adiabatic Motion of Outer Zone Particles in a Model of the Geoelectric and Geomagnetic Field’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 5135.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, H. E., Hones, Jr., E. W.: 1965, ‘Adiabatic Motion of Auroral Particles in a Model of the Electric and Magnetic Fields Surrounding the Earth’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 3605.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, W. W. L., Gurnett, D. A.: 1968, ‘Morphology of VLF Emissions Observed with the Injun 3 Satellite’, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 5616.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tverskoy, B. A.: 1964, ‘Dynamics of the Radiation Belts of the Earth, 2’, Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiya 4, 351.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tverskoy, B. A.: 1965, ‘Transport and Acceleration of Charged Particles in the Earth’s Magnetosphere’, Geomagnetizm iAeronomiya 5, 617.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Allen, J. A.: 1961, ‘Dynamics, Composition and Origin of the Geomagnetically Trapped Corpuscular Radiation’. Invited paper given at 11th General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union 16 August 1961 (also available in Space Science, (ed. by Le Galley)), John Wiley and Sons, 1963, p.226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Allen, J. A., Ludwig, G. H., Ray, E. C., Mcllwain, C. E.: 1958, ‘Observation of High Intensity Radiation by Satellites 1958 α and γ’ Jet Propulsion 28, 588.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Allen, J. A., Mcllwain, C. E., Ludwig, G. H.: 1959, ‘Satellite Observations of Electrons Artificially Injected into the Geomagnetic Field’, J. Geophys. Res. 64, 877.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasyliunas, V. M.: 1968a. M.: 1968a, ’A Survey of Low-Energy Electrons in the Evening of the Magnetosphere with OGO 1 and OGO 3, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 2839.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasyliunas, V. M.: 1968b, ‘Low-Energy Electrons in the Day Side of the Magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 7519.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vernov, S. N., Grigorov, N. L., Ivanenko, I. P., Lebedinsky, A. I., Murzin, V. S., Chudakov, A. E.: 1959, ‘Possible Mechanism of Production Terrestrial Corpuscular Radiation under the Action of Cosmic Rays’, Sov. Phys. Dokl. 4, 154.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vernov, S. N., Vakulov, P. V., Kuznetsov, S. N., Logachev, Yu, I., Sosnovets, E. N., Stolpovsky, V. G.: 1967, ‘Boundary of the Outer Radiation Belt and Zone of Unstable Radiation’, Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiya 7, 335.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vernov, S. N., Chudakov, A. E.: 1960, ‘Terrestrial Corpuscular Radiation and Cosmic Rays’, Space Res. 751.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernov, S. N., Gorchakov, E. V., Kuznetsov, S. N., Logachev, Yu. I., Sosnovets, E. N., Stolpovsky, V. G.: 1969, ‘Particle Fluxes in the Outer Geomagnetic Field’, in Magnetospheric Physics, (ed. by D. J. Williams, G. D. Mead) p. 257, Am. Geophys. Un., Rev. Geophys. 7, Nos. 1 and 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vette, J. I.: 1968, ‘New Proton Environment Ap. 6, 4<E p<30 MeV’, National Space Science Data Center, Letter to Distribution, October 4, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vette, J. I.: 1969, ‘New Proton Environment Ap 7, E p>50 MeV’, National Space Science Data Center, Letter to Distribution, December 1, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vette, J. I.: 1970, ‘Summary of Particle Populations in the Magnetosphere’, in Particles and Fields in the Magnetosphere, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, p. 305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vette, J. I., Lucero, A. B., Wright, J. A.: 1966, ‘Models of the Trapped Radiation Environment; Vol. 2: Inner and Outer Zone Electrons’, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Rept. SP-3024.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vette, J. I., Lucero, A. B.: 1967, ‘Models of the Trapped Radiation, Environment; Vol. 3: Electrons at Synchronous Altitudes’, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Rep. SP-3024.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walt, M.: 1964, ‘The Effects of Atmospheric Collisions on Geomagnetically Trapped Electrons’, J. Geophys. Res. 69, 3947.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Walt, M.: 1966, ‘Loss Rates of Trapped Electrons by Atmospheric Collisions’, in Radiation Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, p. 337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. J.: 1967, ‘On the Low Altitude Trapped Electron Boundary Collapse During Magnetic Storms’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 1644.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. J.: 1970, ‘Trapped Protons ⩾ 100keV and Possible Sources’, in Particles and Fields in the Magnetosphere, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, p. 396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. J., Bostrom, C. O.: 1963, ‘Proceedings of the Conference on the Earth’s Albedo Neutron Flux’, held at Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 221 pp., APL Report TG-543, October.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. J., Bostrom, C. O.: 1964, ‘Albedo Neutrons in Space’, Geophys, Res. 69, 377.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. J., Kohl, J. W.: 1965,’Loss and Replenishment of Electrons at Middle Latitudes and High B Values’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 4139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. J., Mead, G. D.: 1965, ‘Nightside Magnetosphere Configuration as Obtained from Trapped Electrons at 1100 km’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 3017.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. J., Palmer, W. F.: 1965, ‘Distortions in the Radiation Cavity as Measured by an 1100-Polar Orbiting Satellite’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 557.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. J., Smith, A. M.: 1965, ’Daytime Trapped Electron Intensities at High Latitudes at 1100 km, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 541.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. J., Ness, N. F.: 1966, ‘Simultaneous Trapped Electron and Magnetic Tail Field Observations’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 5117.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. J., Arens, J. F., Lanzerotti, L. J.: 1968,’Observations of Trapped Electrons at Low and High Altitudes’, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 5673.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. J., Mead, G. D.: 1969, Magnetospheric Physics, 459 pp., publ. by American Geophysical Union, 1969, also available as Rev. Geophys. 7, Nos. 1 and 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, J. R.: 1970, ‘The Origin and Distribution of Energetic Electrons in the Van Allen Radiation Belts’, in Particles and Field in the Magnetosphere, (ed. by B. M. McCormac ), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht-Holland, p. 332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, S., Ludwig, G. H., Van Allen, J. A.: 1960, ‘Distribution of Trapped Radiation in the Geomagnetic Field’, J. Geophys. Res. 65, 807.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Donald J. Williams

    Present address: NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colo., USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., USA

    Donald J. Williams

Authors
  1. Donald J. Williams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

E. R. Dyer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1972 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this paper

Cite this paper

Williams, D.J. (1972). Sources, Losses, and Transport of Magnetospherically Trapped Particles. In: Dyer, E.R. (eds) Solar-Terrestrial Physics/1970. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 29. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3693-5_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3693-5_24

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8154-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-3693-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation