Abstract
Applications of polymer particles in the biomedical field have been concentrated in the past primarily in the areas of blood flow determination and in vitro immunoassays. Microspheres have been employed for the determination of myocardial, renal, cerebral and other blood flow and perfusion rates (Phibbs, et al, 1967; Hollenberg, 1975; Hoffbrand and Forsyth, 1969). Polymer particles, and latexes in particular have been extensively used in immunoassays, starting in 1956 with the development of the Latex Agglutination Test (Singer and Plotz, 1956). Recently a significant number of additional applications of polymer particles in the biomedical field have emerged. These applications exploit advances in polymer chemistry in combination with new developments in the field of biotechnology. Several of these applications are well underway, whereas others are at an early developmental stage. Several of these applications are described in the following paragraphs of this review, with emphasis on the use of microspheres in cell separation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Antoine JC; Ternyac T; Rodisgot M and Auremeas S: Lymphoid cell fractionation on magnetic polyacrylamide-aganese beads. Immunochemistry 15:443, (1978).
Applebaum FR; Herzig GP and Ziegler JL: Successful engraftment of cryopreserved autologous bone marrow in patients with malignant lymphoma. Blood 52:98, (1978a).
Applebaum FR; Diesseroth AB and Graw GR Jr.: Prolonged complete remission following high dose chemotherapy of Burkitt’s lymphoma in relapse. Cancer 41:1059, (1978b).
Ash RC; Serwint M; Doukas M; Romond E; Bradley P; Metcalf M; Marshall E; Geil J; Greenwood M; MacDonald JS and Thompson JS: Marrow T cell depletion with anti-human T cell antibodies is effective for graft versus host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis in human allogeneic marrow transplantation. Blood 64(supp1-1):744 (1984).
Bartlett JM; Richardson RC; Elliot GS; Blevins WE; Janas W; Hale JR and Silver RL: Localization of magnetic microspheres in 36 canine osteogenic sarcomas. In: Microspheres and Drug Therapy. Pharmaceutical, Immunological and Medical Aspects, Davis SS; Illum L; McVie JG and Tomlinson E (eds) Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 413 (1984).
Blacklock HA; Prentice HG and Gilmore M: Attempts at T cell depletion using OKT3 and rabbit complement to prevent GvHD in allogeneic BMT, Exp. Hemarol., 11 (suppl 13):37, (1983).
Bonnefoy JY; Banchereau J; Aubry JP and Wijdenes J: A flow cytometric micromethod for the detection of Fc epsilon receptors and IgE binding factors using fluorescent microspheres. J. Immunol. Meth. 88:25, (1986).
Brasseur F; Couvreur P; Kante B; Deckers-Passau L; Roland M; Deckers C and Speiser P: Actinomycin D absorbed on polymethyl-cyanoacrylate nanoparticles: increased efficiency against an experimental tumor. Eur. J. Cancer 16:1441, (1980).
Buckner CD; Storb R and Dillingham LA: Low temperature preservation of monkey marrow in dimethylsulfoxide. Cryobiology 7: 136, (1970).
Burdine JA; Sonnemaker RE; Ryder LA and Spjut HJ: Perfusion studies with technetium-99m human albumin microspheres. Radiology 95:101, 1970.
Burger JJ; Tomlinson E; DeRoo JE and Palmer J: Technetium-99m labeling of albumin microspheres intended for drug targeting. In: Drug and Enzyme Targeting, Widder KJ and Green R (eds) Meth. Enzymol. 112:43, (1985).
Carbone AM; Ovadia H and Paterson PY: Role of macrophage myelin basic protein interaction in the induction of experimental allergic-encephalomyelitis in Lewis Rats. J. Immunol. 131:1263, (1983).
Cowsar DR; Tice TR; Gilley RM and English JP: Poly(lactide-coglycolide) microcapsules for controlled release of steroids. In: Drug and Enzyme Targeting, Widder KJ and Green R (eds), Meth. Enzymol. 112:101, (1985).
Danielson H; Funderud S; Nustad K; Reith A and Ugelstad J: The interaction between cell surface antigens and antibodies bound to monodisperse polymer particles in normal and malignant cells. Scand. J. Immunol. 24:179, 1986.
Davis SS; Illum L; McVie JG and Tomlinson E (eds): Microspheres and Drug Therapy. Pharmaceutical, Immunological and Medical Aspects, Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, pp. 448, (1984).
Deeg HJ; Storb R; Thomas ED et al: Marrow transplantation for acute, nonlymphoblastic leukaemia in first remission: Preliminary results of a randomized trial comparing cyclosporin and methotrexate for the prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease. Transplant. Proc. 15:1385, (1983).
Dicke KA; Van Hooft J and Van Bekkum DW: The selective elimination of immunologically competent cells from bone marrow and lymphatic cell mixtures. Transplantation 6:562, (1968).
Dicke KA; McCredie KB; Spitzer G et al: Autologous marrow transplantation in patients with adult acute leukemia. Transplantation 26:169, (1978).
Dicke KA; Zander A; Spitzer G et al: Autologous bone marrow transplantation in adult leukemia in relapse. Lancet 1: 514, (1979).
Dicke KA; Jagnnath S; Spitzer G; Poynton C; Zander A; Vellekoop L; Reading C; Jehn UW and Tindle S: The role of autologous bone marrow transplantation in various malignancies. Sem. Hematol. 21:109, (1984).
Diesseroth A and Abrams RA: The role of autologous stem cell reconstitution in intensive therapy for resistant neoplasms. Cancer Treat. Rep. 63:461, (1979).
Edman P and Sjoholm I: Acrylic microspheres in vivo. II. The effect in rat of L-asparaginase given in microparticles of polyacrylamide. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 211:663, (1979).
Edman P; Ekman B and Sjoholm I: Immobilization of proteins in microspheres of biodegradable polyacryldextran. J. Pharm. Sci. 69: 838, (1980).
Edman P and Sjoholm I: Acrylic microspheres in vivo VI: antitumor effect of microparticles with immobilized L-asparaginase against 6C3HED lymphoma. J. Pharm. Sci. 72:654, (1983).
Engvall E and Perlmann P: ELISA. III. Quantitation of specific antibodies by enzyme linked anti immunoglobulin in antigen coated tubes. J. Immunol. 109, 129, (1972).
Epstein RB; Storb R; Clift RA: Autologous bone marrow grafts in dogs treated with lethal doses of cyclophosphamide. Cancer Res. 29: 1072, (1969).
Etani H; Kimura K; Yoneda S; Tsuda Y; Nakamura M; Kataoka K; Iwata Y and Abe H: Demonstrating patency of STA-MCA anastomosis with Tc-99m albumin microspheres. J. Nucl. Med. 24:136, (1983).
Evans RL: U.S. Patent, 3,663,685, (1972a).
Evans RL: U.S. Patent, 3,663,687, (1972b).
Filipovich AH; Youle RJ; Neville Jr. DM; Vallera DA; Quinones RR and Kersey JH: Ex-vivo treatment of donor bone marrow with anti-T-cell immunotoxins for prevention of graft-versus-host disease. Lancet 1:469, (1984).
Freeman AI and Mayhew E: Targeted drug delivery. Cancer 58:573, (1986).
Frei E III; Canellos GP: Dose: a critical factor in cancer chemotherapy. Am. J. Med. 69:586, (1980).
Gale RP; Kersey JH; Bortin MM; Dicke KA; Good RA and Zwaan FE: Bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet 11:639, (1983).
Gaudernack G; Leivestad T; Qvigstad E; Ugelstad J and Thorsby E: Isolation of functionally active T cell subsets by monoclonal antibodies conjugated to monodisperse magnetic microspheres M-450. Scand. J. Immunol. 22:444, (1985).
Gaudernack G; Leivestad T; Ugelstad J; Thorsby E: Isolation of pure functionally active CD8+ T cells. Positive selection with monoclonal antibodies directly conjugated to monosized magnetic microspheres. J. Immunol. Meth. 90:179, (1986).
Goldberg EP; Iwata H and Longo W: Hydrophilic albumin and dextran ion-exchanged microspheres for localized chemotherapy. In: Microspheres and Drug Therapy. Pharmaceutical, Immunological and Medical Aspects, Davis, SS; Illum JG; McVie JG and Tomlinson E (eds): Elsevier, Amsterdam, p.309, (1984).
Gordon IL; Dreyer WJ; Yen RCK and Rembaum A: Light microscope identification of murine B and T cells by means of functional polymeric microspheres. Cellular Immunology 28:307, (1977).
Graze PR and Gale RP: Autotransplantation for leukemia and solid tumors. Transplant. Proc. 10:177, (1978).
Graze RP; Wells JR and Ho W: Successful engraftment of cryopreserved autologous bone marrow stem cells in man. Transplantation 27:142, (1979).
Gribnau TC; Leuvering TH; van Hell H: Particle-labelled immunoassays: a review. J. Chromatogr. 376:175, (1986).
Guesdon JL; Thierry R and Avrameas S: Magnetic enzyme immunoassay for measuring human IgE. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 61:23, (1978).
Heymer B; Schachenmayer W; Buttmann B; Spank R; Haterkamp O and Schmidt W: A latex agglutination test for measuring antibodies to streptococcal micropeptides. J. Immunol. 11:478, (1973).
Higgins TJ; O’Neill HC and Parrish CRA: A sensitive and quantitative fluorescence assay for cell surface antigens. J. Immunol. Meth. 47:275, (1981).
Hof RP: Measuring regional blood flow with tracer microspheres: a method, its problems and its application. Blood Circulation 21:29, (1982).
Hoffbrand BI and Forsyth RP: Validity studies of the radioactive microsphere method for the study of the distribution of cardiac output, organ blood flow and resistance in the conscious rhesus monkey. Cardiovascular Research 3:426, (1969).
Hollenberg NK: The Renal Circulation. In: The Peripheral Circulation, Zelis R; (ed) Grune Stratton, New York, (1975).
Hsieh DS; Langer R and Folkman J: Magnetic modulation of release of macromolecules from polymers. PNAS 78:1863, (1981).
Hunter WM: Radioimmunoassay. Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Weir DM (ed), Blackwell Scientific Publications, p. 14.1, (1978).
Illum L and Jones PDE: Attachment of Monoclonal Antibodies to Microspheres. In: Drug and Enzyme Targeting, Widder KJ and Green R (eds): Heth. Enzymol. 112:67, (1985).
Jolley ME; Wang CH; Ekenberg SJ; Zuelke MS and Kelso DM: Particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA): A new rapid immunoassay technique with high sensitivity. J. Immunol. Meth. 67:21, (1984).
Kandzia J; Anderson MJD and Mueller-Ruchholtz W: Cell separation by antibody coupled magnetic microsphere and their application in conjunction with monoclonal HLA antibodies. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 101:165, (1981).
Kandzia J; Scholz W; Anderson MJD and Mueller-Ruchholtz W: Magnetic albumin protein A immunomicrospheres. I. Preparation, antibody binding capacity and chemical stability. J. Immunol. Meth. 75:413, (1985).
Kaplan MR; Calef E; Bercovici T and Gitler C: The selective detection of cell surface determinants by means of antibodies and acetylated avidin attached to highly fluorescent polymer microspheres. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 728:112, (1983).
Kato T and Nemoto R: Microencapsulation of mitomycin C intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy. Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B 54:413, (1978).
Kato T; Nemoto R; Mori H and Kumagai I: Sustained-release properties of microencapsulated mitomycin C with ethylcellulose infused into the renal artery of the dog kidney. Cancer 46:14, (1980).
Kato T; Nemoto R; Mori H; Takahashi M; Harada M: Arterial chemoembolization with mitomycin C microcapsules in the treatment of primary or secondary carcinoma of the kidney, liver, bone and intrapelvic organs. Cancer 48:674, (1981).
Kato T; Unno K and Goto A: Ethylcellulose microcapsules for selective drug delivery. In: Drug and Enzyme Targeting, Widder KJ and Green R (eds). Meth. Enzymol 112:139, (1985).
Kemshead JT; Treleaven J; Gibson F; Ugelstad J; Rembaum A and Philip T: Monoclonal antibodies and magnetic microspheres used for the depletion of malignant cells from bone marrow. In “Autologous bone marrow transplantation: Proceedings of the First International Symposium” Dicke KA; Sptzer G and Zander A (eds.) U. of Texas Press, Houston, TX, p.409, (1985).
Kernan NA; Burns MJ; Collins NH; O’Reilly RJ and Dupont B: Limiting dilution microculture assay for quantitation of T lymphocytes in bone marrow. Transpl. Proc. 17:437, (1985).
Khalafalla SE and Reimers GW: Preparation of dilution-stable aqueous magnetic fluids. IEEE Trans. Magnetics 16:178, (1980).
Kitchell JP and Wise DL: Poly(lactic/glycolic acid) biodegradable drug-polymer matrix systems. In: Drug and Enzyme Targeting, Widder KJ and Green R (eds.) Meth. Enzymol 112:436, (1985).
Korbling M; Hess AD; Tutschuka PJ; Kaiser H; Colvin MO and Santos GW: 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide: a model for eliminating residual tumour cells and T-lymphocytes from the bone marrow. Br. J. Haematol. 52:89, (1982).
Korngold R and Sprent J: Surface markers of T cells causing lethal graft-versus-host disease in mice, Recent Advances in Bone Marrow Transplantation: Gale RP and Liss AR (eds), New York, p.199, (1983).
Kreuter J and Hartmann HR: Comparative study on the cytostatic effects and the tissue distribution of 5-fluorouracil in a free form and bound to polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles in sarcoma 180 bearing mice. Oncology, 40:363, (1983).
Kreuter J: Evaluation of nanoparticles as drug-delivery systems. II: Comparison of the body distribution of nanoparticles with the body distribution of micro spheres (diameter greater than 1 micron), liposomes and emulsions. Pharm. Acta. Helv. 58:217, (1983).
Kreuter J: Poly(alkyl acrylate) Nanoparticles. In: Drug and Enzyme Targeting, Widder KJ and Green R (eds). Meth. Enzymol. 112:129, (1985).
Kronick PL; Campbell G and Joseph K: Magnetic microspheres prepared by redox polymerization used in a cell separation based on gangliosides. Science 200:1074, (1978).
Kronick PL: Magnetic microspheres in cell separation. Methods Cell Separation 3:115, (1980).
Laakso T; Anderson J; Artursson P; Edman P; Sjoholm I: Acrylic microspheres in vivo. X. Elimination of circulating cells by active targeting using specific monoclonal antibodies bound to microparticles. Life Sci. 28:183, (1986).
Laubins JD and Ross GD: Assay of membrane complement receptors (CR1 and CR2) with C3b — and (3d-coated florescence microspheres. J. Immunol. 128:186 (1982).
Langer R and Folkman: J. Polymers for the sustained release of proteins and other macromolecules. Nature 263:797, (1976).
Langer R; Brown L and Edelman E: Controlled Release and Magnetically Modulated Release Systems for Macromolecules. In: Drug and Enzyme Targeting, Widder KJ and Green R (eds) Meth. Enzymol. 112:399, (1985).
Lea T; Vartdal F; Davies C and Ugelstad J: Magnetic monosized polymer particles for fast and specific fractionation of human mononuclear cells. Scan. J. Immunol. 22:207, (1985).
Lichtenstein B: U.S. Patent No. 3,709,791 (1973).
Lim F (ed): Biomedical Applications in microencapsulation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1984).
Lindberg B; Lote K and Teder H: Biodegradable starch and microspheres: A new medical tool. In: Microspheres and Drug Therapy, Pharmaceutical, Immunological and Medical Aspects: Davis SS; Illum JG; McVie and Tomlinson E (eds) Elsevier, Amsterdam. p. 153, (1984).
Ljungstedt I; Ekman B and Sjoholm I: Detection and separation of lymphocytes with specific surface receptors by using microparticles. Biochem. J. 170:161, (1978).
Longo WE and Goldberg EP: Hydrophilic albumin microspheres. In: Drug and Enzyme Targeting, Widder KJ and Green R (eds): Meth. Enzymol. 112:18, (1985).
Malin S and Edwards: J. Detection of hepatitis associated antigen by latex agglutination. Nature (Lond.) 235:182, (1972).
Marcus L; Offarim M and Margel S: A new immunoadsorbent for hemoperfusion: agarose-polyanolein microspheres beads. I. In vitro studies. Biomater. Med. Devices Artif. Organs. 10:157 (1982).
Marcus L; Mashiah A; Offarim M and Margel S: Extracorporeal removal of specific antibodies by hemoperfusion through immunosorbent agarose-polyacrolein microsphere beads: removal of antibovine serum albumin in animals. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 18:1153, (1984).
Marcus L; Margel S; Savin H; Offarim H and Ravid M: Therapy of digoxin intoxication in dogs by specific hemoperfusion through agarose polyacrolein microsphere beads-antidigoxin antibodies. Am. Heart J. 110:30, (1985).
Margel S and Offarim M: Novel effective immunoadsorbents based on agarose-polyaldehyde microsphere beads: synthesis and affinity chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 128:342, (1983).
Margel S and Marcus L: Specific hemoperfusion through agarose acrobeads. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 12:37, (1986).
Margel S; Zisblatt S and Rembaum A: Polyglutaraldehyde: A new reagent for coupling proteins to microspheres and for labeling cell surface receptors. II. Simplied labeling methods by means of non-magnetic and magnetic polyglutaraldehyde microspheres. J. Immunol. Meth. 28:341, (1979).
Margel S; Beitler U and Ofarim M: Polyacrolein microspheres as a new tool in cell biology. J. Cell Sci. 56:157, (1982).
Margel S; Ofarim M; Eshar Z: Cell fractionation with affinity ligands conjugated to agarose-polyacrolein microsphere beads. J. Cell Sci. 62:149, (1983).
Margel S; Marcus L; Savin H; Offarim H and Mashiah A: Specific removal of digoxin by hemoperfusion through agarose polyacrolein microsphere polyacrolein microsphere beads and antidigoxin antibodies. Biomater. Hed. Devices Artif. Organs 12:25, (1984).
Melville D; Paul F and Roath S: Direct magnetic separation of red cells from whole blood. Nature 255:706, (1975).
Merivuori H; DeLa-Chapella A and Schroder J: Cell labeling and separation with polyglutaraldehyde microspheres. Exp. Cell. Res. 130:464, (1980).
Milgram F and Goldstein R: Agglutination of sensitized red blood cells by latex particles. Vox. Sang. 7:86, (1962).
Miller AM; McMillan L; Hannan WJ; Emmett PC and Aitken RJ: The preparation of dry, monodisperse microspheres of 99m Tc-albumin for lung ventilation imaging. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33: 1423, (1982).
Miller RA; Brady JM and Cutright DE: Degradation rates of oral resorbable implants (polylactates and polyglycolates): rate modification with changes in PLA/PGA copolymer ratios. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 11:711, (1977).
Mirro J; Schwartz JF and Civin CI: Simultaneous analysis of cell surface antigen and cell morphology using monoclonal antibodies conjugated to fluorescent microspheres. J. Immunol. Meth. 47:39, (1981).
Mizushima Y; Shoji Y; Kato T; Fukushima M and Kurozumi S: Use of lipid microspheres as a drug carrier for antitumor drugs. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 38:132, (1986).
Molday RS; Dryer WJ; Rembaum A and Yen RCK: Latex spheres as marker for studies of cell surface receptors by scanning electron microscopy. Nature 249:81, (1974).
Molday RS; Yen RCK and Rembaum A: Application of magnetic microspheres in labeling and separation of cells. Nature 2268:437, (1977).
Molday RS and MacKenzie KD: Immunospecific ferromagnetic iron-dextran reagents for the labeling and magnetic separation of cells. J. Immunol. Meth. 52:353, (1982).
Molday RS: Cell labeling and separation using immunospecific microspheres. In: Cell Separation, Methods and Selected Applications, 3, Pretlow II, TG and Pretlow TP (eds); Academic Press, NY, p.237, (1984).
Molday RS; Dreyer WJ; Rembaum A and Yen RCK: New immunolatex spheres: Visual markers of antigens on lymphocytes for scanning electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 164:75, (1975).
Morimoto Y; Sugibayashi K and Akimoto M: Magnetic guidance of Ferro-colloid-entrapped emulsion for site-specific drug delivery. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 31:279, (1983).
Morris RM; Poore GA; Howard DP and Sefranka JA: Selective targeting of magnetic albumin microspheres containing vindesine sulfate: Total remission in Yoshida sarcoma-bearing rats. In: Microspheres and Drug Therapy. Pharmaceutical, Immunological and Medical Aspects, Davis SS; Illum L; McVie JG and Tomlinson E (eds): Elsevier, Amsterdam, p.439, (1984).
Mosbach K and Schroder UI: Preparation and application of magnetic polymers for targeting of drugs. FEBS Lett. 102:112, (1979).
Murray J; Brown L and Langer R: Controlled release of microquantitites of macromolecules. Cancer Drug Delivery, 1:119, (1984).
Nilsson K and Mosbach K: p-Toluensulfonyl chloride as an activating agent of agarose for the preparation of immobilized affinity ligands and proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 112:397, (1980).
Nustad K; Johansen L; Ugelstad J; Ellingsen T and Berge A: Hydrophilic monodisperse particles as solid-phase material in immunoassays: Comparison of shell-and-core particles with compact particles. Eur. Surg. Res. 16:Suppl 2, 80, (1984 ).
Nustad K; Danielsen H; Reith A; Funderud S; Lea T; Vartdal F and Ugelstad J. Monodisperse polymer particles in immunoassays and cell separation, in Microspheres: Medical and Biological Applications, Rembaum A and Tokes ZA (eds), CRC Publications, in press (1987).
Obertenffer JA: High gradient magnetic separation. IEEE Trans. Magnetics 9:303, (1973).
Oder RR: High gradient magnetic separation theory and applications. IEEE Trans. Magnetics 12:428, (1976).
Ohman M; Garovoy MR; Widder KJ and Streigel JA: Depletion of T lymphocytes from peripheral blood using monoclonal antibodies and protein magnetic microspheres. Hum. Immunol. 14:128, (1985).
Ohnishi K; Tsuchiya S and Nakayma T: Arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with mitomycin C microcapsules. Radiology 152:51, (1984).
Oonishi T and Uyesaka N: A new standard fluorescence microsphere for quantitative flow cytometry. J. Immunol. Meth. 83:1143, (1985).
Onoe K; Fernandes G and Good RA: Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in fully allogeneic bone marrow chimeras in mice. J. Exp. Med. 151:115, (1980).
Ovadia H; Carbone AM and Paterson PY: Albumin magnetic microspheres a novel carrier for myelin basic protein. J. Immunol. Meth. 53:109, (1982).
Ovadia H; Paterson PY and Hale JR: Magnetic microspheres as drug carriers: Factors influencing localization at different anatomical sites in rats. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 19:631, (1983).
Owen CS: High gradient magnetic separation of erythrocytes. Biophys. J. 22:171, (1978).
Owen CS: Magnetic cell sorting. In: Cell Separation Methods and Selected Applications. Pretlow II, TG and Pretlow TP (eds) Academic Press, NY, 2, p.127, (1983).
Owen CS: Magnetic sorting of leukocytes. Cell Bioph. 8: 287 (1986).
Owen CS and Liberti PA: Magnetic-Protein conjugates for the separation of cells by high gradient magnetic filtration. In: Cell Separation: Methods and Selected Applications. Pretlow II, TG and Pretlow TP (eds) Academic Press, NY, 4 in press (1986).
Owen CS and Sykes NL: Magnetic labeling and cell sorting. J. Immunol. Meth. 73:41, (1984).
Phibbs RH et al. Rheology of micro spheres injected into circulation of rabbits. Nature 216:1339, (1967).
Platsoucas CD and Catsimpoolas N: Biological methods for the separation of lymphoid cells. Meth. Cell Separation 3: 157, (1980).
Platsoucas CD and Good RA: Inhibition of specific cell mediated cytotoxicity by monoclonal antibodies to human T-cell antigens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:4500, (1981).
Platsoucas CD; Good RA and Gupta S: Separation of human lymphocyte subpopulations by density gradient electrophoresis. I. Different mobilities of T (Tmu, Talpha) and B lymphocytes from human tonsils. Cell. Immunol. 51:238, (1980).
Platsoucas CD; Beck JD; Kapoor N; Good RA and Gupta S: Separation of human bone marrow cell populations by density gradient electrophoresis: Differential mobilities of myeloid (CFU-C), monocytoid, and lymphoid cells. Cellular Immunol. 59:345, (1981).
Platsoucas CD; Chae F; Collins N; Kerman N; Laver J; Ellinger T; Steristad P; Bjorgum J; Rembaum A; Good RA; O’Reilly R and Ugelstad J: The use of magnetic monosized polymer particles for the removal of T cells from human bone marrow cell suspensions. Microspheres: Medical and Biological Applications: Rembaum A and Tokes Z (eds) CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, in press, (1987a).
Platsoucas CD; Kerman N; Collins N; Chae F; Ugelstad J and O’Reilly R: Depletion of T cells from human bone marrow cell suspension using the M-450 magnetic monosized polymer particles and anti-T cell monoclonal antibodies, Submitted (1987b).
Powles RL; Clink H; Sloane J; Barrett AJ; Kay HE and McElwain TJ: Cyclosporin A for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease in man. Lancet 2:1327, (1978).
Poynton CH; Dicke KA; Culbert S; Frankel L; Jagannath S and Reading CL: Immunomagnetic removal of CALLA positive cells from human bone marrow. Lancet 1:524, (1983).
Poynton CH; Reading CL and Dicke KA: Colloidal immunomagnetic fluids for cells separation. In “Autologous bone marrow transplantation; Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium”. Dicke KA; Spitzer G and Zander A (ed), U. of Texas Press, Houston, TX p.433, (1985).
Prentice HG; Janossy G; Price-Jones L; Trejdosiewicz LK; Panjwani D; Graphakos S; Ivory K; Blacklock, HA; Gilmore ML; Tidman N; Skeggs DBL; Ball S; Patterson J and Hoffbrand AV: Depletion of T lymphocytes in donor marrow prevents significant graft-versus-host disease in matched allogeneic leukaemic marrow transplant recipients. Lancet 1:472, (1984).
Ramsey NKC; Kersey JH; Robison LL et al: Prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease: a randomized study demonstrating the influence of treatment regimen and age. N. Engl. J. Med. 306:392 (1982).
Reisner Y; Itziscovitch L; Meshorer A and Sharon N: Hemopoietic stem cell transplantation using mouse bone marrow and spleen cells fractionated by lectins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 75: 2933, (1978).
Reisner Y; Kapoor N; O’Reilly RJ and Good RA: Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation using stem cells fractionated by lectins: VI. In vitro analysis of human and monkey bone marrow cells fractionated by sheep red blood cells and soybean agglutinin. Lancet 2:1320, (1980).
Reisner Y; Kapoor N; Kirkpatrick D; Pollack M; Dupont B; Good RA and O’Reilly RJ: Transplantation for acute leukaemia with HLAA and B non-identical parental marrow cells fractionated with soybean agglutinin and sheep red blood cells. Lancet 2: 327, (1981).
Reisner Y; Kapoor N; Kirkpatrick D; Cunningham-Rundles S; Dupont B; Hodes MZ; Good RA and O’Reilly RJ: Transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency with HLA-A, B, D, DR incompatible parental marrow cells fractionated by soybean agglutinin and sheep red blood cells. Blood 61:341, (1983).
Rembaum A, Margel S and Levy J: Polyglutaraldehyde: A new reagent for coupling proteins to microspheres and for labeling cell surface receptors. J. Immunol. Meth. 24:239 (1978).
Rembaum A; Yen RCK; Kempner DH and Ugelstad J: Cell labeling and magnetic separation by means of immunoreagents based on polyacrolein microspheres. J. Immunol. Meth. 52:341, (1982).
Reske SN; Vyska K and Feinendegen LE: In vivo assessment of phagocytic properties of Kupffer cells. J. Nucl. Med. 22:405, (1981).
Reynolds CP; Seeger RC; Vo DD; Ugelstad J and Wells J (eds) Vince UA; Spitzer G and Zander A: Purging of bone marrow with immunomagnetic beads: Studies with neuroblastoma as a model system. In: Autologous Bone Harrow Transplantations”, Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, U. of Texas Press, Houston, TX, p. 439 (1985).
Ritz J; Bast RC and Clavell LA: Autologous bone-marrow translantation in CALLA-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after in vitro treatment with J5 monoclonal antibody and complement. Lancet 11:60, (1982).
Rodt H; Kolb HJ; Netzel B; et al. Effect of anti-T cell globulin on GvHD in leukaemic patients treated with BMT. Transplant. Proc. 13:257, (1981).
Rodt H; Thierfelder S and Eulitz M: Anti-lymphocytic antibodies and marrow transplantation. III. Effect of heterologous anti-brain antibodies on acute secondary disease in mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 4:25, (1974).
Rose NR and Friedman H: Manual of Clinical Immunology, Second Edition, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., pp.1105, (1980).
Ross GD and Lambris JD: Identification of a C3bi-specific membrane complement receptor that is expressed on lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and erythrocytes. J. Exp. Med. 1155:96, (1982).
Rous P and Beard JW: Selection with the magnet and cultivation of reticuloendothelial cells (Kupffer cells). J. Exp. Med. 59:577, (1934).
Russell GFJ: Starch microspheres as drug delivery systems. Pharm. Int. 4:260, (1983).
Scheffel V; Rhodes BA; Natarjan TK and Wagner HN: Albumin microspheres for study of the reticuloendothelial system. J. Nuclear Med. 13:498 (1972).
Schroder U: Crystallized Carbohydrate Spheres for Slow Release and Targeting. Meth. Enzymol. 112:1116, (1985).
Seeger RC; Reynolds PD; Vo J; Ugelstad J and Wells J: Depletion of neuroblastoma cells from bone marrow with monoclonal antibodies and magnetic immunobeads. In “Advances in Neuroblastoma Research”, Evans AE; D’Angio G and Seeger RC (eds): Alan R. Liss, Inc. NY p.443, (1985).
Senyei A; Widder K and Czerlinksi G: Magnetic guidance of drug-carrying microspheres. J. App. Phys. 49:3578, (1978).
Senyei AE; Driscoll CF and Widder KJ: Biophysical Drug Targeting: Magnetically Responsive Albumin Microspheres. In: Drug and Enzyme Targeting: Widder KJ and Green R (eds) Meth. Enzymol. 112:56, (1985).
Sharp TG; Sachs DH; Fauci AS; Messerschmidt GL and Rosenberg SA T cell depletion of human bone marrow using monoclonal antibody and complement-mediated lysis. Transplantation 35:112, (1983).
Simonsen M: The impact on the developing embryo and newborn animal of adult homologous cells. Acta Path. Miocrobiol. Scand. 40: 480, (1957).
Singer JM and Plotz CM: The latex fixation test. I. Application to the serological diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Am. J. Med. 21:888, (1956).
Singer JM: The latex fixation test in rheumatic disease. A review. Am. J. Med. 31:766, (1961).
Singer JM: The use of polystyrene latexes in Medicine, in: Future Directions in Polymer Colloids, El-Aasser MS and Fitch R (eds) Martinus-Nijhoff Publishing Company, Bordrecht, The Netherlands. This volume (1987).
Singh M; Silver RL; Lin C; Chowdhury L and Post M: Localization with magnetic microspheres reduces the systemic toxicity of doxorubicin. Orthop Trans 8:324, (1984).
Sjoholm I and Edman P: Acrylic microspheres in vivo. I. Distribution and elimination of polyacrylamide microparticles after intravenous and intraperitoneal injection in mouse and rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 211:656, (1979).
Sjoholm I and Edman P: The use of biocompatibile micropartic1es as carriers of enzymes and drugs in vivo. In: Microspheres and Drug Therapy. Pharmaceutical, Immunological and Medical Aspects, S. S. Davis, L. Illum, McVie JG and Tomlinson E (eds) Elsevier, Amsterdam, p.245, (1984).
Skipper HE; Schnabel FM, Jr; Wilcox WS: Experimental evaluation of potential anticancer agents. XIII. On the criteria and kinetics associated with “curability” of experimental leukemia. Cancer Chemother. Rep. 34:1, (1964).
Storb R; Prentice RL; Buckner CD; Clift RA; Appelbaum F; Deeg J; Doney K; Hansen RP; Mason M; Sanders JE; Singer J; Sullivan KM; Witherspoon RP and Thomas ED: Graft-versus-host disease and survival in patients with aplastic anemia treated by marrow grafts from HLA-identical siblings. Beneficial effect of a protective environment. N. Engl. J. Med. 308:302, (1983).
Sugibayashi K; Morimoto Y; Nadai T; Kato Y; Hasegawa A; Arita T: Drug-carrier property of albumin microspheres in chemotherapy. II. Preparation and tissue distribution in mice of microsphere-entrapped 5-fluorouracil. Chem. Pharm. Bull 27:204, (1979).
Sugibayashi K; Okumura M and Morimoto Y: Biomedical applications of magnetic fluids III. Antitumor effect of magnetic albumin microspheres-entrapped adriamycin on lung metastasis of AH-7974 in rats. Biomaterials 3:181, (1982).
Terman DS; Young JB; Sheaver WT; Ayus C; Lehane D; Mattioli C; Espada R; Howell JF; Yamamoto T; Zaleski HI; Miller L; Frommer P; Feldman L; Henry JF; Tilquist R; Cook G and Daskal Y: Preliminary observations of the effects on breast adenocarcinoma of plasma perfused over immobilized protein A. N. Engl. J. Med. 305:1195, (1981).
Terman DS; Yamamoto T; Mattioli M; Cook G; Tilquist R; Henry J; Poser R and Daskal Y: Extensive necrosis of spontaneous canine mammary adenocarcinoma after extracorporeal perfusion over Staphylococcus aureus Cowans I. Description of acute tumoricidal response: Morphologic, Histologic, Immunohistochemical, Immunologic, and Serologic Findings. J. Immunol. 124:795,1 (1980).
Theodorakis MC; Digenis GA; Beihn RM; Shambhu MB and DeLand FH: Rate and pattern of gastric emptying in humans using 99mTc-labeled triethylenetetraamine polystyrene resin. J. Pharmc. Sci. 69: 568, (1980).
Thomas E; Storb R; Clift R; et al. Bone marrow transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 292:895, (1975).
Thorpe PE; Mason DW; Brown ANF; Simmonds SJ; Ross WCJ; Cumber AJ and Forrester JA: Selective killing of malignant cells in leukemic rat bone marrow using an antibody-ricin conjugate. Nature 297:594, (1982).
Tobias JS; Weiner RS, Griffiths CT; Richman CM; Panier LM and Yourvee RA: Cryopresened autologous marrow infusion following high dose cancer chemotherapy. Eur. J. Cancer, 13:269 (1977).
Tokes ZA; Rogers KE and Rembaum A: Synthesis of adriamycin-coupled polyglutaraldehyde microspheres and evaluation of their cytostatic activity. PNAS 79:2026, (1982).
Tomaszekwski JE; Good DB and Zmijewski CM: Cell surface antigen identification by a modified fluorescein immunosphere method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 85:219, (1986).
Tomlinson E and Burger JJ: Incorporation of water-soluble drugs in albumin microspheres. In: Drug and Enzyme Targeting, Widder KJ and Green R (eds). Meth. Enzymol. 112:27, (1985).
Treleaven JG; Ugelstad J; Philip T; Gibson FM; Rembaum A; Caine GD and Kemshead JT: Removal of neuroblastoma cells from bone marrow with monoclonal antibodies conjugated to magnetic microspheres. Lancet 1:70, (1984).
Tuma RF: The use of degradable starch microspheres for transient occlusion of blood flow and for drug targeting to selected tissues. In: Microspheres and Drug Therapy. Pharmaceutical, Immunological and Medical Aspects, Davis SS; Illum L; McVie JG and Tomlinson E (eds) Elsevier, Amsterdam, p.1 189, (1984).
Tyan M: Modification of severe graft-versus-host disease with antisera to the theta antigen or to whole serum. Transplantation 15:601, (1973).
Ugelstad J; Kaggerud KH; Hansen FK et al: Absorption of low molecular weight compounds in aqueous dispersions of polymeroligomer particles: a two step swelling process of polymer particles giving an enormous increase in absorption capacity. Makromol Chem. 180:737, (1979).
Ugelstad J; Mork PC; Kaggerud KH et al: Swelling of oligomer particles. New methods of preparation of emulsions and polymer dispersion. Advances in Colloid Interface Science 13:101, (1980).
Ugelstad J; Soderberg L; Berge A and Bergstrom J: Monodisperse polymer particles-a step forward for chromatography. Nature 303:96, (1983).
Ugelstad J; Berge A; Ellingsen T; Bjorun J; Schmid R; Stenstad P; Aume O; Nilsen TN; Funderud S and Nustad K: Biomedical applications of monodisperse magnetic polymer particles, In: Future Directions in Polymer Colloids, ElAasser MS and Fitch R (eds): Martinuns-Nijhoff Publishing Company, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. This volume (1987).
Vallera DA; Youle RJ; Neville DM and Kersey JH: Bone marrow transplantation across major histocompatibility barriers. V. Protection of mice from lethal graft-vs-host disease. Pretreatment of donor cells with monoclonal anti-Thy-1-2 coupled to the toxin ricin. J. Exp. Med. 155:949, (1982).
Voller A; Bidwell D; Bartlett A: Double antibody sandwich method for detection and measurement of antigen. In: Rose NR; Friedman H (eds) Manual of Clinical Immunology, Chapter 29, Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology, (1980).
Walsh JH; Yalow R and Benson SA: Detection of Australia antigen and antibody by means of radioimmunoassay techniques. J. Infect. Dis. 121:550, (1970).
Watson JHP: Magnetic filtration. J. Appl. Phys. 44:4209, (1973).
Weiden PL and the Seattle Marrow Transplant Team. Graft-vs-host disease in allogeneic marrow transplantation. In: Gale RP; Fox CF (eds). Biology of bone marrow transplantation. New York, Academic Press, (1980).
Wells JR; Sullivan A and Cline MJ: A technique for the separation and cryopreservation of myeloid stem cells from human bone marrow. Cryobiology 16:201, (1979).
Widder KJ; Senyei AE and Scarpelli DG: Magnetic microspheres: A model system for site specific drug delivery in vitro. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 58:141, (1978).
Widder KJ; Flauret G and Senyei A: Magnetic microspheres: Synthesis of a novel parenteral drug carrier. J. Pharm. Sci. 68: 79, (1979a).
Widder KJ; Senyei AE; Ovadia H and Peterson PY: Magnetic protein A microspheres: A rapid method for cell separation. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 14:395, (1979b).
Widder KJ; Morris RK; Poore G; Howard Jr. DP and Senyei AE: Tumor remission in Yoshida Sarcoma bearing rats by selective targeting of magnetic albumin microspheres containing doxorubicin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:579, (1981a).
Widder KJ and Senyei AE: Magnetic microspheres: A vehicle for selective targeting of drugs. Pharmac. Ther. 20:377, (1983).
Widder KJ and Green R: Drug and Enzyme Targeting, Methods in Enzymology, 112, Academic Press, Inc. Press, Inc., Orlando, New York, (1985).
Winston D; Gale R; Meyer D and Young L: Infectious complications of human bone marrow transplantation. Medicine 58:1, (1979).
Wojchowski DM and Sytkowski AJ: Detection of low-density cell-surface molecules using biotinylated fluorescent microspheres. Biochim. Biophysi. Acta. 857:61, (1986).
Yalow RS and Benson SA: Immunoassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man. J. Clin. Invest. 39:1157, (1960).
Yapel Jr, AF: Albumin Microspheres: Heat and Chemical Stabilization. In: Drug and Enzyme Targeting, Widder, KJ and Green R (eds): Meth. Enzymol. 112:3, (1985).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Platsoucas, C.D. (1987). Biomedical Applications of Polymer Particles with Emphasis on Cell Separation. In: El-Aasser, M.S., Fitch, R.M. (eds) Future Directions in Polymer Colloids. NATO ASI Series, vol 138. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3685-0_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3685-0_21
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8150-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-3685-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive