Abstract
When the temperature of the saturating fluid phase in a porous medium is not uniform, some flows induced by buoyancy effects may occur. Commonly called free or natural convective movements, these flows depend on density differences due to temperature gradients and boundary conditions. Generally speaking, convective movements which tend to homogenize the whole fluid volume where they take place have two main effects: produce a non-uniform insitu temperature distribution characterized by hot and cold zones, and increase the overall heat transfer.
Due to its numerous applications in geophysics and energy-related engineering problems, natural convection in porous media has been receiving increased interest over the last few decades (1,2).
In this review, we deal mainly with the presentation of fundamental results obtained through the study of this phenomena in dispersed saturated porous media. Beginning with the formulation of basic equations and boundary conditions, we then successively review:
-
first, the results concerning natural convection in homogeneous isotropic porous layers of wide lateral extent in horizontal or inclined positions,
-
second, the studies on natural convection in confined porous media, i.e., when the lateral extent of the layer is of the same order of magnitude so that the thickness and the lateral thermal boundary effects are taken into account,
-
and finally, the problems related to natural convection in more complex configurations, such as anisotropic porous layers or porous layers saturated by a fluid of non-constant properties.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Combarnous M.A., and Bories S.A., “Hydrothermal Convection in Saturated Porous Media,” Advances in Hydro sciences, Vol. 10, Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 1975, pp. 231–307.
Klarsfeld S., “Champs de temperature associés aux mouvements de convection naturelle dans un milieu poreux limité,” Revue Générale de Thermique, Vol. 9, 1970, pp. 1403–1424.
Marie C., “From the Pore Scale to the Macroscopic Scale: Equation Governing Multiphase Fluid Through Porous Media,” Flow and Transport in Porous Media, A.A. Belkema, ed., 1981, pp. 57–61.
Matheron G., Elements Pour Une Théorie des Milieux Poreux, Masson et Cie Editeurs, Paris VIe, 1967.
Withaker, S., “Simultaneous Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer in Porous Media. A Theory of Drying,” Advances in Beat Transfer, Vol. 13, 1977, pp. 119–203.
Bear, J., Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media, American Elsevier, 1972.
Hassanizadeh M., and Gray, W.G., “General Conservation Equations for Multiphase Systems: 3. Constitutive Theory for Porous Media,” Advances in Water Resources, Vol. 3, 1980, pp. 25–40.
Slattery, J.C., Momentum Energy and Mass Transfer in Continua, Mc Graw Hill Book Company, 1972.
Whitaker, S., “Local Thermal Equilibrium: An Application to Packed Bed Catalytic Reactor Design,” to be published in Chemical Ingr. Science., 1984.
Jaguaribe, E., and Beasley, D., “Modeling of the Effective Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity of a Packed Bed with Stagnant Fluid,” Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.27, No. 3, 1984, pp. 399–407.
Bear, J., and Bachmat, Y., “Transport Phenomena in Porous Media. The Basic Equations,” Review NATO Advanced Study Institute on Mechanics of Fluids in Porous Media, Newark, DE., July 18–27, 1982.
Chandrasekhar, S., Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1961.
Westbrook, D.R., “Stability of Convective Flow in a Porous Medium,” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 12, 1969, pp. 1547–1551.
Joseph, D.D., “Stability of Fluid Motions,” Springer Tracts in Natural Philosophy, Vol. 27 and 28, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1976.
Katto, Y., and Masuoka, T., “Criterion for Onset of Convective Flow in a Fluid in a Porous Medium,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 10, 1967, pp. 297–309.
Lapwood, E.R., “Convection of a Fluid in a Porous Medium,” Proceedings of Cambridge Pil. Society, Vol. 44, 1948 pp. 508–521.
Horton, C.W., and Rogers, F.T., “Convection Currents in a Porous Medium,” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 16, 1945, pp. 367–370.
Nield, D.A., “Onset of Thermohaline Convection in a Porous Medium,” Water Resources Research, Vol. 4, 1968, pp. 553–560.
Caltagirone, J.P., “Stability of a Saturated Porous Layer Subject to a Sudden Rise in Surface Temperature: Comparison Between the Linear and Energy Methods,” The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 23, 1980, pp. 47–58.
Busse, F.H., and Riahi, N., “Non Linear Convection in a Layer With Nearly Insulating Boundaries,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 96, 1980, pp. 243–256.
Riahi, N., “Non Linear Convection in a Porous Layer with Finite Conducting Boundaries,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 129, 1983, pp. 153–171.
Malkus, V.W.R., and Veronis, G., “Finite Amplitude Convection,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 4, 1958, pp. 225–260.
Gorkov, L.P., “Stationary Convection in a Plane Liquid Layer Near the Critical Heat Transfer Point,” English Transi. Sov. Phys. JETP, Vol. 6, 1957, pp. 311–315.
Edwards, D.K., and Catton, I., “Prediction of Heat Transfer by Natural Convection in Closed Cylinder Heated From Below,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 12, 1969, pp. 23–30.
Schluter, A., and Lortz, D., and Bosse, F.H., “On the Stability of Steady Finite Amplitude Convection,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 23, 1965, pp. 129–144.
Bories, S.A., “Comparaison des prévisions d’une théorie non Linéaire et des résultats expérimentaux en convection naturelle dans une couche poreuse saturée horizontale,” Compte s-rendus Académie des Sciences B, Vol. 271, 1970, pp. 269–272.
Bories, S.A., and Combarnous, M.A., “Natural Convection in a Sloping Porous Layer,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 57, 1973, pp. 63–79.
Caltagirone, J.P., “Thermoconvective Instabilities in a Porous Layer,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 72, 1975, pp. 269–287.
Caltagirone, J.P., “Thermoconvective Instabilities in a Porous Medium Bounded by Two Concentric Horizontal Cylinders,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 76, 1976, pp. 337–362.
Caltagirone, J.P., and Combarnous, M., and Mojtabi, A., “Natural Convection Between Two Concentric Spheres: Transition Towards a Multicellular Flow,” Num. Heat Transfer, Vol. 3, 1980, pp. 107–114.
Caltagirone, J.P., and Meyer, G., and Mojtabi, A., “Structurations Thermoconvectives tridimensionnelles dans une couche poreuse horizontale,” Journal de Mécanique 20, Vol. 2, 1981, pp. 219–232.
Horne, R.N., “Three Dimensional Natural Convection in a Confined Porous Medium Heated From Below,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 92, 1979, pp. 751–766.
Horne, R.N., and Caltagirone, J.P., “On the Evolution of Thermal Disturbances During Natural Convection in a Porous Medium,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 100, 1980, pp. 385–395.
Schubert, G., and Straus, J.M., “Three Dimensional and Multicellular Steady and Unsteady Convection in Fluid Saturated Porous Media at High Rayleigh Number,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 94, 1979, pp. 25–38.
Straus, J.M., and Schubert, G., “Three-dimensional Convection in a Cubic Box of Fluid Saturated Porous Material,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 91, 1979, pp. 155–165.
Gottleib, D., and Orstag, S.A., “Numerical Analysis of Spectral Methods: Theory and Applications,” NSF-CBMS Monograph 26, Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 1978.
Caltagirone, J.P., and Cloupeau, M., and Combarnous, M., “Convection Naturelle Fluctuante dans Une Couche Poreuse Horizontale,” Compte-Rendu á l’Académie des Sciences, B Vol. 273, 1971, pp. 833–836.
Straus, J.M., “Large Amplitude Convection in Porous Media,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol.64, 1974, pp. 51–63.
Bories, S.A., and Monferran L., “Conditions de Stabilité et Échanges Thermiques Par Convection Naturelle Dans Une Couche Poreuse Inclinée de Grande Extension,” Compte-rendu á l’Académie des Sciences, B, Vol. 274, 1972, pp. 4–7.
Bories, S.A., and Combarnous, M.A., and Jaffrennou, J.Y., “Observation des différentes formes d’écoulements convectifs dans une couche poreuxe inclinée,” Compte-Rendu à l’Académie des Sciences, A, Vol. 275, 1972, pp. 857–860.
Schneider, K.H., “Investigation of the Influence of Free Thermal Convection on Heat Transfer Through Granular Material,” Proceedings of International Congress on Refrigiration, 11th, Munich, 1963, pp. 11–14.
Elder, J.W., “Steady Free Convection in a Porous Medium Heated from Below,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 27, 1967, pp. 29–48.
Steen, P.H., “Pattern Selection for Finite Amplitude Convection States in Boxes of Porous Media,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 136, 1983, pp. 219–241.
Combarnous, M.A., and Lefur, B., “Transfert de Chaleur Par Convection Naturelle Dans Une Couche Poreuse Horizontale,” Compte Rendu à l’Académie des Sciences, B, 1969, pp. 1009–1012.
Bories, S.A., “Sur Les Mécanismes Fondamentaux de la Convection Naturelle en Milieu Poreux,” Revue Générale de Thermique, Vol. 9, 1970, pp. 1355–1376.
Combarnous, M.A., “Convection Naturelle et Convection Mixte Dans Une Couche Poreuse Horizontale,” Revue Générale de Thermique Vol. 9, 1970, pp. 1335–1355.
Hollard, S., “Structures Thermoconvectives Stationnaires Dans Une Couche Poreuse Plane Inclinée de Grande Extension,” Thèse de Docteur-Ingénieur, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France, 1984.
Combarnous, M.A., “Convection Naturelle et Convection Mixte Dans Une Couche Poreuse Horizontale,” These Université de Paris, Edition Technip, Paris, 1970.
Klarsfeld, S., “Champs de Temperature Associés Aux Mouvements de Convection Naturelle Dans Un Milieu Limité,” Revue Générale de Thermique, Vol. 9, 1970, pp. 1403–1424.
Betbeder, J., and Jolas, P., “Influence de la Convection Libre Sur La Conductivité Thermique d’une Couche Verticale d’isolant Poreux,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol.24, No. 3, 1972, pp. 496–506.
Caltagirone, J.P., and Bories, S., “Solutions and Stability Criteria of Natural Convective Flow in an Inclined Porous Layer,” in press in Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1985 (see also “Solutions Numériques Bidimensionnelles et Tridimensionnelles de l’écoulement de Convection Naturelle Dans Une Couche Poreuse Inclinée,” Compte-Rendu à l’Académie des Sciences, B., Vol. 190, 1980, pp. 197–200).
Beck, J.L., “Convection in a Box of Porous Material Saturated With Fluid,” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 15, 1972, pp. 1377–1383.
Holst, P.H., and Aziz, K., “Numerical Simulation of Three-Dimensional Natural Convection in Porous Media, Preprint S.P.E. 2805, 1970.
Zebib, A., and Kassoy, D.R., “Three-dimensional Natural Convection Motion in a Confined Porous Medium,” The Physics of Fluids, Vol. 21, 1978, pp. 1–3.
Bories, S., and Deltour, A., “Influence des Conditions Aux Limites Sur La Convection Naturelle Dans Un Volume Poreux Cylindrique,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 23, No. 6, 1980, pp. 63–79.
Bau, H.H., and Torrance, K.E., “Low Rayleigh Number Thermal Convection in a Vertical Cylinder Filled with Porous Material and Heated from Below,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 104, No. 1, 1982, pp. 166–172.
Lowel, R.P., and Hernandez, H., “Finite Amplitude Convection in a Porous Container with Fault-like Geometry: Effect of Initial and Boundary Conditions,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 5, No. 6, 1982, pp. 631–641.
Deltour, A., “Convection Naturelle Au Sein d’un Milieu Poreux Saturé Confiné Dans un Domaine Cylindrique Vertical,” Thèse Institut National Polytechnique Toulouse, France, 1982.
Horne, R.N., “Three-dimensional Natural Convection in a Confined Porous Medium Heated from Below,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 92, 1979, pp. 751–766.
Jaffrennou, J.Y., and Bories, S., “Convection Naturelle Dans Une Couche Poreuse Inclinée,” Rapport Interne, G.E. 14, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, 1974.
Caltagirone, J.P., “Convection in Porous Medium. In Convective Transport and Instability Phenomena,” G. Braun Editor Karlsruhe 1981, pp. 199–232.
Vlasuk, M.P., “Transfert de Chaleur Par Convection Dans Une Couche Poreuse,” (in Russian), presented at the 1972, 4th All Union Heat & Mass Transfer Conference, held at Minsk.
Kaneko, T., “An Experimental Investigation of Natural Convection in Porous Media,” thesis presented to the University of Calgary, at Canada, in 1972, in partial fulfillment of the Master of Science.
Walch, J.P., and Dulieu, B., “Natural Convection in a Slightly Inclined Rectangular Box Filled With a Porous Medium,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 22, No. 12, 1979, pp. 1607–1612.
Gill, A.E., “The Boundary Layer Regime for Convection in a Rectangular Cavity,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 26, 1966, p. 515.
Weber, J.E., “The Boundary Layer Regime for Convection in a Vertical Porous Layer,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 18, 1975, pp. 569–573.
Walker, K.L., and Homsy, G.M., “Convection in a Porous Cavity,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 87, 1978, p. 449.
Bejan, A., “On the Boundary Layer Regime in a Vertical Enclosure Filled with a Porous Medium,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1979, pp. 93–102.
Simpkins, P.G., and Blythe, P.A., “Convection in a Porous Layer,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 23, No. 6, 1980, pp. 881–887.
Bejan, A., and Tien, C.L., “Natural Convection in a Horizontal Porous Medium Subjected to an end-to-end Temperature Difference,” Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 100, No. 2, 1978, pp. 191–198.
Chan, B.C.K., and Ivey, G.M., and Barry, J.M., “Natural Convection Enclosed Porous Media with Rectangular Boundaries,” Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol.2, 1970, pp. 21–27.
Bejan, A., “A Synthesis of Analytical Results for Natural Convection Heat Transfer Across Rectangular Enclosures,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1980, pp. 723–726.
Aziz, K., and Kaneko, T., and Mohtadi, M.F., “Natural Convection in Confined Porous Media,” presented at the 1972, 1st Pacific Chemical Engineering Congress, held at Kyoto, Japan.
Bankvall, C.G., “Natural Convection in Vertical Permeable Space,” Stoffubertragung, Vol. 7, 1974, pp. 22–30.
Burns, P.J., and Chow, L.C., and Tien, C.L., “Convection in a Vertical Slot Filled with Porous Insulation,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 20, No. 9, 1977, pp. 919–926.
Hickox, C.E., and Gartlink, D.K., “A Numerical Study of Natural Convection in Horizontal Porous Layer Subjected to an end-to-end Temperature Difference,” Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 103, No. 4, 1981, pp. 797–802.
Prasad, V., and Kulacki, F.A., “Convective Heat Transfer in a Rectangular Porous Cavity-Effect of Aspect Ratio on Flow Structure and Heat Transfer,” Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 106, 1984, pp. 158–165.
Prasad, V., and Kulacki, F.A., “Natural Convection in a Rectangular Porous Cavity with Constant Heat Flux on one Vertical Wall,” Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 106, 1984, pp. 152–157.
Seki, N., Fukusako, S., and Inaba, H.K., “Heat Transfer in a Confined Rectangular Cavity Packed with Porous Media,” Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 21, No. 7, 1978, pp. 985–989.
Inaba, H., and Seki, N., “An Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Porous Layer Enclosed Between Two Opposing Vertical Surfaces with Different Temperatures,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 24, No. 11, 1981, pp. 1854–1857.
Bejan, A., “Natural Convection Heat Transfer in a Porous Layer With Internal Flow Obstructions,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 26, No. 6, 1983, pp. 815–822.
Prasad, V., “Natural Convection in Porous Media. An Experimental and Numerical Study for Vertical Annular and Rectangular Enclosures,” thesis presented to the University of Delaware, at Newark, De., in 1983, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Prasad, V., and Kulacki, F.A., “Natural Convection in a Vertical Porous Annulus,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1984, pp. 207–219.
Hickox, C.E., and Gartling, G.K., “A Numerical Study of Natural Convection in a Vertical, Annular Porous Layer,” presented at the 1982, ASME, 21st National Heat Transfer Conference (Paper No. 82-HT 68).
Havstad, M.A., and Burns, P.J., “Convective Heat Transfer in Vertical Cylindrical Annuli Filled with a Porous Medium,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1982, pp. 1755–1766.
Mckibbin, R., and O’Sullivan, M., “Onset of Convection in a Layered Porous Medium Heated from Below,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 96, No. 2, 1980, pp. 375–393.
Richard, J.P., “Critère d’apparition de la convection naturelle Dans Des Couches Poreuses Stratifiées,” presented at the 1979, 15th Congrès International du Froid, Communication Bl-92.
Richard, J.P., and Combarnous, M., “Critère d’apparition de la Convection Naturelle Au Sein d’une Couche Poreuse Horizontale,” Compte-rendu Académie des Sciences, Paris, B, Vol. 285, 1977, pp. 73–75.
McKibbin, R., and O’Sullivan, M.J., “Heat Transfer in a Layered Porous Medium Heated From Below,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. III, 1981, pp. 141–173.
McKibbin, R., and Tyvand, P.A., “Anisotropic Modeling of Thermal Convection in Multilayered Porous Media,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 118, 1982, pp. 315–339.
McKibbin, R., and Tyvand, P.A., “Thermal Convection in a Porous Medium Composed of Alternating Thick and Thin Layers,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 26, No.5, 1983, pp. 761–780.
McKibbin, R., and Tyvand, P.A., “Thermal Convection in a Porous Medium with Horizontal Cracks,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 27, No. 7, 1984, pp. 1007–1023.
Epherre, J.F., “Critère d’apparition de la Convection Naturelle Dans Une Couche Poreuse Anisotrope,” Revue Générale de Thermique, Vol. 168, 1975, pp. 949–950.
Kvernvold, O., and Tyvand, P.A., “Non Linear Thermal Convection in Anisotropic Porous Media,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 90, 1979, pp. 609–624.
Epherre, J.F., “Convection Naturelle Dans Une Couche Poreuse Anisotrope Saturée Par Un Gaz Parfait,” Thèse Université de Bordaux I., 1976.
Castinel, G., and Combarnous, M., “Critère d’apparition de la Convection Naturelle Dans Une Couche Poreuse Horizontale Anisotrope,” Compte-rendu Académie des Sciences, Paris B, Vol. 278, 1974, pp. 701–704.
Minkowycz, W.J., and Cheng, P., “Free Convection About a Vertical Cylinder Embedded in a Porous Medium,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 19, No. 7, 1976, pp. 805–813.
Cheng, P., “Similarity Solutions for Mixed Convection from Horizontal Impermeable Surfaces in Saturated Porous Media,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 20, 1977, pp. 893–898.
Cheng, P., “Combined Free and Forced Convection Flow About Inclined Surfaces in Porous Media,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 20, 1977, pp. 807–814.
Johnson, CH., and Cheng, P., “Possible Similarity Solutions for Free Convection Boundary Layers Adjacent to Flat Plates in Porous Media,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 21, 1978, pp. 709–718.
Hsu, G.T., and Cheng, P., and Homsy, G.M., “Instability of free Convection Flow Over a Horizontal Impermeable Surface in Porous Medium,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 21, 1978, pp. 1221–1228.
Hsu, G.T., and Cheng, P., “The Onset of Longitudinal Vortices in Mixed Convective Flow Over an Inclined Surface in a Porous Medium,” Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 102, 1980, pp. 544–549.
Joshi, Y., and Gerbhart, B., “Vertical Natural Convection Flows in Porous Media. Calculations of Improved Accuracy,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1984, pp. 69–75.
Pop, I., and Cheng, P., “The Growth of a Thermal Layer in a Porous Medium Adjacent to a Suddenly Heated Semi-infinite Horizontal Surface,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 26, No. 10, 1983, pp. 1574–1576.
Rees, D.A., and Riley, D.S., “Free Convection Above a Near Horizontal Semi-Infinite Heated Surface Embedded in a Saturated Porous Medium,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1985, pp. 183–190.
Bejan, A., and Anderson, R., “Natural Convection at the Interfac Between a Vertical Porous Layer and an Open Space,” Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 105, 1983, pp. 124–129.
Chandrasekhara, B.C., and Namboodiri, P.M.S., “Influence of Variable Permeability on Combined Free and Forced Convection About Inclined Surfaces in Porous Media,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1985, pp. 199–206.
Cheng, P., “Heat Transfer in Geothermal Systems,” Advances in Heat Transfer, Vol. 14, 1978, pp. 1–105.
Hozanski, J.M., and Huet, S., “Etude Théorique et Expérimentale de la Convection Naturelle en Milieu Poreux Saturé Produite Par Une Source de Chaleur Concentrée,” Symposium de l’A.I.R.H. sur les Transferts de Chaleur et de Masse en Milieux Poreux, Toulouse, France, 1980.
Bejan, A., “Natural Convection in an Infinite Porous Medium with a Concentrated Heat Source,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 89, 1978, pp. 97–107.
Hickox, C.E., and Watts, H.A., “Steady Thermal Convection from a Concentrated Source in a Porous Medium,” Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 102, No. 2, 1980, p. 248.
Hickox, C.E., “Thermal Convection at Low Rayleigh Number from Concentrated Sources in Porous Media,” Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 103, 1981, pp. 232–236.
Poulikakos, D., “On Buoyancy Induced Heat and Mass Transfer from a Concentrated Source in an Infinite Porous Medium,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1985, pp. 621–629.
Zebib, A., and Kassoy, D.R., “Onset of Natural Convection in a Box of Water-Saturated Porous Media with Large Temperature Variation,” The Physics of Fluids, Vol. 20, No. 1, 1977, pp. 4–9.
Saatdjian, E., “Natural Convection in a Porous Layer Saturated with a Compressible Ideal Gas,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 23, 1980, pp. 1681–1683.
Epherre, J.F., “Convection Naturelle au Sein d’une Couche Poreuse Anisotrope Saturée par un Gaz Parfait,” Thèse Université de Bordeaux I., Bordeaux, France, 1976.
Epherre, J.F., and Combarnous, M., and Klarsfeld, S., “Critère d’apparition de la Convection Naturelle Dans des Couches Poreuses Anistropes Saturées d’air Soumises à de Grandes Différences de Température,” Commission Bulletin, Institut. Int. du Froid, Washington, 1976, pp. 55–62.
Blake, K.R., and Bejan, A., and Poulikakos, D., “Natural Convection Near 4°C in a Water Saturated Porous Layer Heated From Below,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1984, pp. 2355–2364.
Brinkman, H.C., “On the Permeability of Media Consisting of Closely Packed Porous Interface, Aplied Science Research., Vol. A1, 1947, pp. 27–34.
Vafai, K., and Tien, C.L., “Boundary and Intertia Effects on Convective Mass Transfer in Porous Media,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1982, pp. 1183–1190.
Walker, K., and Homsy, G.M., “A Note on Convective Instabilities on Boussinesq Fluids and Porous Media,” Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 99, 1977, pp. 338–339.
Tong, T.W., and Subramanian, E., “A Boundary Layer Analysis for Natural Convection in Vertical Porous Enclosures-Use of the Brinkman Extended Darcy Model,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1985, pp. 563–571.
Hsu, C.T., and Cheng, P., “The Brinkman Model for Natural Convection About Semi-Infinite Vertical Flat Plate in a Porous Medium,” International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1985, pp. 683–697.
Rudraiah, N., and Veerappa B., and Balachandra Rao S., “Effects of Non Uniform Thermal Gradients and Adiabatic Boundaries on Convection in Porous Media,” Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol.102, 1980, pp. 254–260.
Nield, D.A., “The Boundary Correction for the Rayleigh Darcy Problem: Limitations of the Brinkman Equation,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 128, 1983, pp. 37–46.
Caltagirone, J.P., and Arquis, E., “Natural Convection in a Vertical Fluid Cavity Divided by a Permeable Porous Layer,” in press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bories, S. (1987). Natural Convection in Porous Media. In: Bear, J., Corapcioglu, M.Y. (eds) Advances in Transport Phenomena in Porous Media. NATO ASI Series, vol 128. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3625-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3625-6_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8121-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-3625-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive