Abstract
It has long been recognized that lake ice is composed of two layers: a lower, relatively clear layer of “black” ice that forms by downward freezing, and an upper, bubbly layer of “white” ice that forms when snow falls onto an ice sheet and depresses it to the point where water floods the surface, making slush that later freezes solid [1, 2, 3]. The ice on a given lake or pond, at a given time, may be all black or mostly white or any proportion between. The whiteness is caused by light scattering from small air bubbles. The black ice may contain air bubbles too, but they are larger and are aligned vertically, with the freezing direction.
The National Center for Atmospheric Research is funded by the National Science Foundation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Jones, JAA: The Growth and Significance of White Ice at Knob Lake, Quebec. Canadian Geographer, XIII, 4, 354–372, 1969.
Adams, WP and NT Roulet: Illustration of the Roles of Snow in the Evolution of the Winter Cover of a Lake. Arctic, 33, 100–116, 1980.
Adams, WP and NT Roulet: Sampling of Snow and Ice on Lakes. Arctic, 37, 270–275, 1984.
Woodcock, AH: Melt Patterns in Ice over Shallow Waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 10, R290-R297, 1965.
Tokairin, A: Lake Ice. Kodansha, Tokyo, Japan, 103 pp. (in Japanese), 1977.
Nittman, J, G Daccord, and HE Stanley: Fractal Growth of Viscous Fingers: Quantitative Characterization of a Fluid Instability Phenomenon. Nature, 314, 141–144, 1985.
Neumann, H-G: Zellmuster Auf der Oberfläche Eines Teiches. Beiträge Zur Phys. der Atmos., 30, 246–253, 1958.
Woodcock, AH and RB Lukas: Comments Concerning “Convection Patterns in a Pond.” Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 64, 274–277, 1983.
Brunt, D: Patterns in Ice and Cloud. Weather, 1, 184–185, 1946.
Woodcock, AH and GA Riley: Patterns in Pond Ice. J. Meteor., 4, 100–101, 1947.
Zwart, B: Natuur experimenteerde met KNMI-Vijver. Zenit, 4, 86–88 (in Dutch), 1977.
Katsaros, KB: Convection Patterns in a Pond. Bull Amer. Meteor. Soc, 62, 1446–1453, 1981.
Katsaros, KB: Response. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 64, 277–279, 1983.
Gow, AJ and JW Govoni: Ice Growth on Post Pond, 1973–1982. CRREL Report 83–4 (U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH), 25 pp., 1983.
Van Damme, H, F Obrecht, P Levitz, L Gatineau, and C Larouche: Fractal Viscous Fingering in Clay Slurries. Nature, 320, 731–733, 1986.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Knight, C.A. (1987). Slush on Lakes. In: Loper, D.E. (eds) Structure and Dynamics of Partially Solidified Systems. NATO ASI Series, vol 125. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3587-7_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3587-7_22
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8104-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-3587-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive