Abstract
The artificial and somewhat arbitrary nature of laboratory test conditions in toxicity studies make extension of the results to the environment uncertain. Comparison with field assessments of the response of ecosystems subjected to metal contamination offer an essential link in the process of hazard assessment and control. However, just as the difficulties of ensuring unequivocal results from laboratory tests are discussed in Chapter 2, so field assessments are not without limitations. This chapter seeks first to summarise the basic approaches and important features of biological and chemical investigation in freshwaters and then to discuss relevant case studies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mance, G. (1987). Freshwater Field Studies. In: Pollution Threat of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Environments. Pollution Monitoring Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3421-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3421-4_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8030-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-3421-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive