Advertisement

Coffee pp 257-291 | Cite as

Waste Products

  • M. R. Adams
  • J. Dougan
Chapter

Abstract

The green coffee bean of international commerce constitutes only 50–55% of the dry matter of the ripe cherry (18% on a fresh weight basis). The remaining material is diverted into a variety of low- or negative- value by-products depending on the processing technique used. Here we describe these by-products and the various schemes that have been proposed for their utilisation or disposal, and attempt a critical evaluation of their feasibility. Aspects of this subject have been discussed previously by several authors.1 – 6

Keywords

Chemical Oxygen Demand Anaerobic Digestion Biological Oxygen Demand Instant Coffee Rotate Biological Contactor 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Martinez Nadal, N. G., Coffee Tea Ind, 1958, 81 (3), 9, 10, 33, 34.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Tango, J. S., Bol. Inst. Technol. Aliment. Sao Paulo, 1971, 28, 49–73.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Calle, H. V., Bol. Tee. No. 6 Cenicafe, Colombia, 1977, 84 pp.Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Calude, B., Cafe Cacao Thé, 1979, 23, 146–52.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Adams, M. R. and Dougan, J., Proc. 9th Coll. ASIC, 1980, 325–33.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Adams, M. R. and Dougan, J., Trop. Sci., 1981, 23 (3), 177–96.Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Rowe, J. F ., The World’s Coffee, HMSO, London, 1963.Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Clarke, R. J., Process Biochem, 1967, 2 (10), 15–19.Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Clarke, R. J., Tea Coffee Trade J., 1971, 140 (2), 14–16, 35, 36, 40, 41.Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Singh, S., DeVries, J., Hulley, J. C. L. and Yeung, P., World Bank Staff Occasional Papers No. 22, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1977.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Bressani, R., Cabezas, M. T., Jarquin, R. and Murillo, B., in Proc. Conf. Anim. Feeds Trop. Subtrop. Orig., Tropical Products Institute, London, 107–17.Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    Rolz, C, J. Appi. Chem. Biotechnol., 1978, 28, 321–39.Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    Sivetz, M. and Foote, H. E., Coffee Processing Technology, Avi, Westport, Conn., 1963.Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    Smith, A. E., Trop Sci, 1985, 25, 29–39.Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    Coombs, J ., Chem. Ind., 1981, 223–9.Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    Rogerson, A., E. Afr. Agric. J., 1955, 20, 254–5.Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Ledger, H. P. and Tillman, A. D., E. Afr. Agric. For. J., 1972, 36–37, 234–6.Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    Ledger, H. P. and Tillman, A. D., E. Afr. Agric. For. Res. Org. Ann. Rept, 1971, 208.Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    Geevarghese, P. I., Subrahmanyam, M. and Ananthasubrahmaniam, C. R., Kerala J. Vet. Sci., 1980, 12 (1), 11.Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Geevarghese, P. I., Subrahmanyam, M. and Ananthasubrahmaniam, C. R., Kerala J. Vet. Sci., 1981, 12 (2), 288–94.Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    Jones, K. L. and Jones, S. E., in Progress in Industrial Microbiology, Ed. M. E. Bushell, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984, 411–56.Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    Rolz, C., Menchu, J. F., Calzada, F., de Leon, R. and Garcia, R., Process Biochem., 1982, 17 (3), 8–10, 22.Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    Aguirre, F., Maldonado, O., Rolz, C., Menchu, J. F., Espinosa, R. and de Cabrera, S., Chem. Technol., 1976, 6, 636–42.Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Ward, P. C., Sewage Whs J, 1945, 17, 39–45.Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Brandon, T. W., E. Afr. Agric. J, 1949, 14, 179–86.Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    Director of Kenya Water Dept, Kenya Coffee, 1977, 42, 367–73.Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    Wheatstone, K. C., in Treatment of Industrial Effluents, Eds A. G. Callely, C. F. Forster and D. A. Stafford, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1977, 30–64.Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    Pirt, S. J., J. Appi. Chem. Biotechnol, 1978, 28, 232–6.Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    Hinchcliffe, P. R., Chem. Ind, 1980, 15, 603–9.Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    Roberts, D. G. M., in Water Pollution Control Technology, HMSO, London, 1979, 22–36.Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    Wheatley, A. D., Chem. Ind., 1982, 17, 512–18.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Eden, G. E., in Water Pollution Control Technology, HMSO, London, 1979, 48–59.Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Horton, R. K., Pacheco, M. and Santana, M. F., Sewage Whs J, 1947, 19, 534–8.Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Winkler, M. A., Biological Treatment of Waste-water, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1981.Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    Mathew, P. K., Indian Coffee, 1978, 42, 343–4.Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    Bruce, A. M. and Merkens, J. C, Water Research Centre, Stevenage, Laboratory Reprint No. 761, 1975.Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    Godfrey, R. E ., Fd Process. Ind., 1980, 49 (589), 31, 35, 37Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    Mara, D. D ., in Water, Wastes and Health in Hot Climates, Eds R. Feachem, McGarry and D. Mara, John Wiley, London, 1977.Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Gloyna, E. F ., Waste Stabilization Ponds, WHO, Geneva, 1971.Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Cocci, A. A., McKim, M. P., Landine, R. C. and Viraraghavan, T., Agric. Wastes, 1980, 2, 273–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Coffee Pollution Committee, E. Afr. Agric. J, 1939, 4, 370–7.Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    Pahren, H. A. and Saenz, R. F. Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Centre Tech. Rep. W60 - 2, 1961.Google Scholar
  43. 43.
    Loehr, R. C., Agricultural Waste Management, Academic Press, New York, 1974.Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    Hobson, P. N. and Robertson, A. M., Waste Treatment in Agriculture, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1977.Google Scholar
  45. 45.
    Wood, B. J., Pillai, K. R. and Rajaratnam, J. A., Agric. Wastes, 1979, 1, 103–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Mara, D. D., Sewage Treatment in Hot Climates, John Wiley, Chichester, 1978.Google Scholar
  47. 47.
    Hiebenthal, F. and Spetch, D., Effluent and Waste Treatment J, 1967, 7 (6), 308–12.Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    Orozco, R. A ., Proc. 6th Coll. ASIC, 1973, 290–6.Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    Golueke, C. G., Biological Reclamation of Solid Wastes, Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA, 1977.Google Scholar
  50. 50.
    Beckley, V. A., Kenya Dept. Agric. Bull, 1934, No. 9, 45 pp.Google Scholar
  51. 51.
    Aguirre, F ., Invest, tecnol. del ICAITI, 1966, No. 1.Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    Anon, Indian Coffee, 1974, 38, 279–82.Google Scholar
  53. 53.
    Anon, Indian Coffee, 1976, 40, 274.Google Scholar
  54. 54.
    Gray, K. R., Sherman, K. and Biddlestone, A. J., Process Biochem, 1971, 6 (10), 22–8.Google Scholar
  55. 55.
    Golueke, C. G., in Handbook of Solid Waste Management, Ed. D. G. Wilson, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1977.Google Scholar
  56. 56.
    Finstein, M. S. and Morris, M. L., in Advances in Applied Microbiology, Vol. 19, Ed. D. Perlman, Academic Press, New York, 1975.Google Scholar
  57. 57.
    Parra, H., Cenicafe, 1959, 10, 441–60.Google Scholar
  58. 58.
    Lopez Arana, M., Cenicafe, 1966, 17, 121–31.Google Scholar
  59. 59.
    Laskin, A. I., in Annual Reports on Fermentation Processes, Vol. 1, Ed. D. Perlman, Academic Press, New York, 1977, 151–75.Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    Birch, G. G., Parker, K. J. and Worgan, J. T. (Eds), Food from Waste, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1976.Google Scholar
  61. 61.
    Rolz, C., in Annual Reports on Fermentation Processes, Vol. 7, Ed. G. Tsao, Academic Press, New York, 1984, 213–356.Google Scholar
  62. 62.
    Thaysen, A. C ., in Yeasts, Ed. W. Roman, D. R. W. Junk, The Hague, 1957.Google Scholar
  63. 63.
    Fries, K. W. E., US Patent 3,576, 720, 1971.Google Scholar
  64. 64.
    Rolz, C., Menchu, J. F. Del Carmen de Arriola M., de Micheo F., Agric. Wastes, 1980, 2, 207–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    DeLeon, R., Calzada, F., Herrera, R. and Rolz, C, J. Ferment. Technol., 1980, 58 (6), 579–82.Google Scholar
  66. 66.
    Rolz, C., Mayorga, H., Schneider, S., Cordero, L., Menehu, J. F., Espinosa, R. and Church, B., Proc. 6th Coll. ASIC, 1973, 260–1.Google Scholar
  67. 67.
    Rolz, C., in Single-cell Protein, Vol. 2, Eds S. R. Tannenbaum and D. I. C. Wang, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1975, 273 - 313.Google Scholar
  68. 68.
    Espinosa, R., Maldonado, O., Menchu, J. F. and Rolz, C, Biotechnol. Bioengng Symp. No. 7, 35–44, 1977.Google Scholar
  69. 69.
    Schrimshaw, N. S., in Single-cell Protein, Vol. 1, Eds R. I. Mateles and S. R. Tannenbaum, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1968, 3–7.Google Scholar
  70. 70.
    Thomka, S., in Production and Feeding of Single-cell Protein, Eds M. R. Ferranti and A. Fiechter, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1983.Google Scholar
  71. 71.
    Penaloza, W., Molina, M. R., Brenes, R. G. and Bressani, R., Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 1985, 49 (2), 388–92.Google Scholar
  72. 72.
    Adams, M. R. and Flynn, G., Rep. Trop. Prods Inst. G169, v + 26 pp, 1982.Google Scholar
  73. 73.
    Parker, K. J. and Righelato, R. C., in Processes for Chemicals from Some Renewable Raw Materials, Institution of Chemical Engineers, London, 1979, 9–21.Google Scholar
  74. 74.
    Krishnamoorthy Bhat, P. and Deepak Singh, M. B., J. Coffee Res., 1975, 5, 71–2.Google Scholar
  75. 75.
    Anon, Spice Mill, 1934, 57, 313.Google Scholar
  76. 76.
    Anon, Revista agric. Guatemala, 1940, 17, 179–80.Google Scholar
  77. 77.
    Marden, I., Nat. Geogr. Mag., 1944, 86, 575–608.Google Scholar
  78. 78.
    Adams, M. R., in Microbiology of Fermented Foods, Ed. B. J. B. Wood, Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1985.Google Scholar
  79. 79.
    Freise, F. W., Ind. Engng Chem. ind. Edn, 1931, 23, 1108–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. 80.
    Freise, F. W., Dt. Essigind., 1931, 35, 169–71.Google Scholar
  81. 81.
    Pilnik, W. and Voragen, A. G. J., in Biochemistry of Fruits and Their Products, Vol. 1, Academic Press, London, 1970.Google Scholar
  82. 82.
    Francis, B. J. and Bell, J. M. K., Trop. Sci, 1975, 17 (1), 25–44.Google Scholar
  83. 83.
    Elias, L. G ., in Coffee Pulp: Composition, Technology and Utilisation, Eds J. E. Braham and R. Bressani, IDRC, Ottawa, 1979, 11–16.Google Scholar
  84. 84.
    Lane, A. G., Fd Technol. Aust., 1979, 31, 201–7.Google Scholar
  85. 85.
    Hobson, P. N ., in Processes for Chemicals from Some Renewable Raw Materials, Institution of Chemical Engineers, London, 1979.Google Scholar
  86. 86.
    van Brakel, J., Trop. Sci, 1980, 22 (2), 105–48.Google Scholar
  87. 87.
    National Academy of Sciences, Methane Generation from Human, Animal and Agricultural Wastes, NAS, Washington, DC, 1977.Google Scholar
  88. 88.
    Meynell, P. J., Methane: Planning a Digester, Prism Press, Dorchester, 1976.Google Scholar
  89. 89.
    Fry, L. J., Practical Building of Methane Power Plants for Rural Energy Independence, D. A. Knox, Andover, Hants, 1974.Google Scholar
  90. 90.
    Kirsch, E. and Sykes, R. M., Prog. ind. Microbiol., 1971, 9, 155–237.Google Scholar
  91. 91.
    Morgan, H., in Food Industry Wastes: Disposal and Recovery, Eds A. Herzka and R. G. Booth, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1981, 92–108.Google Scholar
  92. 92.
    Knol, W., Van der Most, M. M. and de Waart, J., J. Sci Fd Agric., 1978, 29, 822–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Anon, Coffee Trade News, 1958, 9 (5), 20–1.Google Scholar
  94. 94.
    Anon, Kenya Coffee, 1967, 32, 113–14.Google Scholar
  95. 95.
    Calle, H. V., Indian Coffee, 1957, 21, 208–9.Google Scholar
  96. 96.
    Tiekjen, C ., Landb. Forsch-Volkenrode, 1958 (1), 16–18.Google Scholar
  97. 97.
    Calzada, J. F., de Leon, O. R., de Arriola, M. C., de Miches, F., Rolz, C, de Leon, R. and Menchu, J. F., Biotechnol. Letters, 1981, 3 (12), 713–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. 98.
    Monteverde, F. and Olguin, E. J., in Anaerobic Digestion and Carbohydrate Hydrolysis of Waste, Eds G. L. Serriero, M. P. Feranti and H. E. Naveau, Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1984, 359–68.Google Scholar
  99. 99.
    Calle, H. V ., Bol. Tec. No. 6 Cenicafe, Colombia, 1974, 11 pp.Google Scholar
  100. 100.
    Calzada, J. F., de Porres, E., Yurrita, A., de Arriola, M. C, de Micheo, F., Rolz, C. and Menchu, J. F., Agric. Wastes, 1984, 9, 217–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    Braham, J. E., in Coffee Pulp: Composition, Technology and Utilisation, Eds J. E. Braham and R. Bressani, IDRC, Ottawa, 1979, 51–4.Google Scholar
  102. 102.
    Cabezas, M. T., Flores, A. and Egana, J. I., in Coffee Pulp: Composition, Technology and Utilisation, Eds J. E. Braham and R. Bressani, IDRC, Ottawa, 1979, 25–38.Google Scholar
  103. 103.
    Bressani, R., in Coffee Pulp: Composition, Technology and Utilisation, Eds J. E. Braham and R. Bressani, IDRC, Ottawa, 1979, 83–8.Google Scholar
  104. 104.
    Jarquin, R., in Coffee Pulp: Composition, Technology and Utilisation, Eds J. E. Braham and R. Bressani, IDRC, Ottawa, 1979, 39–49.Google Scholar
  105. 105.
    Gomez Brenes, R. A., in Coffee Pulp, Composition, Technology and Utilisation, Eds J. E. Braham and R. Bressani, IDRC, Ottawa, 1979, 71–81.Google Scholar
  106. 106.
    Molina, M. R., de la Fuente,G., Batten, M. A. and Bressani, R., J. Agric. Fd Chem., 1974, 22, 1055–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. 107.
    Molina, M. R., in Coffee Pulp: Composition, Technology and Utilisation, Eds J. E. Braham and R. Bressani, IDRC, Ottawa, 1979, 63–9.Google Scholar
  108. 108.
    Barnett, A. J. G., Silage Fermentation, Butterworths, London, 1954.Google Scholar
  109. 109.
    Woolford, M. K., in Microbiology of Fermented Foods, Ed. B. J. B. Wood, Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1985.Google Scholar
  110. 110.
    Murillo, B., in Coffee Pulp: Composition, Technology and Utilisation, Eds J. E. Braham and R. Bressani, IDRC, Ottawa, 1979, 55–61.Google Scholar
  111. 111.
    Sivetz, M. and Desrosier, N. W., Coffee Technology, AVI, Westport, Conn., 1979, 519.Google Scholar
  112. 112.
    Blair, R ., Feedstuffs, 30 June, 1975, 32–5.Google Scholar
  113. 113.
    Ravindramath, R., J. Sci. Fd Agric., 1972, 23, 307–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. 114.
    Anon, El cafe de el Salvador, 1958, No. 324–5, Nov.-Dec., 3.Google Scholar
  115. 115.
    Lane, A. G., Biomass, 1983, 3, 247–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. 116.
    Sivetz, M ., Tea Coffee Trade J, 1977, August, 20–2.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Elsevier Science Publishers LTD 1987

Authors and Affiliations

  • M. R. Adams
    • 1
  • J. Dougan
    • 2
  1. 1.Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
  2. 2.Tropical Development and Research InstituteLondonUK

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter

Buy options