Skip to main content

Ankylosing Spondylitis: Early Diagnosis Based on the Natural History

  • Chapter
Ankylosing Spondylitis

Part of the book series: New Clinical Application Rheumatology ((NCRH,volume 1))

  • 96 Accesses

Abstract

The rheumatic diseases comprise well over 100 distinct entities affecting as many as 36 million Americans. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) affects 3 million Americans and is third in frequency only to osteoarthritis (16 million) and rheumatoid arthritis (6.5 million)1. In England, it has been estimated that there are at least 50 000 patients with AS, a prevalence comparable to that of gout2.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Calabro, J.J. (1986). Ankylosing spondylitis: A critical review of current management. Adv. Ther., 3, 1–20

    Google Scholar 

  2. Moll, J.M.H. (1980). Ankylosing Spondylitis. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Wright, V. and Moll, J.M.H. (1976) Seronegative Polyarthritis. (Amsterdam: North Holland)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Calin, A. (1984). Spondylarthropathies. (Orlando: Grune & Stratton)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Calin, A. and Fries, J. F. (1978). Ankylosing Spondylitis. Discussions in Patient Management. (Garden City, NY: Medical Examination Publ.)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Calabro, J. J. and Kass, E. (1980). Summary of proceedings from a symposium on Bechterew’s syndrome. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 9 (Suppl. 32), 247–9

    Google Scholar 

  7. Dick, W.C. (1983). Pathogenesis of HLA-B27 associated diseases; summing up. Br. J. Rheumatol., 22 (Suppl. 2), 184–6

    Google Scholar 

  8. Calin, A. (1984). Spondylarthropathies: An overview. In Calin, A. (ed.) Spon-dylarthropathies, pp. 1–8. (Orlando: Grune & Stratton)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ott, V. R. (1980). Problems in terminology. Scand. J. Rheumatol.,9 (Suppl. 32), 242

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bywaters, E. G. L. (1980). ‘Nosonymy and eponymy’. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 9 (Suppl. 32), 242

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kass, E. (1980). Syndrome or disease? Use of eponym or symptom-related name? Scand. J. Rheumatol., 9 (Suppl. 32), 240–1

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bywaters, E. G. L. (1983). Historical perspectives in the etiology of ankylosing spondylitis. Br. J. Rheumatol., 22 (Suppl. 2), 1–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Calabro, J.J. (1968). An appraisal of the medical and surgical management of ankylosing spondylitis. Clin. Orthop., 60, 125–48

    Google Scholar 

  14. Blumberg, B. S., Bunim, J. J., Calkins, E., Pirani, C. L. and Zvaifler, N. J. (1964). ARA nomenclature and classification of arthritis and rheumatism (tentative). Arthritis Rheum., 7, 93–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Decker, J. R. (1983). American Rheumatism Association nomenclature and classification of arthritis and rheumatism. Arthritis Rheum., 26, 1029–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Wright, V., Neuman, V., Shinebaum, R. and Cooke, E. M. (1983). Pathogenesis of seronegative arthritis. Br. J. Rheumatol., 22 (Suppl. 2), 29–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Calabro, J.J. (1980). The spondylarthropathies: An overview. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 9 (Suppl. 32), 21–4

    Google Scholar 

  18. Wright, V. (1975). Family studies implicating genetic factors in rheumatic diseases.Ann. Rheum. Dis., 34, (Suppl. 1), 24–6

    Google Scholar 

  19. Wright, V. (1978). Seronegative polyarthritis: A unified concept. Arthritis Rheum., 21, 619–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Wright, V. (1979). A unifying concept for the spondyloarthropathies. Clin. Orthop., 143, 8–14

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Moll, J. M. H. (1983). Pathogenetic mechanisms in B27 associated diseases. Br. J. Rheumatol., 22 (Suppl. 2), 93–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ball, J. (1983). The enthesopathy of ankylosing spondylitis. Br. J. Rheumatol., 22 (Suppl. 2), 25–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Calabro, J.J. (1986). The seronegative spondyloarthopathies. A graduated approach to management. Postgrad. Med., 80, 173–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Calabro, J.J. (1983). Clinical aspects of juvenile and adult ankylosing spondylitis. Br. J. Rheumatol., 22 (Suppl. 2), 104–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Calabro, J.J. (1985). Drug therapy of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and the seronegative spondyloarthropathies. In Roth, S. H. (ed.) Handbook of Drug Therapy in Rheumatology, pp. 115–80. (Littleton, MA: PSG Publ. Co.)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Moll, J.H.M., Haslock, I., Macrae, Í.F. and Wright, V. (1974). Associations between ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter’s disease, the intestinal arthropathies and Behcet’s syndrome. Medicine, 53, 343–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Wright, V. (1980). Relationships between ankylosing spondylitis and other spondarthritides. In Moll, J.M.H. (ed.). Ankylosing Spondylitis, pp. 42–51. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Brewerton, D.A., Caffrey, M., Hart, F.D., James, D.C.O., Nicholls, A. and Sturrock, R. D. (1973). Ankylosing spondylitis and HL-A 27. Lancet, 1, 904–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Schlosstein, L., Terasaki, P. I., Bluestone, R. and Pearson, C.M. (1973). High association of the HL-A antigen, W27, with ankylosing spondylitis. N. Engl. J. Med., 288, 704–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Strosberg, J.M., Allen, F.H., Calabro, J.J. and Harris, E.D., Jr (1975). Ankylosing spondylitis in a large kindred: Clinical and genetic studies. Tissue Antigens, 5, 205–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kass, E. and Vinje, O. (1983). Pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis and related disorders: Future perspectives. Br. J. Rheumatol., 22 (Suppl. 2), 177–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Carter, M.E. (1980). Epidemiology. In Moll, J.M.H. (ed.)Ankylosing Spondylitis, pp. 16–25. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Woodrow, J. C. (1980). Genetics. In Moll. J. M. H. (ed.) Ankylosing Spondylitis pp. 26–41. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Bywaters, E.G.L. (1980). Historical introduction. In Moll, J.M.H. (ed.) Ankylosing Spondylitis, pp. 1–15. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Ebringer, R. W., Cawdell, D. R., Cowling P. and Ebringer, A. (1978). Sequential studies in ankylosing spondylitis; association of Klebsiella pneumoniae with active disease. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 37, 146–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ebringer, A., Baines, M., Childerstone, M., Ghuloom, M. and Ptaszynska T. (1985). Etiopathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis and the cross-tolerance hypothesis. In Ziff, M. and Cohen, S. B. (eds.) The Spondyloarthropathies, pp. 101–28. (New York: Raven Press)

    Google Scholar 

  37. van Bohemen Ch, H.G., Nabbe, A.J.J.M., Goei The H.S., Dekker-Saeys, A.J. and Zanen, H.C. (1986). Antibodies to enterobacteriaceae in ankylosing spondylitis. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 15, 143–7

    Google Scholar 

  38. Calin, A. and Fries, J.F. (1975). The striking prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in ‘healthy’ W27 positive males and females. A controlled study. N. Engl. J. Med., 293, 835–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Khan, M.A. (1984) Spondylarthritis in non-Caucasians. In Calin, A. (ed.) Spondylarthropathies, pp. 265–77. (New York: Grune & Stratton)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Arnett, F.C. (1984). HLA and the spondylarthropathies. In Calin, A. (ed.) Spondylarthropathies, pp. 297–321. (New York: Grune & Stratton)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Calin, A., Fries, J. F., Schurman, D. and Payne, R. (1977). The close correlation between symptoms and disease expression in HLA-B27 positive individuals. J. Rheumatol., 4, 277–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cohen, L. M., Mittal, K. K., Schmid, F. R., Rogers, L. F. and Cohen, K. L. (1976). Increased risk for spondylitis stigmata in apparently healthy HL-A W27 men. Ann. Intern. Med., 84, 1–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Rothova, A., Buitenhuis, H.J., Christiaana, B. J., Linssen, A., van der Gaag, R., Kijlstra, A. and Feltkamp, T. E. W. (1983). Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) and HLA-B27. Br. J. Rheumatol., 22 (Suppl. 2), 144–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. van der Linden, S., Valkenburg, H. A. and Cats, A. (1983). Is uveitis associated with ankylosing spondylitis or with HLA-B27? Br. J. Rheumatol., 22 (Suppl. 2), 146–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. White, L.F., McCoy, R.J., Tait, B. and Ebringer, R. (1983). Acute anterior uveitis: A model for HLA-B27 associated diseases. Br. J. Rheumatol., 22 (Suppl. 2), 148–50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Maltz, B.A., Sussman, P. and Calabro, J.J. (1969). Peripheral arthritis as an initial manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum., 12, 680–1

    Google Scholar 

  47. Calabro, J. J., Londino, A. V., Jr and Eyvazzadeh, C. (1985). Ankylosing spondylitis: Clues to early diagnosis: Part I. Clin. Rheumatol. Prac., 3, 143–54

    Google Scholar 

  48. Polley, H.F. and Slocumb, C.H. (1947). Rheumatoid spondylitis: A study of 1,035 cases. Ann. Intern. Med., 26, 240–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Russell, A. S., Lentle, B. C., Percy, J. S. and Jackson, F. I. (1975). Scintigraphy of sacroiliac joints in acute anterior uveitis. Ann. Intern. Med., 85, 606–8

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kinsella, P., Ebringer, R., Hooker, J., Corbett, M., Cox, N. and Wynn Parry, C. B. (1978). Ankylosing spondylitis presenting as PUO. Br. Med. J., 1,19–20

    Google Scholar 

  51. Resnick, D. (1974). Patterns of peripheral joint disease in ankylosing spondylitis. Radiology, 110, 523–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Dwosh, I. L., Resnick D. and Becker, M. A. (1976). Hip involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum., 19, 683–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Marks, J. S. and Hardinge, K. (1979). Clinical and radiographic features of ankylosing spondylitis hip disease. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 38, 332–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Scott, D. L., Eastmond, C. J. and Wright, V. (1979). A comparative radiological study of the pubic symphysis in rheumatic disorders. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 38,529–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Reuler, J. B., Girard, D. E. and Nardone, D.A. (1978). Sternoclavicular joint involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. South Med. J., 71, 1480–1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Davidson, C., Wojtulewski, J. A., Bacon, P. A. and Winstock, D. (1975). Tem-poro-mandibular joint disease in ankylosing spondylitis Ann. Rheum. Dis., 34, 87–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Resnick, D. (1974). Temporomandibular joint involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Radiology, 112, 29–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Berendes, J. and Miehlke, A. (1973). A rare ankylosis of the cricoarytenoid joints. Arch. Otolaryngol., 98, 63–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Wojtulewski, J. A., Sturrock, R.D., Branfoot, A.C. and Hart, F.D. (1973). Cricoarytenoid arthritis in ankylosing spondylitis. Br. Med. J., 3, 145–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Resnick, D., Feingold, M. I., Curd, J., Niwayama G. and Goergen, T. G. (1977). Calcaneal abnormalities in articular disorders: rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and Reiter’s syndrome. Radiology, 125, 355–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Gerster, J. C., Vischer, T. L., Bennani, A. and Fallet, G. H. (1977). The painful heel. Comparative study in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, and generalized osteoarthrosis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 36, 343–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Gerster, J. C., Hauser, H. and Fallet, G. H. (1975). Xeroradiographic techniques applied to assessment of Achilles tendon in inflammatory or metabolic diseases. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 34, 479–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Enright, T., Liang, G.C., Fox, T. A. and Mueller R. F. (1979). Tarsal tunnel syndrome with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum., 22, 77–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Khan, M.A., Kushner, I. and Braun, W. E. (1977). Comparison of clinical features in HLA-27 positive and negative patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum., 20, 909–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Hart, F.D. (1980). Clinical features and complications. In Moll, J.M.H. (ed.) Ankylosing Spondylitis, pp. 52–68. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Forouzesh, S. and Bluestone, R. (1979). The clinical spectrum of ankylosing spondylitis. Clin. Orthop., 143, 53–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Cumming, W. J. K. and Saunders, M. (1978). Radiculopathy as a complication of ankylosing spondylitis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 41, 569–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Thomas, D.J., Kendall, M.J. and Whitfield, A G.W. (1974). Nervous system involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Br. Med. J., 1, 148–50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Osgood, C., Martin, L. G. and Ackerman, E. (1973). Fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine with ankylosing spondylitis. Neurosurg., 39, 764–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Davidson, R. I. and Tyler, H. R. (1974). Bulbar symptoms and episodic aphonia associated with atlanto-occipital subluxation in ankylosing spondylitis. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 37, 691–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Little, H., Swinson, D. R. and Cruickshank, B. (1976). Upward subluxation of the Axis in ankylosing spondylitis. A clinical pathologic report. Am. J. Med., 60, 279–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Hassan, I. (1976). Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis: A report of six cases. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 39, 1172–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Russell, M.L., Gordon, D.A., Ogryzlo, M. A. and McPhedran, R.S. (1973). The cauda equina syndrome of ankylosing spondylitis. Ann. Intern. Med., 78, 551–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Gordon, A. L. and Yudell, A. (1973). Cauda equina lesion associated with rheumatoid spondylitis. Ann. Intern. Med., 78, 555–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Gordon, D.A., Russell, M.L., Ogryzlo, M.A. and McPhedran, R.S. (1973). Ankylosing spondylitis (letter). Ann. Intern. Med., 79, 139–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Weed, C. L., Kulander, B. G., Mazzarella, J. A. and Decker, J. L. (1966). Heart block in ankylosing spondylitis. Arch. Intern. Med., 35, 145–62

    Google Scholar 

  77. Kinsella, T.D., Johnson, L.G. and Sutherland, R.I. (1974). Cardiovascular manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 111, 1309–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Bulkley, B.H. and Roberts, W.C. (1973). Ankylosing spondylitis and aortic regurgitation. Circulation, 48, 1014–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Roberts, W. C., Hollingsworth, J. F., Bulkley, B. H., Jaffe, R. B., Epstein, S. E. and Stinson, E. B. (1974). Combined and aortic regurgitation in ankylosing spondylitis. Am. J. Med., 56, 237–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Spitzer, S., Peguero, F. and Mason, D. (1975). Rheumatoid spondylitis, aortic insufficiency and coronary artery disease. Chest, 68, 828–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Harvey, D.B., Hollenberg, M., Kunkel, F. and Scheinman, M.M. (1976). Ankylosing spondylitis with complete heart block.Arch. Intern. Med., 136, 1046–50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Alexander, B. and Feiner, H. (1979). Ankylosing spondylitis with cardiac dysrhythmia. NY State J. Med., 79, 1585–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Hart, F. D., Emerson, P. A. and Gregg, I. (1963). Thorax in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 22, 11–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Citrin, D.L., Boyd, G. and Bradley, G.W. (1973). Ventilatory function and transfer factor in ankylosing spondylitis Scott. Med. J., 18, 109–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Rosenow III, E.C., Strimlan, C.V., Muhm, J. R. and Ferguson, R.H. (1977). Pleuropulmonary manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis. Mayo Clin. Proc., 52, 641–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Appelrouth, D. and Gottlieb, N. L. (1975). Pulmonary manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis. J. Rheumatol., 2, 446–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Wolson, AH. and Rohwedder, J.J. (1975). Upper lobe fibrosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Am. J. Roentgenol. Radium Ther. Nucl. Med., 124, 466–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Gupta, S. M. and Johnston, W. H. (1978). Apical pulmonary disease in ankylosing spondylitis. NZ Med. J., 88, 186–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Stiksa, G., Eklundh, G., Riebe, I. and Simonsson, B.G. (1976). Bilateral pulmonary aspergilloma in ankylosing spondylitis treated with transthoracic intracavitary instillations of antifungal agents. Scand. J. Respir. Dis., 57, 163–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Calin, A., Porta, J., Fries, J.F. and Schurman, D.J. (1977). Clinical history as a screening test for ankylosing spondylitis. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 237,2613–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Laine, V.A. (1980). Non-immunological laboratory findings in Bechterew’s syndrome and allied disorders. Diagnostic value and relation to etiology and pathogenesis. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 9 (Suppl. 32), 47–9

    Google Scholar 

  92. Sturrock, R. D. (1980). Laboratory features. In Moll, J. M. H. (ed.) Ankylosing Spondylitis, pp. 113–19. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  93. Calin, A. (1975). Raised serum creatine phosphokinase activity in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 34, 244–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Kendall, M.J., Lawrence, D.S., Shuttleworth, G.R. and Whitfield, A.G.W. (1973). Rheumatology and biochemistry of ankylosing spondylitis. Br. Med. J., 2, 235–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Ludwig, A.O., Short, C. L. and Bauer, W. (1943). Rheumatoid arthritis as a cause of increased cerebro-spinal fluid protein; a study of one hundred and one patients. N. Engl. J. Med., 228, 306–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Calabro, J.J. and Mody R. E. (1966). Management of ankylosing spondylitis. Bull. Rheum. Dis., 16,408–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Calabro, J. J., Katz, R.M. and Maltz, B. A. (1969). Ankylosing spondylitis (letter). J. Pediatr., 75, 912–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Grahame, R., Kennedy, L. and Wood, P.H.N. (1975). HL-A27 and the diagnosis of back problems. Rheumatol. Rehabil., 14, 168–72

    Google Scholar 

  99. Percy, J. S. and Lentle, B. (1980). Radiological and scintigraphic features. In Moll, J. M. H. (ed). Ankylosing Spondylitis, pp. 76–86. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  100. Greenway, G. D. and Resnick, D. (1980). Problems in radiographic technique and in radiological assessment of the sacroiliac joints. In Moll, J. M.H. (ed.) Ankylosing Spondylitis, pp. 87–95. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  101. Calin, A. (1979). Ankylosing spondylitis sine sacroilitis. Arthritis Rheum., 22, 303–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Courtois, C., Fallet, G.H., Visher, T.L. and Wettstein, P. (1980). Erosive spondylopathy. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 39, 462–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Goei The, H. S. and Cats, A. (1986). Follow-up findings in three patients with spinal ankylosing spondylitis. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 15, 221–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Chalmers, I. M., Lentle, B. C., Percy, J. S. and Russell, A. S. (1979). Sacroiliitis detected by bone scintiscanning: a clinical, radiological, and scintigraphic follow-up study. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 38, 112–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Domeij-Nyberg, B., Kjallman, M., Nylen, O. and Pettersson, N. (1980). The reliability of quantitative bone scanning in sacro-iliitis. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 9, 77–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Dunn, E.C., Ebringer, R. W. and Ell, P.J. (1980). Quantitative scintigraphy in the early diagnosis of sacro-iliitis. Rheumatol. Rehab., 19, 69–75

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Esdaile, J., Hawkins, D. and Rosenthall, L. (1979). Radionuclide joint imaging in the seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Clin. Orthop., 143, 46–52

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Ho, G. Jr, Sadovnikoff, N., Malhotra, C.M. and Claunch, B.C. (1979). Quantitative sacroiliac joint scintigraphy: A critical assessment.Arthritis Rheum., 22, 837–44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Spencer, D.G., Adams, F.G., Horton, P.W. and Buchanan, W.W. (1979). Scintiscanning in ankylosing spondylitis: A clinical, radiological and quantitative radioisotopic study. J. Rheumatol., 6, 426–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Esdaile, J. M., Rosenthall, L., Terkeltaud, R. and Kloiber, R. (1980). Prospective evaluation of sacroiliac scintigraphy in chronic inflammatory back pain. Arthritis Rheum., 23, 998–1003

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Szanto, E. and Ruden, B. (1976). 99mTc in evaluation of sacro-iliac arthritis. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 5, 11–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Russell, A.S., Lentle, B.C. and Percy, J.S. (1975). Investigation of sacroiliac disease: Comparative evaluation of radiological and radionuclide techniques. J. Rheumatol, 2,45–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Russell, A.S., Lentle, B.C. and Schlaut, J. (1976). Radiologic and scintiscan findings in HLA-B27 negative patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J.Rheumatol, 3, 321–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Berghs, H., Remans, J., Drieskens, L., Kiebooms, L. and Polderman, J. (1978). Diagnostic value of sacroiliac joint scintigraphy with 99m technetium pyrophosphate in sacroiliitis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 37, 190–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Szanto, E. and Lindvall, N. (1978). Quantitative 99mTc pertechnetate scanning of the sacroiliac joints. A follow-up study of patients with suspected sacro-iliitis. Scand. J. Rheumatol, 7, 93–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Namey, T. C., McIntyre, Jr, Buse, M. and LeRoy, E. C. (1977). Nucleography studies of axial spondarthritides. I. Quantitative sacroiliac scintigraphy in early HLA-B27-associated sacroiliitis. Arthritis Rheum., 20, 1058–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Dory, M. A. and Francois, R. J. (1978) Craniocaudal axial view of the sacroiliac joint. Am. J. Roentgenol, 130, 1125–31

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Resnick, D., Niwayama, G. and Goergen, T. G. (1977). Comparison of radiographic abnormalities of the sacroiliac joint in degenerative disease and ankylosing spondylitis. Am. J. Roentgenol, 128, 189–96

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Goldberg, R.P., Genant, H.K., Shimshak, R. and Shames, D. (1978). Applications and limitations of quantitative sacroiliac joint scintigraphy. Radiology, 128, 683–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Bellamy, N., Park, W. and Rooney, P.J. (1983). What do we know about the sacroiliac joint? Semin. Arthritis Rheum., 12, 282–313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Dahlqvist, S. R., Nordmark, L. G. and Bjelle, A. (1984). HLA-B27 and involvement of sacroiliac joints in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol, 11, 27–32

    Google Scholar 

  122. Sharp, J.T.O., Calkins, E., Cohen, A.S., Schubart, A. F. and Calabro, J.J. (1964). Observations on the clinical, chemical, and serological manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis, based on the course of 154 cases. Medicine, 43, 41–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Carter, M. E. (1962). Sacro-iliitis in Still’s disease. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 21,105–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Khan, M. A. (1982). Axial arthropathy in Whipple’s disease. J. Rheumatol, 9, 928–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Conoso, J. J., Saini, M. and Hermos, J. (1978). Whipple’s disease and ankylosing spondylitis; simultaneous occurrence in HLA-B27 positive male. Rheumatol, 5, 79–84

    Google Scholar 

  126. Yunus, M., Masi, A. T., Calabro, J. J., Miller, K. A. and Fergenbaum, S. L. (1981). Primary fibromyalgia (fibrositis): Clinical study of 50 patients with matched normal controls. Semin. Arthritis Rheum., 11, 151–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Cohen, M. D., Harrington, T. M. and Ginsburg, W. W. (1983). Osteoid osteoma: 95 cases and a review of the literature. Semin. Arthritis Rheum., 12, 265–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Gran, J. T., Husby, G., Hordvik, M., Stormer, J. and Romberg-Andersen, O. (1984). Radiological changes in men and women with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 43, 570–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Calabro, J.J. (1982). Diagnosis of low back pain. In Stanton-Hicks, M. and Boas, R. (eds.) Chronic Low Back Pain, pp. 39–57. (New York: Raven Press)

    Google Scholar 

  130. Dixon, A. St J. and Macleod, M. (1980). Diagnostic problems and differential diagnosis. In Moll, J. M.H. (ed.) Ankylosing Spondylitis, pp. 151–62. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  131. Hockberger, R. (1986). The lowdown on low back pain. Emergency Med., 18, 122–71

    Google Scholar 

  132. Arnett, F.C., Khan, M. A. and Willkens, R.F. (1986). Backache: Are you missing ankylosing spondylitis? Patient Care, 20, 51–78

    Google Scholar 

  133. Modena, V., Migone, N., Daneo, V., Carbonara, O., di Vittorio, S. and Viara, M. (1978). Spondylodiscitis and ankylosing spondylitis: HLA typing and nosological implications. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 37, 510–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Little, H., Urowitz, M. B., Smythe, H. A. and Rosen, P. S. (1974). Asymptomatic spondylodiscitis. An unusual feature of ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum., 17,487–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Bourqui, M. and Gerster, J. C. (1985). Ankylosing spondylitis presenting as spondylodiscitis. Clin. Rheumatol., 4,458–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Resnick, D., Shapiro, R. F., Wiesner, K. B., Newayama, G., Utsinger, P. D. and Shaul, S. R. (1978). Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) (ankylosing hyperostosis of Forestier and Rotes-Querol). Semin. Arthritis Rheum., 7, 153–87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Rothschild, B. M. (1985). Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: Misconceptions and reality. Clin. Rheum. Prac., 3, 207–12

    Google Scholar 

  138. Ercilla, M.G., Brancos, M.A., Breysse, G.A., Alonso, G., Vives, J., Castillo, R. and Querol, J. R. (1977). HLA antigens in Forestier’s disease, ankylosing spondylitis, and polyarthrosis of the hands. J. Rheumatol. , 4 (Suppl. 3), 89–93

    Google Scholar 

  139. Smythe, H. A. and Moldofsky, H. (1977). Two contributions to understanding of the ‘fibrositis’ syndrome. Bull. Rheum. Dis., 28, 928–31

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Wolfe, F. and Cathey, M.A. (1983). Prevalence of primary and secondary fibrositis. J. Rheumatol., 10, 965–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Smythe, H. (1986). Tender points: Evolution of concepts of the fibros-itis/fibromyalgia syndrome. Am. J. Med., 81 (Suppl. 3A), 2–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Wolfe, F. (1986). The clinical syndrome of fibrositis. Am. J. Med., 81 (Suppl. 3A), 7–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Bennett, R. M. (1986). Current issues concerning the management of the fibros-itis/fibromyalgia syndrome.Am. J. Med., 81 (Suppl. 3A), 15–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Gatter, R. A. (1986). Pharmacotherapeutics in fibrositis. Am. J. Med., 81 (Suppl. 3A), 63–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Hench, P. K. (1986). Secondary fibrositis. Am. J. Med., 81 (Suppl. 3A), 60–2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Hill, H.F.H., Hill, A.G.S. and Bodmer, J.G. (1976). Clinical diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis in women and relation to presence of HLA-B27. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 35, 267–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Resnick, D., Dowsh, I.L., Goergen, T.G., Shapiro, R.F., Utsinger, P.D., Wiesner, K. B. and Bryan, D. L. (1976). Clinical and radiographic abnormalities in ankylosing spondylitis—comparison of men and women. Radiology, 119, 293–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Singal, D.P., de Bosset, P., Gordon, D. A., Smythe, H. A., Urowitz, M. B. and Koehler, B. E. (1977). HLA antigens in osteitis condensans and ankylosing spondylitis. J. Rheumatol., 4 (Suppl. 3), 105–8

    Google Scholar 

  149. Sarkin, T. L. (1977). Backache in the aged. S. Afr. Med. J., 51, 418–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Calabro, J.J., Holgerson, W.B., Sonpal, G.B. and Khoury, M.I. (1976). Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A general review and report of 100 patients observed for 15 years. Semin. Arthritis Rheum., 5, 257–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Bywaters, E. G. L. (1976). Ankylosing spondylitis in childhood. Clin. Rheum. Dis., 87, 387–96

    Google Scholar 

  152. Calabro, J. J., Gordon, R.D. and Miller, K. A. (1980). Bechterew’s syndrome in children: Diagnostic criteria. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 9 (Suppl. 32), 45–6

    Google Scholar 

  153. Marks, S., Barnett, M. and Calin, A. (1981). The natural history of juvenile ankylosing spondylitis: A case controlled study of juvenile and adult onset disease (Abst). Arthritis Rheum., 24, S79

    Google Scholar 

  154. Rosenberg, A. M. and Petty, R. E. (1982). A syndrome of seronegative entheso-pathy and arthropathy in children. Arthritis Rheum., 25, 1041–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Schaller, J.G. (1977). Ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum., 20 (Suppl.), 398–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Arnett, F.C., Bias, W. B. and Stevens, M.B. (1980). Juvenile-onset chronic arthritis: Clinical and roentgenographic features of a unique HLA-B27 subset. Am. J. Med., 69, 369–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Kaprove, R. E., Little, A. H., Graham, D. C. and Rosen, P. S. (1980). Ankylosing spondylitis: Survival in men with and without radiotherapy. Arthritis Rheum., 23, 57–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Carter, E.T., McKenna, C.H., Brian, D.D. and Kurland, L.T. (1979). Epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935–1973. Arthritis Rheum., 22, 365–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Lehtinen, K. (1979). Clinical and radiological features of ankylosing spondylitis in the 1950’s and 1976 at the same hospital. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 8, 57–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Husby, G. (1980). Amyloidosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 9 (Suppl. 32), 57–61

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 MTP Press Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Calabro, J.J. (1987). Ankylosing Spondylitis: Early Diagnosis Based on the Natural History. In: Calabro, J.J., Dick, W.C. (eds) Ankylosing Spondylitis. New Clinical Application Rheumatology, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3231-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3231-9_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7950-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-3231-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics