Abstract
If one is to follow the evidence produced by authorities such as Oliver (1) on the one hand and Winkelstein and Marmot (2) on the other it certainly cannot be argued that the measures taken so far to prevent atherosclerosis and its most common complication (coronary heart disease, CHD) have been truly effective. The scarce results of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial have not made it possible to say whether the decrease in mortality due to CHD is attributable to reductions in the three classic risk factors (smoking, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia) or whether this decrease is due to the general trend towards a reduction in CHD which is manifest in the USA and many European countries and which in turn is due to a combination of social and environmental factors not yet clearly defined (2).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliografia
M. F. Oliver: “Does Control of Risk Factors Prevent Coronary Heart Disease?”, Brit. Med. J., vol. 285, 16 oct. 1982, 1065.
W. Wilkenstein Jr., M. Marmot: “Primary Prevention of Ischemic Heart Disease: Evaluation of Community Interventions”, Ann. Rev. Publ. Hlth, 1981, 2: 253.
P. Puska: “The Community Based Strategy to Prevent Coronary Heart Disease: Conclusions from Ten Years of the North Karelia Project”, Ann. Rev. Publ. Hlth, 1985, 6: 147.
G. Rose, H. D. Tunstall-Pedoe, R. F. Heller: “U. K. Heart Disease Prevention Project: Incidence and Mortality Results”, Lancet may 14, 1983, 1062.
A. Menotti: “Cardiopatia ischemica in prevenzione”, Corriere Medico, 6 giugno 1986, p. 17.
P. I. Ahmed, A. Kolker: “The Role of Indigenous Medicine in Who’s Definition of Health”, in “Toward a New Definition of Health Psychosocial Dimension”, ed by P. I. Ahmed e G. V. Coelho, Plenum Press, 1979, p. 113.
H. Fabrega Jr.: “Disease and Illness from a Biocultural Standpoint” in “Toward a new Definition of health Psychosocial Dimensions”, ed. by P. I. Ahmed e G. V. Coelho, Plenum Press, 1979, p. 236.
S. Graham, L. G. Reeder: “Social Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases” in “Handbook of Medical Sociology”, ed. by H. E. Freeman, S. Levine, L. G. Reeder, Prentice-Hall, 3° edition, 1979.
R. A. Stallones: “To Advance Epidemiology”, Ann. Rev. Public Hlth, 1980. 1: 69.
J. B. Calhoun: “Population Density and Social Pathology”, Scientific American, 206 (2): 139, 1962.
R. Ader, A. Kreutner, H. L. Jacobs: “Social Environment Emotionality and Alloxandiabetes in the Rat”, Psycosom. Med., 25: 60, 1963.
H. L. Ratcliffe, M. I. T. Cronin: “Changing Frequency of Arteriosclerosis in Mammals and Birds at the Philadelphia Zoological Garden”, Circulation, 18: 41, 1958.
J. Siegrist, K. Siegrist, I. Weber: “Sociological Concepts in the Etiology of Chronic Disease: the Case of Ischemic Heart Disease”, Soc. Sci. Med., vol. 22, N. 2, p. 249, 1986.
J. P. Henry, P. Stephens: “Stress, Health and the Social Environment”, Springer, New York, 1977.
W. C. Cockerham: “Medical Sociology”, 2° edition, Prentice- hall, 1982.
W. B. Cannon: “The Wisdom of the Body”, Norton, New York, 1932.
R. S. Schwab, J. S. Pritchard: “Situational Stresses and Extra Pyramidal Disease in Different Personalities”, in “Life Stress and Disease”, Proceedings of the Association for Research in Nervous and Menal Disease, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimora, 1950 (Quoted by W. C. Cockerham in 16).
T. H. Holmes, R. H. Rahe: “The Social Readjustment Rating Scale”, J. Psychosom. Res., 11: 213, 1967.
M. Friedman, R. H. Rosenman, V. Carol: “Changes in the Serum Cholesterol and Blood Clotting Time in Men Subjected to Cyclic Variation of Occupational Stress”, Circulation, 17 (may): 152, 1958.
F. Dreyfus: “Blood Cholesterol and Uric Acid of Healthy Medical Students under the Stress of an Exam”, Arch. Intern. Med., 103: 708, 1959.
S. M. Grundy: “Relationship of Periodic Mental Stress to Serum Lipoprotein and Cholesterol Levels”, JAMA, 171: 1794, 1959.
C. Thomas, E. Murphy: “Cholesterol in Medical Students with Exam Stress”, J. Chron. Dis., 8: 861, 1958.
B. Badura: “Life-style and health: Some Remarks on Different Viewpoints”, Soc. Sci. Med., vol. 19, 4: 341, 1984.
L. F. Berkman: “Physical Health and the Social Environment: a Social Epidemiological Perspective”, in “The Relevance of Social Science for Medicine”, ed. by L. Einsenberg & A. Kleinman, D. Reidel, Publishing Co. 1980, p. 51.
D. V. McQueen, J. Siegrist: “Social Factors in the Etiology of Chronic Disease: an Overview”, Soc. Sci. Med., 16: 353, 1982.
P. A. Thoits: “Conceptual, Methodological, and Theoretical Problems in Studying Social Support as a Buffer Against Life Stress”, J. Hlth Soc. Behav., 23: 146, 1982.
A. Antonovsky: “Social class and the Major Cardiovascular Diseases”, J. Chron. Dis., vol. 21, 65, 1968.
M. G. Marmot, G. Rose, M. Shipley, P. J. Hamilton: “Employment Grade and Coronary Heart Disease in British Civil Servants”, J. Epid. Comm. Hlth, vol. 32, 4: 244, 1978.
D. H. J. Card, A. S. Sethi:“Strategic Management of Technostress - the Chaining of Prometheus”, J. Med. Syst., vol. 9, nos. 5/6: 291, 1985.
S. Kritsikis, A. Heinemann, S. Eitner: “Die Angina Pectoris im Aspect Ihrer Korrelation mit Biologischer Disposition, Psychologishen und Soziologischen Einfluss Faktoren”, Deutsch Gesundh., 23: 1878, 1968.
Quoted in S. Kiritz, R. H. Moos “Psychological Effects of Social Environment”, Psychosom. Med., 36 (2): 96, 1974.
H. I. Russek, B. L. Zohman: “Relative Significance of Heredity, Diet, and Occupational Stress in Coronary Heart Disease in Young Adults”, Am. J. Sciences, 235: 266, 1958.
S. Sales: “Organization Role as a Risk Factor in Coronary Disease”, Admin. Sci. Quart., 14: 325, 1969.
E. Biorck, G. Blomquist, J. Sievers: “Studies in Myocardial infarction in Malm 1935–54: II. Infarction Rate by Occupational Group”, Acta Med. Scand., 161: 21, 1958.
P. Buell, L. Breslow: “Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease in California Men Who Work Long Hours”, J. Chron. Dis., 11: 615, 1958.
R. Theorell, R. H. Rahe: “Behaviour and Life Satisfaction Characteristics of Swedish Subjects with Myocardial Infarction”, J. Chron. Dis., 25: 139, 1972.
H. E. S. Pearson, J. Joseph: “Stress and Occlusive Coronary- Artery Disease”, Lancet, 1: 415, 1963.
H. G. Thiel, D. Parker, T. Bruce: “Stress Factors and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction”, J. Psychosom. Res., 17: 43, 1973.
J. Garfield: “Alienated Labor, Stress, and Coronary Disease”, Int. J. Hlth Serv., vol. 10, 4: 551, 1980.
R. Karasek, D. Baker, F. Marxer, A. Ahlbom, T. Theorell: “Job Decision Latitude, Job Demands, and Cardiovascular Disease: a Prospective Study of Swedish Men”, Am. J. Publ. Hlth, vol. 71, 7: 694, july 1981.
P. Laursen: “Work Environment for Busdrivers 1”, Institute for Social Medicine, Copenhagen University, N. 11, 1980
Quoted in B. Gardell “Scandinavian Research on Stress in Working Life”, Int. J. Hlth Serv., vol. 12, 1: 31, 1982
J. N. Morris: “Coronary Heart Disease and Physical Activity at Work”, Lancet, 2: 1111, 1953.
R. H. Rosenman, M. Friedman, R. Straus: “A Predictive Study of Coronary Heart Disease”, JAMA, 189: 103, 1964.
C. D. Jenkins, S. J. Zizanski, R. H. Rosenman: “Progress Toward Validation of a Computer Scored Test for the Type A Coronary Prone Behaviour Pattern”, Psychosom. Med., 33: 193, 1971.
C. D. Jenkins: “Psychologic and Social Precursors of Coronary Disease” (First of Two Parts), N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 284, 5: 244, feb. 4, 1971.
M. Friedman, R. H. Rosenman: “Type A Behaviour and Your Heart”, Knopf, New York, 1974.
C. D. Jenkins: “Recent Evidence Supporting Psychologic and Social Risck Factors for Coronary Disease”, (Two Parts), N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 294, 18: 987, 19: 1033, 1976.
S. G. Haynes, M. Feinleib, W. B. Kannel:. “The Relationship of Psychosocial Factors to Coronary Heart Disease in the Framingham Study. III. Eight Year Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease”, Am. J. Epid., 111: 37, 1980.
R. J. Brand, R. H. Rosenman, C. D. Jenkins: “Comparison of Coronary Heart Disease Prediction in the Western Collaborative Group Study Using the Structured Interview and the Jenkins Activity Survey Assessment of the Coronary Prone Type A Behaviour Pattern”, (Abstract), Am. Heart Ass. CVD Epid. Newsletter, 24, 1978.
J. B. Cohen, D. Reed: “Type A Behaviour and Coronary Heart Disease Among Japanese Men in Hawaii”, J. Behav. Med., 8: 343, 1985.
R. B. Shekelie, S. B. Hulley, J. D. Neaton: “The MRFIT Behaviour Pattern Study. II. Type A Behaviour and Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease”, Am. J. Epid., 122: 559, 1985.
G. De Backer, M. Kornitzer, F. Kittel: “Behaviour, Stress, and Psychosocial Traits as Risk Factors”, Prev. Med., 12: 32, 1983.
J. M. Siegel: “Type A Behaviour: Epidemiologic Foundations and Public Health Implications”, Ann. Rev. Publ. Hlth, 5: 343, 1984.
K. A. Matthews, S. G. Hayne S: “Type A Behaviour Pattern and Coronary Heart Disease Risk - Update and Critical Evaluation”, Am. J. Epid., vol. 123, 6: 923, 1986.
D. C. Jenkins: “Low Education: a Risk Factors for Death”, New Engl. J. Med., 299, 2: 95, 1978.
E. Weinblatt, W. Ruberman, J. D. Golberg, et al.: “Sudden Death After Myocardial Infarction in Relation to Education”, New Engl. J. Med., 299, 2: 111, 1978.
N. A. Scotch: “Sociocultural Factors in the Epidemiology of Zulu Hypertension”, Am. J. Publ. Hlth, 53 (8): 1205, 1963.
I. A. Prior: “Cardiovascular Epidemiology in New Zealand and the Pacific”, New Zealand Med. J., 80: 245, 1974.
D. Labarthe, D. Reed, J. Brody, R. Stallones: “Health Effects of Modernization in Palau”, Am. J. Epid., 98: 161, 1973.
World Health Organization for the Western Pacific: “The Prevention and Control of Cardiovascular Disease”, 1975.
J. Cassel, R. Patrick, D. Jenkins: “Epidemiological Analysis of Culture Change: a Conceptual Model”, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,84: 938.
J. Henry, J. Cassel: “Psycosocial Factors in Essential Hypertension”, Am. J. Epid., 40: 171.
J. Cassel, H. Tyroler: “Epidemiological Studies of Cultural Change. I. Health Status and Recency of Industrialization”, Arch. Env. Hlth, 3: 31, 1961.
S. L. Syme, M. M. Hyman, P. E. Enterline: “Some Social and Cultural Factors Associated With the Occurrence of Coronary Artery Disease”, J. Chron. Dis., 17: 272, 1964.
S. L. Syme, M. M. Hyman, P. E. Enterline: “Cultural Mobility and the Occurence of Coronary Artery Disease”, J. Hlth Behav., 6 (Winter): 178, 1965.
S. L. Syme, N. D. Borhani, R. W. Buechley: “Cultural Mobility and Coronary Heart Disease in an Urban Area”, Am. J. Epid., 82: 334, 1966.
B. H. Kaplan, J. Cassel, H. Tyroler, et al.: “Occupational Mortality and Coronary Artery Disease”, Arch. Intern. Med., 128: 398, 1971.
I. Lehr, H. B. Messinger, R. Rosenman: “A Sociobiological Approach to the Study of Coronary Heart Disease”, J. Chron. Dis., 2: 13, 1973.
W. Wardwell, C. Bahnson: “Behavioral Variables and Myocardial Infarction in the Southeastern Connecticut Heart Study”, J. Chron. Dis., 26: 447, 1973.
C. Bengtsson, T. Hallstrom, G. Tibblin: “Social Factors, Stress Experience and Personality Traits in Women With Ischaemic Heart Disease” AGA MED. SLAND., SUPPL. 589: 82, 1973.
M. Marmot: “Migrants, Acculturation and Coronary Heart Disease”, MIMED, Dept. of Epidemiology, Univ. California, Berkeley, 1975.
J. Stamler, Hykjelsberg, Y. Hall, N. Scotch, “Epidemiologic Studies on Cardiovascular-Renal Disease. III. Analyses of Mortality by Age-Sex-Nationality”, J. Chron. Dis., 12: 464, 1960.
D. Krueger, I. Moryama, “Mortality of the Foreign Born”, Am. J. Publ, Hlth, 57:496, 1967.
I. A., Prior, “Migration and Physical Illness”, in “Epidemiologic Studies in Psychosomatic Medicine”, S. Kasl Ed., S. Karger, Basel, Switzerland, 105, 1977.
T. Gordon, “Mortality Experience among the Japanese in the United States, Hawaii, Japan”, Publ. Hlth Rep., 72: 543, 1957.
R. Worth, A. Kagan, “Ascertainment of Men of Japanese Ancestry in Hawaii through WWII Selective Service Registration”, J. Chron. Dis., 23: 389, 1970.
M. Marmot, S. L. Syme, “Acculturation and Coronary Heart Disease in Japanese-Americans”, Am. J. Epid., 104 (3):225, 1976.
Y. Matsumoto, “Social Stress and Coronary Heart Disease in Japan: a Hypothesis”, Milb. Mem. Fund Quart., 48–9, 1970.
L. F. Berkman, “Assessing the Physical Health Effects of Social Networks and Social Support”, Ann. Rev. Publ. Hlth, 5–413, 1984.
J. House, “Work, Stress and Social Support”, Addison-Wesley Reading, Mass., 1981.
A. Fisher, R. Jackson, C. Steve, et al., “Networks and Places: Social Relations in the Urban Setting”, Free Press, New York, 1977.
E. Laumann, “Bonds of Ruralism: the Form and Substance of Urban Social Networks, Wiley, New York, 1973.
J. C. Mitchell, “The Concept and Use of Social Networks”, in “Social Networks in Urban Situations”, J. C. Mitchell Ed., Manchester Univ. Press, Manchester, U. K., 1969.
B. Kellman, “The Community Question”, Am. J. Sociol., 84, 1201, 1979.
M. Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties”, Am. J. Sociol., 78, 1360, 1973.
L. F. Berkman, L. Breslow, “Health and Ways of Living: Findings from the Alameda County Study”, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1983.
L. F. Berkman, S. L. Syme, “Social Networks, Host Resistance, and Mortality: a Nine Year Follow-up Study of Alameda County Residents”, Am. J. Epid., 115:684, 1979.
J. House, C. Robbins, H. Metzner, “The Association of Social Relationships and Activities with Mortality: Prospective Evidence from Tecumseh Community Health Study”, Am. J. Epid., 116: 123, 1982.
D. Blazer, “Social Support and Mortality in an Elderly Community Population”, Am. J. Epid., 115:684, 1982.
H. S. Kraus, A. M. Lilienfeld, “Some Epidemiologic Aspects of the High Mortality Rates in the Young Widowed Group”, J. Chron. Dis., 10:207, 1959.
M. Young, B. Benjamin, C. Wallis, “The Mortality of Widows”, Lancet, 2:454, 1963.
P. R. Cox, J. R. Ford, “The Mortality of Widows Shortly after Widowhood”, Lancet, 1:163, 1964.
W. P. Rees, S. G. Lutkin, “Mortality of Bereavement”, Brit. Med. J., 4: 13, 1967.
A. N. Ward, “Mortality of Bereavement”, Brit. Med. J., 1: 700, 1972.
K. J. Helsing, M. Szklo, “Mortality after Bereavement”, Am. J. Epid., 114 (1):41, 1981.
M. Koskenvuo, J. Kaprio, M. Romo, H. Langinvainio, “Incidence and Prognosis of Ischaemic Heart Disease with Respect to Marital Status and Social Class - A National Record Linkage Study”, J. Epid. Comm. Hlth, 35:192, 1981.
C. D’Arcy, C. M. Siddique, “Unemployment and Health: an Analysis of Canada Health Survey Data”, Int. J. Hlth Serv., 15 (4): 609, 1985.
N. S. Weiss, “Marital Status and Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease: the United States Health Examination Survey of Adults”, Brit. J. Prev. Soc. Med., 27: 41, 1973.
K. A. Karasek, “Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude and Mental Strain: Implication for Job Redesign”, Admin. Sci. Quart., 24:268, 1979.
S. Panico, “Social Class and Coronary Heart Disease”, Term Paper, Dept. Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 1980.
W. Karmaus, “Working Conditions and Health: Social Epidemiology, Pattern of Stress and Change”, Soc. Sci. Med., 19, 4:359, 1984.
R. S. Lazarus, “Psychological Stress and the Coping Process”, London, 1966
L. J. Pearlin, C. Schooler, “The Structure of Coping”, J. Hlth Soc. Behav., 19:2, 1978.
L. J. Pearlin, E. C. Menagham, M. A. Lieberman, J. J. Mullan, “The Stress Process”, J. Hlth Soc. Behav., 22:337, 1981.
G. U. Coelho, D. A. Hamburg, J. E. Adams, “Coping and Adaptation”, Basic, New York, 1974.
A. Antonowsky, “Health Stress and Coping”, London, 1979.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 MTP Press Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zanetti, M., Montaguti, U. (1987). Social aspects of atherosclerosis. In: Lenzi, S., Descovich, G.C. (eds) Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3205-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3205-0_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7938-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-3205-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive