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Atmospheric Chemistry at Elevated Sites — A Discussion of the Processes Involved and the Limits of Current Understanding

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Acid Deposition at High Elevation Sites

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIC,volume 252))

Abstract

A discussion of the chemical processes which lead to the formation of atmospheric acidity is presented. These include gas and aqueous phase chemistry, heterogeneous equilibria, and scavenging by aerosol particles and cloud droplets. Sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons all play important roles in these processes, and the ratio between the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and non-methane hydrocarbons is important in determining the photochemical behaviour of an airmass, and its oxidising potential. The mechanisms for dry, wet and occult deposition are presented, together with a discussion of the contribution made to dry deposition rates by the nature of the surface and how these rates vary over the diurnal cycle. The heterogeneous processes which contribute to the wet deposition of acidity, such as cloud entrainment, droplet scavenging, rainout and washout, are less well understood than those for dry deposition. For long-term (yearly) deposition fields, then model results and observations can be in good agreement, but on a daily basis, the inhomogeneities in both the atmospheric conditions and the terrain, which are associated with many elevated sites, render most large-scale models inadequate and dictate that many measurements are non-representative. Progress in our understanding of the chemistry of elevated sites will be made by concerted application of models and experimental observations aimed at improving our knowledge of aqueous phase atmospheric chemistry, scavenging processes, entrainment into clouds and the deposition of small particles and droplets.

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  1. Environmental and Medical Sciences Division, Harwell Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, England

    A. M. Hough

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Hough, A.M. (1988). Atmospheric Chemistry at Elevated Sites — A Discussion of the Processes Involved and the Limits of Current Understanding. In: Unsworth, M.H., Fowler, D. (eds) Acid Deposition at High Elevation Sites. NATO ASI Series, vol 252. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3079-7_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3079-7_1

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