Abstract
The general aspects for obtaining a consistent parameterization scheme, including prediction of cloud water content, are discussed. Regardless of whether the condensation is convective or stratiform, the basic problem is to deduce formulations for the partitioning of converging vapor in a grid box between i) a change of the existing cloud mass, ii) a change of cloud volume and iii) a change of the vapor content of the box. The parameterizations of the processes responsible for this partitioning become different, primarily depending on whether the condensation is convective or stratiform. Those various basic formulations are discussed individually and in conjunction; a specific approach is presented as a concrete application. A brief discussion is devoted to special features related to stratocumulus and to cirrus clouds that appear to require attention in addition to the overall formulations.
At present there is a severe lack of relevant data on cloudiness for verification and validation of condensation/cloud parameterization schemes. This situation is addressed in the closing section of this chapter.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anthes, R. A., 1977: ‘A cumulus parameterization scheme utilizing a one-dimensional cloud model.’ Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 270–286.
Deardorff, J. W., 1980: ‘Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional model.’ Boundary Layer Meteorology, 7, 495–527.
Fouquart, Y., 1985: ‘Radiation in boundary layer clouds.’ Report of the JSC/CAS Workshop on Modelling of the Cloud Topped Boundary Layer. WCP (World Climate Programme) – 106. ISCU/WMO. Appendix D, 1–40.
Geleyn, J.-F., 1981: ‘Some diagnostics of the radiation interaction on ECMWF forecasting model.’ In Workshop on radiation and cloud-radiation interaction in numerical modelling, 15–17 October, 1980. European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK, March 1981.
Hammarstrand, U., 1982: ‘A parameterization scheme for convective cloud water and cloud cover.’ Univ. of Stockholm, Dept. of Meteor., Report DM-40.
Hammarstrand, U., and Sundqvist, H., 1986: ‘A consistent scheme for treatment of stratiform and convective condensation and cloudiness in numerical weather prediction models.’ Univ. of Stockholm, Dept. of Meteor., Report DM-47.
Heymsfield, A. J., 1975a: ‘Cirrus uncinus generating cells and the evolution of cirriform clouds. Part I. Aircraft observations of the growth of the ice phase.’ J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 799–808.
Heymsfield, A. J., 1975b: ‘Cirrus uncinus generating cells and the evolution of cirriform clouds. Part III. Numerical computations of the growth of the ice phase.’ J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 820–830.
Heymsfield, A. J., and C. M. R. Platt, 1984: ‘A parameterization of the particle size spectrum of ice clouds in terms of the ambient temperature and ice water content.’ J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 846–855.
Hughes, N. A., 1984: ‘Global cloud climatologies: A historical review.’ J. Climate and Appl. Met., 23, 724–751.
Kessler, E., 1969: ‘On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulation.’ Meteorological Monographs, 10, American Meteor. Soc., Boston, Mass.
Kuo, H. L, 1965: ‘On formation and intensification of tropical cyclones through latent heat release by cumulus convection.’ J. Atmos. Sci. 22, 40–63.
Kuo, H. L., 1974: ‘Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large-scale flow.’ J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1232–1240.
Marshall, J. S., and W. McK. Palmer, 1948: ‘The distribution of raindrops with size.’ J. Meteor., 5, 165–166
Mason, B. J., 1971: The Physics of Clouds. Oxford University Press.
Meleshko, V. P., and R. T. Wetherald, 1981: ‘The effect of a geographical cloud distribution on climate: A numerical experiment with an atmospheric general circulation model.’ J. Geophys. Res., 86, 11,995–12,014.
Mohanty, U. C., J. M. Slingo and M. Tiedtke, 1985: ‘Impact of modified physical processes on the tropical simulation in the ECMWF model.’ ECMWF Tech. Rep. No. 52.
Pruppacher, H. R., and J. D. Klett, 1978: Microphysics of clouds and precipitation. Reidel, Netherlands.
Randall, D. A., 1984: ‘Stratocumulus cloud deepening through entrainment.’ Tellus, 36A, 446–457.
Randall, D. A., 1985: ‘Key problems of parameterization for simple cloud-topped boundary layer models.’ Report of the JSC/CAS Workshop on Modelling of the Cloud Topped Boundary Layer. WCP (World Climate Programme) – 106. ISCU/WMO. Appendix J, 1–177
Randall, D. A., J. A. Coakley, C. W. Fairall, R. A. Kropfli and D. H. Lenschow, 1984: ‘Outlook for research on subtropical marine stratiform clouds.’ Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 65, 1290–1301.
Shukla, J., and Y. Sud, 1981: ‘Effect of cloud-radiation feedback on the climate of a general circulation model.’ J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2337–2353.
Slingo, A., and R. C. Wilderspin, 1985: ‘Simulation of cloudiness with the UK meteorological office 11-layer AGCM.’ ECMWF Workshop on Cloud Cover Parameterization in Numerical Models, 26–28 November 1984, 163–212:
Slingo, J. M., 1984: ‘Studies of cloud-radiation interaction in the ECMWF medium range forecast model.’ Proc. of IAMAP International Radiation Symposium, 21–29 August 1984, Italy.
Slingo, J. M., 1986: ‘Parameterization of cloud cover.’ Seminar 1985, Physical parameterization for numerical models of the atmosphere, Vol. 2, 17–45. European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK.
Sundqvist, H., 1978: ‘A parameterization scheme for non-convective condensation including prediction of cloud water content.’ Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 104, 677–690.
Sundqvist, H., 1981a: ‘Prediction of stratiform clouds: Results from a 5-day forecast with a global model.’ Tellus, 33, 242–253.
Sundqvist, H., 1981b: ‘Parameterization of clouds in atmospheric models. Paper presented at the second session of the WCRP/JSC Working Group on Numerical Experimentation, Stockholm, 10–13 August 1981 (ICSU/WMO).
Sundqvist, H., 1984: ‘Simulation of entrainment at the top of the atmospheric boundary layer for use in GCM.’ Univ. of Stockholm, Dept. of Met., Report DM-42.
Tiedtke, M., 1988: ‘Parameterization of cumulus convection in large-scale models.’ In Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change, Vol. I, M. E. Schlesinger, ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 375–431.
WCRP, 1984: ‘International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). Report from the third session of the international working group on data management (Tokyo, 6–8 March 1984).’ WCP-82. ICSU, WMO.
Wiscombe, W., and V. Ramanathan, 1985: ‘The role of radiation and other renascent subfields in atmospheric sciences.’ Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 66, 1278–1287.
Some papers not specifically referred to in the text.
Hense, A., 1981: ‘Cloud radiation parameterization schemes.’ In Workshop on Radiation and Cloud-Radiation Interaction in Numerical Modelling, 15–17 October, 1980. European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK, March 1981.
Heymsfield, A. J., and C. M. R. Piatt, 1984: ‘A parameterization of the particle size spectrum of ice clouds in terms of the ambient temperature and ice water content.’ J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 846–855.
Ogura, Y., and T. Takahashi, 1971: ‘Numerical simulation of the life cycle of a thunderstorm cell.’ Mon. Wea. Rev., 99, 895–911.
Ramanathan, V. E., E. J. Pitcher, R. C. Malone and M. L. Blackmon, 1983: ‘The response of a spectral general circulation model to refinements in radiative processes.’ J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 605–630.
Slingo, J., 1985: ‘Cloud cover experimentation with the ECMWF model.’ ECMWF Workshop on Cloud Cover Parameterization in Numerical Models, 26–28 November 1984.
Stephens, G. L., and P. J. Webster, 1981: ‘Clouds and climate: Sensitivity of simple systems.’ J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 235–247.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sundqvist, H. (1988). Parameterization of Condensation and Associated Clouds in Models for Weather Prediction and General Circulation Simulation. In: Schlesinger, M.E. (eds) Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change. NATO ASI Series, vol 243. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3041-4_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3041-4_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7867-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-3041-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive