Abstract
It is often beneficial to operate laser diodes with optical feedback, as provided, for example, by an external mirror according to Fig. 9.1. This external mirror may serve, for example, for the selection of a distinct longitudinal mode of Fabry—Perot-type lasers in order to get a better side-mode suppression [1–6]. If the longitudinal mode selection is provided by other means, e.g. a grating reflector or by using a DFB-laser diode, the external feedback may be used for tuning the laser emission frequency [7] or for a considerable linewidth narrowing [8–18]. An external cavity may also be useful for reducing the laser chirp, as has already been discussed in Chapter 5.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
K. R. Preston, K. C. Woollard, and K. H. Cameron: “External cavity controlled single longitudinal mode laser transmitter module”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 17, pp. 931–933, 26th Nov. 1981.
M. Osinski and M. J. Adams: “Optimal design of monomode transmitter module”; Proc. 9th Europ. Conf. on Opt. Comm., pp. 47–50, Geneva, Switzerland, Oct. 1983.
J. P. von der Ziel and R. M. Mikulyak: “Single-mode operation of 1.3 μm InGaAsP/ InP buried crescent lasers using a short external optical cavity”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-20, pp. 223–229, March 1984.
C. Lin, C. A. Burrus jr., and L. A. Coldren: “Characteristics of single-longitudinal-mode selection in short-coupled-cavity (SCC) injection lasers”; J. Lightwave Techn., Vol. LT-2, pp. 544–549, Aug. 1984.
L. A. Coldren and T. L. Koch: “External-cavity laser design”; J. Lightwave Techn., Vol. LT-2, pp. 1045–1051, Dec. 1984.
G. Wenke, R. Gross, P. Meissner, and E. Patzak: “Characteristics of a compact three cavity laser configuration”; J. Lightwave Techn., Vol. LT-5, pp. 608–615, April 1987.
R. S. Vodhanel and J.-S. Ko: “Reflection-induced frequency shifts in single-mode laser diodes coupled to optical fibres”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 20, pp. 973–974, 8th Nov. 1984.
C. Voumard: “External-cavity-controlled 32 MHz narrow-band cw GaAlAs-diode lasers”; Opt. Lett., Vol. 1, pp. 61–63, Aug. 1977.
R. Wyatt and W. J. Devlin: “10 kHz linewidth 1.5 μm InGaAsP external cavity laser with 55 nm tuning range”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 19, pp. 110–112, 3rd Feb. 1983.
K.-Y. Liou and C. A. Burrus: “Spectral linewidth of a GRECC laser with added external cavity”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 21, pp. 353–354, 11th Apr. 1985.
T. P. Lee, S. G. Menocal, and H. Matsumura: “Characteristics of linewidth narrowing of a 1.5 μm DFB laser with a short GRIN-rod external coupled cavity”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 21, pp. 655–656, 18th July 1985.
R. Wyatt: “Spectral linewidth of external cavity semiconductor lasers with strong frequency-selective feedback”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 21, pp. 658–659, 18th July 1985.
E. Brinkmeyer, W. Brennecke, M. Zürn, and R. Ulrich: “Fibre Bragg reflector for mode selection and line-narrowing of injection lasers”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 22, pp. 134–135, 30th Jan. 1986.
A. R. Chraplyvy, K.-Y. Liou, R. W. Tkach, G. Eisenstein, Y. U. Jhee, T. L. Koch, P. J. Anthony, and U. K. Chakrabarti: “Simple narrow-linewidth 1.5 μm InGaAsP DFB external-cavity laser”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 22, pp. 88–90, 16th Jan. 1986.
G. Wenke, E. Patzak, and P. Meissner: “Reliable laboratory transmitter with sub-megahertz linewidth”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 22, pp. 206–207, 13th Feb. 1986.
F. Favre, D. le Guen, J. C. Simon, and B. Landousies: “External-cavity semiconductor laser with 15 nm continuous tuning range”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 22, pp. 795–796, 17th July 1986.
C. A. Park, C. J. Rowe, J. Buus, J. Hankey, N. Weston, and B. T. Debney: “External cavity lasers for coherent systems”; Proc. OFC/IOOC’87, paper TuG3, Reno, Nevada, USA, 1987.
K.-Y. Liou, R. T. Ku, T. M. Shen, and P. J. Anthony: “Oscillation frequency tuning characteristics of fiber-extended-cavity distributed-feedback lasers”; Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 50, pp. 380–382, 16th Feb. 1987.
T. Fujita, J. Ohya, K. Matsuda, M. Ishino, H. Sato, and H. Serizawa: “Narrow spectral linewidth characteristics of monolithic integrated-passive-cavity InGaAsP/InP semiconductor lasers”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 21, pp. 374–376, 25th Apr. 1985.
S. Murata, S. Yamazaki, I. Mito, and K. Kobayashi: “Spectral characteristics for 1.3 μm monolithic external cavity DFB lasers”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 22, pp. 1197–1198, 23rd Oct. 1986.
N. K. Dutta, T. Cella, A. B. Piccirilli, and R. L. Brown: “Integrated external cavity laser”; Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 49, pp. 1227–1229, 10th Nov. 1986.
T. P. Lee, S. G. Menocal, S. Sakano, V. Valster, and S. Tsuji: “Linewidth and FM-characteristics of a distributed feedback laser monolithically integrated with a tunable external cavity”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 23, pp. 153–154,12th Feb. 1987.
D. Lenstra, B. H. Verbeek, and A. J. den Boef: “Coherence collapse in single-mode semiconductor lasers due to optical feedback”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-21, pp. 674–679, June 1985.
R. P. Salathé: “Diode lasers coupled to external resonators”; Appl. Phys., Vol. 20, pp. 1–18,1979.
T. Kanada and K. Nawata: “Injection laser characteristics due to reflected optical power”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-15, pp. 559–565, July 1979.
L. Goldberg, H. F. Taylor, A. Dandridge, J. F. Weiler, and R. O. Miles: “Spectral characteristics of semiconductor lasers with optical feedback”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-18, pp. 555–564, Apr. 1982.
S. Saito, O. Nilsson, and Y. Yamamoto: “Oscillation center frequency tuning, quantum FM noise, and direct frequency modulation characteristics in external grating loaded semiconductor lasers”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-18, pp. 961–970, June 1982.
R. Lang and K. Kobayashi: “External optical feedback effects on semiconductor injection laser properties”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-16, pp. 347–355, March 1980.
P. Spano, S. Piazolla, and M. Tamburrini: “Theory of noise in semiconductor lasers in the presence of optical feedback”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-20, pp. 350–357, Apr. 1984.
G. P. Agrawal: “Line narrowing in a single-mode injection laser due to external optical feedback”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron, Vol. QE-20, pp. 468–471, May 1984.
B. Tromborg, J. H. Osmundsen, and H. Olesen: “Stability analysis for a semiconductor laser in an external cavity”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-20, pp. 1023–1032, Sept. 1984.
F. Favre and D. le Guen: “Spectral properties of a semiconductor laser coupled to a single mode fiber resonator”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-21, pp. 1937–1946, Dec. 1985.
F. Favre: “Theoretical analysis of external optical feedback on DFB semiconductor lasers”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-23, pp. 81–88, Jan. 1987.
N. K. Dutta, N. A. Nelson, and K.-Y. Liou: “Effect of external optical feedback on spectral properties of external cavity semiconductor lasers”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 20, pp. 588–589, 5th July 1984.
J. W. M. Biesterbos, A. J. den Boef, W. Linders, and G. A. Acket: “Low-frequency mode-hopping optical noise in AlGaAs channeled substrate lasers induced by optical feedback”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron, Vol. QE-19, pp. 986–990, June 1983.
A. Arimoto, M. Ojima, N. Chinone, A. Oishi, T. Gotoh, and N. Ohnuki: “Optimum conditions for the high frequency noise reduction method in optical videodisc players”; Appl. Opt., Vol. 25, pp. 1398–1403, 1st May 1986.
M. Ojima, A. Arimoto, N. Chinone, T. Gotoh, and K. Aiki: “Diode laser noise at video frequencies in optical videodisc players”; Appl. Opt., Vol. 25, pp. 1404–1410, 1st May 1986.
D. Kato: “Suppression of light feedback from an optical fiber into a diode laser”; Opt. Comm., Vol. 26, pp. 335–338, Sept. 1978.
W. Bludau and R. Rossberg: “Characterization of laser-to-fiber coupling techniques by their optical feedback”; Appl.Opt., Vol.21, pp. 1933–1939, 1st June 1982.
G. Wenke and Y. Zhu: “Comparison of efficiency and feedback characteristics of techniques for coupling semiconductor lasers to single-mode fiber”; Appl. Opt., Vol. 22, pp. 3837–3844, 1st Dec. 1983.
K. Kawano, T. Mukai, and O. Mitomi: “Optical output power fluctuation due to reflected lightwaves in laser diode modules”; J. Lightwave Techn., Vol. LT-4, pp. 1669–1677, Nov. 1986.
R. S. Vodhanel and J.-S. Ko: “Reflection induced frequency shifts in single-mode laser diodes coupled to optical fibres”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 20, pp. 973–974, 8th Nov. 1984.
E. Patzak, H. Olesen, A. Sugimura, S. Saito, and T. Mukai: “Spectral linewidth reduction in semiconductor lasers by an external cavity with weak optical feedback”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 19, pp. 938–940, 27th Oct. 1983.
E. Patzak, A. Sugimura, S. Saito, T. Mukai, and H. Olesen: “Semiconductor laser linewidth in optical feedback configurations”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 19, pp. 1026–1027, 24th Nov. 1983.
Y. C. Chen: “Phase noise characteristics of single mode semiconductor lasers with optical feedback”; Appi. Phys. Lett., Vol. 44, pp. 10–12, 1st Jan. 1984.
K. Kikuchi and T. Okoshi: “Simple formula giving spectrum narrowing ratio of semiconductor-laser output obtained by optical feedback”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 18, pp. 10–12, 7th Jan. 1982.
M. W. Fleming and A. Mooradian: “Spectral characteristics of external-cavity controlled semiconductor lasers”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-17, pp. 44–59, Jan. 1981.
Y. K. Jhee, K.-J. Liou, C. A. Burrus, and K. L. Hall: “Linewidth reduction of cleaved-coupled-cavity lasers by optical feedback from a single-mode polarisation-preserving fibre external cavity”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 21, pp. 1146–1148, 21th Nov. 1985.
C.-Y. Kuo and J. P. van der Ziel: “Linewidth reduction of 1.5 μm operating loaded external cavity semiconductor laser by geometric reconfiguration”; Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 48, pp. 885–887, 7th April 1986.
K.-Y. Liou, Y. K. Jhee, G. Eisenstein, R. S. Tucker, R. T. Ku, T. M. Shen, U. K. Chakrabarti, and P. J. Anthony: “Linewidth characteristics of fiber-extended-cavity distributed-feedback lasers”; Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 48, pp. 1039–1041, 21st April 1986.
C.A. Park, C. J. Rowe, J. Buus, D. C. J. Reid, A. Carter, and I. Benmion: “Single-mode behaviour of a multimode 1.55 μm laser with a fibre grating external cavity”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 22, pp. 1132–1133, 9th Oct. 1986.
L. Goldberg, H. F. Taylor, J. F. Weiler: “Feedback effects in a laser diode due to Rayleigh backscattering from an optical fibre”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 18, pp. 353–354, 29th April 1982.
R. E. Epworth, D. F. Smith, and S. Wright: “A practical 1.3 μm semiconductor light source with significantly better short term coherence than a gas laser”; Proc. of the 10th Europ. Conf. on Opt. Comm., pp. 132–133, Stuttgart, West Germany, Sept. 1984.
J. Mark, E. Bodtker, and B. Tromberg: “Measurement of Rayleigh backscatter-induced linewidth reduction”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 21, pp. 1008–1009, 24th Oct. 1985.
J. Mark, E. Bødtker, and B. Tromberg: “Statistical characteristics of a laser diode exposed to Rayleigh backscatter from a single-mode fibre”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 21, pp. 1010–1011, 24th Oct. 1985.
K. Kikuchi and T. P. Lee: “Spectral stability analysis of weakly coupled external-cavity semiconductor lasers”; Proc. OFC/IOOC’87, paper TuC3, Reno, Nevada, USA, Jan. 1987.
N. Schunk and K. Petermann: “Minimum bitrate of DPSK transmission for semiconductor lasers with a long external cavity and strong linewidth reduction”; J. Lightwave Techn., Vol. LT-5, pp. 1309–1314, Sept. 1987.
I. Mito and M. Shikada: “External waveguide loaded DFB-LDs for coherent system applications”; Proc. Europ. Conf. on Opt. Comm. 1986, pp. 67–72, Barcelona, Spain, Sept. 1986.
H. Olesen, J. H. Osmundsen, and B. Tromberg: “Nonlinear dynamics and spectral behaviour for an external cavity laser”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-22, pp. 762–773, June 1986.
K. Kobayashi: “Improvements in direct pulse code modulation of semiconductor lasers by optical feedback”; Trans. IECE of Japan, Vol. E59, pp. 8–14, Dec. 1976.
N. Chinone, K. Aiki, and R. Ito: “Stabilization of semiconductor laser outputs by a mirror close to a laser facet”; Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 33, pp. 990–992, 15th Dec. 1978.
T. Fujita, S. Ishizuka, K. Fujito, H. Serizawa, and H. Sato: “Intensity noise suppression and modulation characteristics of a laser diode coupled to an external cavity”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-20, pp. 492–499, May 1984.
Ch. Risch, C. Voumard, F. K. Reinhart, and R. Salamé: “External-cavity-induced nonlinearities in the light versus current characteristics of (Ga, Al)As continuous-wave diode lasers”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-13, pp. 692–696, Aug. 1977.
N. A. Olsson and W. T. Tsang: “Transient effects in external cavity semiconductor lasers”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-19, pp. 1479–1481, Oct. 1983.
H. I. Mandelberg, R. D. Grober, and P. A. McGrath: “Frequency and amplitude modulation in extended cavity diode lasers”; Proceedings OFC/IOOC’87, paper WC4, Reno, Nevada, USA, Jan. 1987.
R. F. Broom, E. Mohn, C. Risch, and R. Salathé: “Microwave self-modulation of a diode laser coupled to an external cavity”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-6, pp. 328–334, June 1970.
T. Morikawa, Y. Mitsuhashi, J. Shimada, and Y. Kojima: “Return-beam-induced oscillations in self-coupled semiconductor lasers”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 12, pp. 435–436, 19th Aug. 1976.
I. Ikushima and M. Maeda: “Self-coupled phenomena of semiconductor lasers caused by an optical fiber”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-14, pp. 331–332, May 1978.
I. Ikushima and M. Maeda: “Lasing spectra of semiconductor lasers coupled to an optical fiber”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-15, pp. 844–845, Sept. 1979.
O. Hirota and Y. Suematsu: “Noise properties of injection lasers due to reflected waves”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron, Vol. QE-15, pp. 142–149,March 1979.
R. O. Miles, A. Dandridge, A. B. Tveten, H. F. Taylor, and T. G. Giallorenzi: “Feedback-induced line broadening in cw channel-substrate planar laser diodes”; Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 37, pp. 990–992, 1st Dec. 1980.
O. Hirota, Y. Suematsu, and K.-S. Kwok: “Properties of intensity noises of laser diodes due to reflected waves from single-mode optical fibers and its reduction”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-17, pp. 1014–1020, June 1981.
H. Sato, T. Fujita, and K. Fujito: “Intensity fluctuation in semiconductor lasers coupled to external cavity”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-21, pp. 46–51, Jan. 1985.
Y. Hirose, A. Ona, and T. Fukuda: “Subharmonic modulation distortions in semiconductor lasers with optical feedback”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 21, pp. 685–686, 1st Aug. 1985.
J. Mink and B. H. Verbeek: “Asymmetric noise and output power in semiconductor lasers with optical feedback near threshold”; Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 48, pp. 745–747, 24th March 1986.
G. P. Agrawal and T. M. Shen: “Effect of fiber-far-end reflections on the bit-error rate in optical communication systems with single-frequency semiconductor lasers”; J. Lightwave Techn., Vol. LT-4, pp. 58–63, Jan. 1986.
H. Temkin, N. Anders Olsson, J. H. Abeles, R. A. Logan, and M. B. Panish: “Reflection noise in index-guided InGaAsP lasers”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-22, pp. 286–293, Feb. 1986.
R. W. Tkach and A. R. Chraplyvy: “Regimes of feedback effects in 1.5 μm distributed feedback lasers”; J. Lightwave Techn., Vol. LT-4, pp. 1655–1661, Nov. 1986.
R. W. Tkach and A. R. Chraplyvy: “Line broadening and mode splitting due to weak feedback in single-frequency 1.5 μm lasers”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 21, pp. 1081–1085, 7th Nov. 1985.
V. J. Mazurczyk: “Sensitivity of single-mode buried heterostructure lasers to reflected power at 274 Mbit/s”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 17, pp. 143–144, 5th Feb. 1981.
S.-Y. Sasaki, H. Nakano, and M. Maeda: “Bit-error-rate characteristics with optical feedback in a 1.5 μm DFB semiconductor laser”; Proc. 12th Europ. Conf. on Opt. Comm., pp. 483–486, Barcelona, Spain, Sept. 1986.
M. Shikada, S. Takano, S. Fujita, I. Mito, and K. Minemura: “Evaluation of power penalties caused by feedback noise of distributed feedback laser diodes”; Proc. OFC/IOOC’87, paper TuB4, Reno, Nevada, USA, Jan. 1987.
K. Kobayashi and M. Seki: “Microoptic grating multiplexers and optical isolators for fiber-optic communications”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-16, pp. 11–22, Jan. 1980.
N. Schunk and K. Petermann: “Numerical analysis of the feedback regimes for a single-mode semiconductor laser with external fedback”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-24, July 1988.
K.-I. Sato: “Intensity noise of semiconductor laser diodes in fiber optic analog video transmission”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-19, pp. 1380–1391, Sept. 1983.
K. Stubkjaer and M. B. Small: “Feedback-induced noise in index-guided semiconductor lasers and its reduction by modulation”; Electron. Lett., Vol. 19, pp. 388–390, 12th May 1983.
K. E. Stubkjaer and M. B. Small: “Noise properties of semiconductor lasers due to optical feedback”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-20, pp. 472–478, May 1984.
M. Fujiwara, K. Kubota, and R. Lang: “Low-frequency intensity fluctuation in laser diodes with external optical feedback”; Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 38, pp. 217–220, 15th Feb. 1981.
R. Ries and F. Sporleder: “Low frequency instabilities of laser diodes with optical feedback”; Proc. 8th Europ. Conf. on Opt. Comm., pp. 285–290, Cannes, France, Sept. 1982.
T. Mukai and K. Otsuka: “New route to optical chaos: successive-subharmonic-oscillation cascade in a semiconductor laser coupled to an external cavity”; Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 55, pp. 1711–1714, 21st Oct. 1985.
C. Risch and C. Voumard: “Self-pulsation in the output intensity and spectrum of GaAs-AlGaAs cw diode lasers coupled to a frequency-selective external optical cavity”; J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 48, pp. 2083–2085, May 1977.
C. H. Henry and R. F. Kazarinov: “Instability of semiconductor lasers due to optical feedback from distant reflectors”; IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. QE-22, pp. 294–301, Feb. 1986.
Y. Cho and T. Umeda: “Chaos in laser oscillations with delayed feedback”; J. Opt. Soc., Vol. 1B, pp. 497–498, 1984.
P. W. Milonni, J. A. Ackerhalt, and M.-L. Shih: “Optical chaos”; Optics News, Vol. 13, pp. 34–37, March 1987.
E. Brinkmeyer: “Analysis of the backscattering method for single-mode optical fibers”; J. Opt. Soc. Am., Vol. 70, pp. 1010–1012, Aug. 1980.
M. Nakazawa: “Rayleigh backscattering theory for single-mode optical fibers”; J. Opt. Soc. Am., Vol. 73, pp. 1175–1180, Sept. 1983.
A. H. Hartog and M. P. Gold: “On the theory of backscattering in single-mode optical fibers”; J. Lightwave Techn., Vol. LT-2, pp. 76–82, April 1984.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Petermann, K. (1988). Semiconductor Lasers with Optical Feedback. In: Laser Diode Modulation and Noise. Advances in Optoelectronics (ADOP), vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2907-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2907-4_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-1204-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-2907-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive